Heart 

The first 96 items are multiple choice.

1. Tom was stabbed with a Samurai sword. It pierced the left side of his chest, went straight through his heart

and exited his upper back. Which of the following was the SECOND structure pierced by the sword?

a. Epicardium

b. Myocardium

c. Fibrous pericardium

d. Visceral serous pericardium

e. Parietal serous pericardium

2. Which of the following causes heart rate to slow down?

a. Thyroxine

b. Epinephrine

c. A short-term decline in blood pressure

d. Acetylcholine

e. A decrease in plasma oxygen levels

3. Which of the following typically depolarizes LAST?

a. Sinoatrial node

b. Purkinje fibers

c. Atrial contractile cells

d. Atrioventricular bundle

e. Atrioventricular node

4. Which of the following contains deoxygenated blood?

a. Left atrium

b. Pulmonary vein

c. Right coronary artery

d. Coronary sinus

e. Aorta

5. Which of the following is NOT TRUE?

a. The base of the heart rests on the diaphragm.

b. The left ventricle is the pump of the systemic circuit.

c. The heart is found in the mediastinum.

d. The heart contains 2 pumps arranged in series.

e. The left ventricle generates more pressure than the right ventricle.

6. Ridges in the right ventricular wall are called:

a. Fossa ovalae

b. Trabeculae carneae

c. Papillary muscles

d. Chordae tendineae

e. Fibrocytic inclusions

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Heart 

7. Blood is prevented from backflowing INTO the right ventricle by the:

a. Pulmonary semilunar valve

b. Aortic semilunar valve

c. Tricuspid valve

d. Mitral valve

e. Eustachian valve

8. The aortic semilunar valve is open during ______ of the 4 phases of the cardiac cycle.

a. 1

b. 2

c. 3

d. 4

9. During isovolumetric relaxation, the AV valves are ________ and the semilunar valves are __________. a. Open – open b. Closed – closed c. Open – closed d. Closed – open

10. All of the following vessels empty into the right atrium EXCEPT: a. Superior vena cava b. Pulmonary trunk c. Inferior vena cava d. Coronary sinus e. A and B

11. What structures work to prevent prolapse (i.e., flipping up) of the atrioventricular valves?

a. Trabeculae carneae b. Papillary muscles c. Pectinate muscles d. Autorhythmic cells e. All of the above

12. A(n) _________ in heart rate would cause time for filling to _________ which would cause the end diastolic

volume to ____________. a. Increase – increase – increase b. Decrease – decrease – decrease c. Increase – increase – decrease d. Decrease – increase – increase e. None of the above

13. Suppose a red blood cell is in the coronary sinus. What heart chamber was it most recently in?

a. Right ventricle b. Right atrium c. Left ventricle d. Left atrium

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14. Suppose a red blood cell is in the pulmonary trunk. What heart valve will it pass next? a. Mitral b. Pulmonary semilunar c. Aortic d. Eustachian e. Tricuspid

Examine the graph below. Note the 4 lettered points. Use those points as your answer choices for the next 5 questions.

15. At which point is ventricular volume falling? 16. Which point would best be considered to be just before the depolarization of the SA node?

17. At which point is the mitral valve open?

18. At which point is ventricular volume constant and ventricular pressure falling?

19. At which point is the aortic semilunar valve open?

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20. John’s heart rate is 50 beats/min. During each cardiac cycle, 50 mL of blood is ejected from his left ventricle. How much TOTAL BLOOD exits his HEART per minute?

a. 3000 mL b. 50 mL c. 5000 mL d. 10000 mL e. 2 L

21. Suppose that at this very moment Mr. Zolak’s left ventricular pressure is greater than his aortic

pressure. Thus the next sound his heart will make will be due to the ___________. a. Opening of the AV valves b. Closing of the AV valves c. Opening of the semilunar valves d. Closing of the semilunar valves

22. The only electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles is via the: a. Fibrous skeleton of the heart b. AV node and AV bundle c. Purkinje fibers d. Ampulla of Vater e. Superior vena cava

23. Which of the following describe(s) cardiac contractile cells? a. Striated b. Branching c. Uninucleate d. Most numerous cell in the myocardium e. All of the above 24. The depression in the adult interatrial septum is the _______________. a. Fossa ovalis b. Foramen rotundum c. Fossa ovale d. Foramen ovalis e. None of the above

25. Which of the following is lined with simple squamous epithelium? a. The endocardium b. The epicardium c. Heart valves d. The visceral serous pericardium e. All of the above

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Heart 

26. On the Ides of March 44 BCE, the Roman dictator Julius Caesar was stabbed some 23 times by a group of conspirators including the oft mentioned Brutus. Supposedly the fatal wound was one that pierced his heart. Which of the following structures would have been pierced first as the dagger was plunged into Caesar’s thorax?

a. Parietal pericardium b. Fibrous pericardium c. Visceral pericardium d. Myocardium e. Exocardium

27. Which of the following has the fastest rate of spontaneous rhythmic depolarization? a. Purkinje fibers b. Cardiac contractile cells c. Cells of the AV node d. Cells of the AV bundle e. Red blood cells

28. You radioactively labeled a red blood cell so that you could monitor its path through the heart. You see the

labeled RBC in the right ventricle. Moments later, you see it in the right coronary artery. How many heart valves must the labeled RBC have passed through during the monitoring?

a. At least 7 b. At least 5 c. At least 3 d. Only 1 e. None of the above

29. Cardiac output is 5 L/min, end systolic volume is 100 mL, and end diastolic volume is 150 mL. Calculate heart

rate. a. 50 bpm b. 75 bpm c. 100 bpm d. 200 bpm e. Heart rate cannot be determined

30. Why does stroke volume increase when heart rate slows down?

a. Because the filling time decreases. b. Because end diastolic volume decreases. c. Because preload increases. d. Because contractility decreases. e. Because the number of cardiac cycles per minute increases.

31. The _____________ prevents backflow from the right ventricle into the right atrium.

a. Papillary flap b. Tricuspid valve c. Mitral valve d. AV semilunar valve e. Left AV valve

32. During isovolumetric contraction, the AV valves are ________ and the semilunar valves are __________.

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a. Open – open b. Closed – closed c. Open – closed d. Closed – open e. The answer to this question cannot be determined.

33. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

I. Contraction of the papillary muscles creates tension in the chordae tendinae II. The mitral valve is the only valve with chordae tendinae III. The AV valves are closed during atrial systole

a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and II only e. I, II, and III

34. The right side of the heart is associated with the ___________ circulation and the left side of the heart is

associated with the ________ circulation. a. Thoracic; coronary b. Coronary; systemic c. Systemic; pulmonary d. Coronary; pulmonary e. Pulmonary; systemic

35. The “lub” sound of the heart is caused by the _______ of the ______. a. Opening; AV valves b. Closing; AV valves c. Opening; semilunar valves d. Closing; semilunar valves e. None of the above

36. Which of the following is NOT TRUE? a. SV + ESV = EDV b. Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per second. c. Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. d. Cardiac output is the product of heart rate and stroke volume e. None of the above

37. Which of the following is the FARTHEST from the endocardium? a. Parietal serous pericardium b. Myocardium c. Visceral serous pericardium d. Fibrous pericardium e. Epicardium

38. Which of the following will contain DEOXYGENATED blood? a. Left atrium

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b. Left auricle c. Right pulmonary vein d. Coronary sinus e. Systemic arteries

39. Which of the following is TRUE? a. The heart is located in the mediastinum. b. The heart chambers are lined by simple squamous epithelium. c. The apex of the heart points towards the left hip. d. The atria function as receiving chambers for blood. e. All of the above

40. Which of the following is the pacemaker of the heart? a. Sinoatrial node b. Senoauricular node c. Cardioacceleratory center of the medulla oblongata d. AV node e. Arteriovenous node

41. A transient rise in blood pressure will cause a reflex ___________ in cardioinhibitory center activity and a reflex ____________ in cardioacceleratory center activity. a. Increase – increase b. Increase – decrease c. Decrease – decrease d. Decrease – increase

42. Which of the following links AV valve flaps to the papillary muscles?

a. Pectinates b. Trabeculae carneae c. Chordae tendineae d. Moderator banditos e. Venae cavae

43. Which of the following physically and electrically separates the atria from the ventricles? a. Tricuspid and bicuspid orifices b. Gap junctions c. Right and left bundle branches d. Fibrous skeleton of the heart e. Blood

44. The __________ is an opening in the fetal ___________. a. Fossa ovalis – atrial septum b. Fossa ovalis – ventricular septum c. Foramen ovale – atrial septum d. Foramen ovale – ventricular septum e. None of the above are correct

45. Which of the following is TRUE? a. Right ventricular cardiac output is usually less than left ventricular cardiac output.

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Heart 

b. Left ventricular cardiac output is usually less than right ventricular cardiac output. c. Right ventricular stroke volume is usually less than left ventricular stroke volume. d. Left ventricular stroke volume is usually less than right ventricular stroke volume. e. None of the above

46. Which of the following has the SLOWEST rate of spontaneous depolarization? a. Cells of the SA node b. Purkinje fibers c. Cells of the AV bundle d. Cells of the AV node e. Cells of the bundle branches

47. If ventricular pressure is 131 mmHg and aortic pressure is 127 mmHg, then what phase of the cardiac cycle is the heart in? a. Ventricular filling b. Ventricular ejection c. Atrial systole d. Isovolumetric relaxation e. Isovolumetric contraction

48. Pericardial fluid is found between the parietal serous pericardium and the _____________. a. Fibrous pericardium b. Desmosomes c. Endocardium d. Epicardium e. Myocardium

49. Cardiac contractile cells are electrically linked by ___________ which are part of ______________. a. Desmosomes – intercalated discs b. Gap junctions – intercalated discs c. Gap junctions – desmosomes d. Collagen fibers – intercalated discs e. Desmosomes – collagen fibers

50. Which chamber of the heart has the thickest wall? a. Right atrium b. Left atrium c. Right ventricle d. Left ventricle

51. As blood flows from the left atrium all the way to the coronary arteries, it will pass ____ valves. a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

52. Which of the following does NOT empty into the right atrium? a. Coronary sinus

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Heart 

b. Inferior vena cava c. Pulmonary trunk d. Superior vena cava e. More than one of the above

53. If blood is moving from the left ventricle to the aorta, then which of the following is TRUE? a. Left ventricular pressure > aortic pressure b. Left ventricular pressure < aortic pressure c. Left ventricular pressure = aortic pressure

54. The sequence of contraction of the heart chambers is:

a. Random b. Left chambers followed by right chambers c. Both atria followed by both ventricles d. Both ventricles followed by both atria e. Either C or D depending on the level of plasma oxygenation

55. Blood with the most oxygen would be found in the:

a. Pulmonary trunk b. Pulmonary veins c. Right atrium d. Right ventricle e. Fossa ovalis

56. Which of the following is the deepest?

a. Visceral layer of the serous pericardium b. Fibrous pericardium c. Epicardium d. Endocardium e. Cardiolemma

57. Compared to the blood in the superior vena cava, the blood in the left coronary artery typically has:

a. A higher CO 2 content b. A lower CO 2 content c. A temperature that is elevated by approximately 8.54° Fahrenheit d. Twice as many red blood cells e. The same amount of CO 2

58. Which of the following is CORRECT?

a. Length of the pulmonary circuit > Length of the systemic circuit b. Size of the right atrium > Size of the left ventricle c. Left ventricular stroke volume > Right ventricular stroke volume d. Size of the right ventricle > Size of the left ventricle e. None of the above

59. Which of the following is found on the anterior external surface of the heart? a. Great cardiac artery

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Heart 

b. Trabeculae carneae c. Interventricular fossa d. Pectinate muscles e. None of the above

60. Atropine is a chemical that decreases parasympathetic activity on the heart. Atropine would therefore

the cause the rate of depolarization of the atrioventricular cells to: a. Increase b. Decrease c. Stay the same

61. Which of the following can occur when the tricuspid valve is CLOSED?

I. Atrial systole II. Atrial diastole III. Ventricular diastole IV. Ventricular systole

a. I, II, and III b. I, II, and IV c. II, III, and IV d. II e. IV

For the next 4 questions, consider the following:

Larry conducted an experiment in which he measured the volume of blood in the left ventricle at various

times during the cardiac cycle. The following is the data Larry obtained: (note – the ESV and EDV are labeled)

Time (milliseconds)

Volume of blood in the left ventricle (milliliters)

0 80

100 130 (EDV)

125 130

175 90

300 65 (ESV)

375 65

550 85

62. Between 0 and 100 milliseconds, the left ventricle is most likely in:

a. Diastole b. Systole c. Tetanus d. Hyperpolarization e. None of the above

63. At time = 118 milliseconds, the left ventricle is most likely in ___________ while the left atrium is most likely in ___________.

a. Systole; Systole b. Systole; Diastole

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Heart 

c. Diastole; Diastole d. Diastole; Systole e. None of the above

64. The stroke volume of the left ventricle was:

a. 55mL b. 60mL c. 65mL d. 80mL e. 95mL

65. At time = 325 milliseconds, the pressure exerted on the aortic semilunar valve by arterial blood is

probably _____________________ the pressure exerted on the aortic semilunar valve by the blood in the left ventricle.

a. Greater than b. Less than c. The exact same as

66. The rhythm of the heart is normally set by the cells of the:

a. Sinoatrial node b. Atrioventricular node c. AV Bundle d. Bundle branches e. Purkinje fibers

67. Which of the following is NOT TRUE of the heart?

a. It is posterior to the sternum and anterior to the vertebral column b. It is found within the mediastinum c. It contains 4 chambers d. The largest chamber (the left ventricle) pumps the most blood e. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circuit

68. Chordae tendineae: a. Are found only in the right ventricle b. Are found in BOTH ventricles and help prevent prolapse c. Are NOT attached to any ventricular muscle d. Are attached to the pulmonary semilunar valve but not the aortic semilunar valve e. Are attached to the aortic semilunar valve but not the pulmonary semilunar valve

69. Put the following components of the conduction system of the heart in the correct order: 1. Purkinje Fibers 2. SA node 3. AV bundle

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Heart 

4. AV node 5. Bundle Branches

a. 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 1 b. 2 – 4 – 3 – 5 – 1 c. 2 – 4 – 3 – 1 – 5 d. 4 – 2 – 5 – 1 – 3 e. 2 – 4 – 1 – 3 – 5

70. Which of the following is TRUE of the EKG?

a. The P wave represents atrial and ventricular depoloarization b. Ventricular volume would be lowest during the T wave c. Ventricular volume would be lowest during the P wave d. The EKG is a recording of a single myocardial contractile cell action potential e. Both C and D are TRUE

71. During which of the following events could the AV valves be found to be closed? 1. Atrial filling 2. Ventricular diastole 3. Isovolumetric contraction 4. Ventricular ejection 5. Isovolumetric relaxation

a. 1, 3, 4, and 5 b. 2, 3, 4, and 5 c. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 d. 3, 4, and 5 e. 4 only

72. Severing the vagus nerve would:

a. Decrease the ability of parasympathetic signals to get to the heart b. Have no effect on the extrinsic control of the heart c. Decrease the ability of sympathetic signals to get to the heart d. All of the above e. 2 of the above

For the next 5 questions, consider the following graph plotting left ventricular pressure versus left ventricular volume during a typical cardiac cycle.

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Heart 

73. At which point would the ventricle contain its end diastolic volume? a. Point A b. Point B c. Point C d. Both point A and point B e. Both point B and point C

74. During which of the following would you expect atrial systole to occur? a. Between point A and point B b. Between point B and point C c. Between point C and point D d. Between point D and point A

75. During which of the following would you expect the AV valves to be closed but the semilunar valves to be open? a. Between point A and point B b. Between point B and point C c. Between point C and point D d. Between point D and point A

76. The QRS complex would begin just prior to: a. Point A b. Point B c. Point C d. Point D

77. The phase of the cardiac cycle represented from point B to point C is: a. Atrial systole b. Ventricular filling c. Isovolumetric relaxation d. Isovolumetric contraction e. Ventricular ejection

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Heart 

78. Arrange the following from SUPERFICIAL TO DEEP.

1. Epicardium 2. Parietal pericardium 3. Myocardium 4. Endocardium

a. 4,3,1,2 b. 1,3,4,2 c. 2,1,3,4 d. 2,4,3,1 e. 3,4,1,2

79. Which of the following is TRUE?

a. The heart is located in the mediastinum which is just inferior to the diaphragm b. A decrease in pericardial fluid is known as cardiac tamponade c. The myocardium contains ONLY cardiac muscle cells d. The endocardium is continuous with the endothelium of the brachial artery e. None of the above

80. Which of the following is TRUE? a. The 2 atria sit at the apex of the heart, superior to the 2 ventricles b. The left ventricle is more massive than the right ventricle because it pumps a greater volume of

blood c. All arteries carry oxygenated blood d. Internal ridges of muscle are known as pectinate muscles in the atria and trabeculae carneae in the

ventricles e. Chordae tendineae are responsible for the closing of the AV valves

81. Consider the following statements.

I. The AV bundle is the only electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles

II. The AV node delay ensures that the atria contract prior to the ventricles

III. The ventricles begin their contraction at their superior portion

a. I, II, and III are all true b. Only I and II are true c. Only I and III are true d. Only II and III are true e. Only I is true

82. Which of the following is TRUE?

a. The closing of the AV valves causes the 2nd heart sound b. The closing of the semilunar valves occurs during atrial systole c. The opening of the semilunar valves requires more pressure than the shutting of the AV valves d. All of the above e. 2 of the above

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Heart 

85. In which situation would stroke volume be the GREATEST? a. When venous return is increased b. When venous return is decreased c. When the force of contraction is decreased d. When the difference between the EDV and the ESV is small e. When sympathetic stimulation to the heart is low

86. What effect would compressing the inferior vena cava just below the diaphragm have on cardiac function? a. Stroke volume would increase dramatically b. Cardiac output increase dramatically c. Sympathetic stimulation of the heart would increase d. All of the above are correct e. Both A and B are correct

87. If the papillary muscles fail to contract: a. The ventricles will not pump blood b. The atria will not pump blood c. The semilunar valves will not open d. The AV valves will not close properly e. 2 of the above are correct

88. According to the Frank-Starling Law of the Heart, the cardiac output is directly related to: a. Mass of the ventricular myocardium b. Pulse pressure c. End diastolic volume d. End systolic volume e. Gradient of acetylcholine inactivation

89. The T wave on an EKG tracing represents:

a. Atrial depolarization b. Atrial repolarization c. Ventricular depolarization d. Ventricular repolarization e. 2 of the above

90. The 1st heart sound is heard when the: a. AV valves open b. AV valves shut c. Semilunar valves open d. Semilunar valves shut e. Blood enters the pulmonary and aortic trunks

91. Between the end of the P wave and the beginning of the QRS complex: a. The AV valves are open and the semilunar valves are shut b. The AV valves are shut and the semilunar valves are open c. The AV valves and the semilunar valves are shut d. The AV valves and the semilunar valves are open

92. The following are a list of vessels and structures associated with the heart.

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Heart 

1) Right atrium 2) Left atrium 3) Right ventricle 4) Left ventricle 5) Vena cavae 6) Aorta 7) Pulmonary trunk 8) Pulmonary veins What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation? a. 1,2,7,8,3,4,6,5 b. 1,7,3,8,2,4,6,5 c. 5,1,3,7,8,2,4,6 d. 5,3,1,7,8,4,2,6 e. 5,1,3,8,7,2,4,6

93. The visceral pericardium is the same as the: a. Mediastinum b. Parietal pericardium c. Epicardium d. Myocardium e. Endocardium

94. Chordae tendinae are responsible for closing the AV valves

a. The above statement is TRUE b. The above statement is FALSE

96. Papillary muscles:

a. Close the semilunar valves but not the atrioventricular valves b. Close the atrioventricular valves but not the semilunar valves c. Close both the atrioventricular and the semilunar valves d. Are found in the left ventricle but not in the right ventricle e. None of the above

For the next 70 items, use the following answer choices:

a. Increase b. Decrease c. Not change

1. Between the P wave and the QRS complex, atrial volume will:

2. Caffeine would cause the time between heartbeats to:

3. Aortic valve stenosis would cause the workload of the left ventricle to:

4. Increased output of the cardioinhibitory center would cause heart rate to:

5. Increased sympathetic activity would cause the strength of the heart’s contraction to:

6. During ventricular fibrillation, you would expect cardiac output to:

7. A decrease in epinephrine release from the adrenal glands would cause heart rate to:

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Heart 

8. If stroke volume increased while heart rate did not change, cardiac output would:

9. As blood traveled from the pulmonary arteries to the pulmonary veins its oxygen content would:

10. During isovolumetric relaxation right ventricular volume will:

11. An increase in the activity of the cardioacceleratory center will cause filling time to:

12. A decrease in the activity of the cardioinhibitory center will cause heart rate to:

13. Norepinephrine will cause contractility to:

14. An increase in venous return will cause stroke volume to:

15. A decrease in preload will cause stroke volume to:

16. An increase in afterload will cause stroke volume to:

17. A decrease in vagal tone will cause cardiac output to:

18. A rise in plasma levels of epinephrine will cause the time between heart beats to:

19. An increase in arterial blood pressure will cause afterload to:

20. An increase in contractility will cause end systolic volume to:

21. A decrease in the activity of the cardioacceleratory center will cause heart rate to:

22. An increase in ventricular filling time will cause stroke volume to:

23. During isovolumetric contraction, left ventricular volume will:

24. Norepinephrine causes the length of ventricular diastole to:

25. Cutting both vagus nerves will cause heart rate to:

26. During exercise, cardiac output will:

27. If the time between heart beats increases, the end diastolic volume will:

28. An increase in the stretch of the left ventricle (within normal limits) would cause the stroke volume of the

left ventricle to:

29. An increase in plasma levels of epinephrine will cause heart rate to:

30. As blood flows from the right ventricle all the way to the left atrium, its oxygen content will:

31. A decrease in contractility of the heart would cause the end systolic volume to:

32. A drug that blocked the action of acetylcholine would cause the heart rate to:

33. During isovolumetric relaxation, left ventricular pressure will:

34. During isovolumetric contraction, right ventricular volume will:

35. Deactivation of the cardioacceleratory center will cause the depolarization rate of the autorhythmic cells of

the SA node to:

36. An increase in the number of signals travelling to the heart via the 10th cranial nerve will cause the rate of

cardiac contraction to:

37. As the wave of depolarization travels through the cells of the AV node, its speed of propagation will:

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Heart 

38. Caffeine and nicotine both cause heart rate to:

39. An increase in cardiac contractility will cause stroke volume to:

40. Acetylcholine will cause ventricular contractility to:

41. An increase in end diastolic volume will cause preload to:

42. A drug that blocked the action of norepinephrine would cause stroke volume and heart rate to:

43. Thyroxine will cause the number of cardiac cycles per minute to:

44. As blood travels from the left superior pulmonary vein all the way to the coronary sinus, you would expect

its CO 2 content to:

45. Release of norepinephrine on the heart would cause heart rate to:

46. During the T wave, you would expect atrial volume to:

47. Between the P wave and the QRS complex, you would expect ventricular volume to:

48. Atrial hypertrophy would cause the size of the P wave to:

49. Due to ventricular systole, the ATP content of ventricular muscle cells would:

50. During isovolumetric contraction of the left ventricle, pressure in the left ventricle will:

51. Prolapse of the tricuspid valve would cause the cardiac output of the right ventricle to:

52. Increased motor activity of the vagus nerve would cause ventricular filling time to:

53. If 85% of the superior vena cava was occluded (blocked), stroke volume would:

54. IV infusion of epinephrine would cause cardiac output to:

55. Muscarine is a chemical that prevents acetylcholine from binding to cardiac autorhythmic cells. Thus, IV

infusion of muscarine would cause heart rate to:

56. When the left ventricle contracts, the diameter of the left ventricular chamber will:

57. If heart rate remains the same and skeletal muscle activity increases, end diastolic volume will:

58. During isovolumetric contraction, ventricular volume will:

59. During ventricular systole, atrial volume will:

60. Hyperthyroidism will cause heart rate to:

61. As blood flows from the coronary sinus to the ascending aorta, its oxygen content will:

62. As the depolarization rate of the cells of the SA node increases, the amount of time between heartbeats will:

63. If heart rate increases by a factor of 2 and stroke volume decreases by a factor of 2, cardiac output will:

64. During isovolumetric relaxation, blood volume within the left atrium will:

65. As heart rate increases, ventricular filling time will:

66. When left ventricular pressure exceeds aortic pressure, one would expect left ventricular volume to:

67. If aortic blood pressure decreased, the amount of pressure generated by the left ventricle that was

necessary to open the aortic semilunar valve would:

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Heart 

68. A massive increase in afterload would cause the length of time between the 1st and 2nd heart sounds to:

69. Calcium channel blockers cause contractility to decrease and thus cause stroke volume to:

70. If the cells of the SA node failed to function, heart rate would:

Here are some short answer questions: 1. Larry is a healthy adult male. At one specific moment in his cardiac cycle:

­ his aortic pressure was 82 mmHg,

­ his left ventricle pressure was 78 mmHg and rising,

­ and his left atrial pressure was 16 mmHg.

Tell me everything you can about Larry’s heart at that precise moment.

2. Draw a graph of left ventricular volume versus time on the axes below. Include all of the phases of the

cardiac cycle. Label each phase. Mark the point where the mitral valve opens with an M and the point where the

pulmonary semilunar valve closes with a P.

Left ventricle volume

Time

3. Teddy has a heart rate of 50 beats/minute. His cardiac output is 5 L/minute. His end diastolic volume is 150

mL. Calculate his stroke volume and end systolic volume.

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Heart 

4. Trace a drop of blood from a coronary vein to the brachiocephalic artery. Name every heart chamber, heart

valve, blood vessel through which it would pass. Write neatly. Do not abbreviate anything except R for right and L

for left.

1. Coronary vein

2. _________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________

4. _________________________________________________________

5. _________________________________________________________

6. _________________________________________________________

7. _________________________________________________________

8. _________________________________________________________

9. _________________________________________________________

10. _________________________________________________________

11. _________________________________________________________

12. _________________________________________________________

13. _________________________________________________________

14. _________________________________________________________

15. _________________________________________________________

16. _________________________________________________________

17. Brachiocephalic artery

5. Heather, a newborn baby, needs surgery because she was born with an aorta that arises from the right

ventricle and a pulmonary trunk that issues from the left ventricle, a condition called transposition of the great

vessels. What are the physiological consequences of this defect?

6. What causes the second heart sound?

7. Consider an adult RBC traveling from the right ventricle all the way to the right coronary artery. What’s the minimum number of valves it must have passed? Name them in order.

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8. Put the following in the correct order of depolarization: a. Purkinje fibers b. AV node c. AV bundle d. SA node e. Bundle branches

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