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THE ANIMAL KINGDOM Under the Sea

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These Aint ANIMALS! Any plants or prokaryotes. Any Protists like: Diatoms and Foraminifera and other stuff like that Algae and Kelp Dinoflagellates and Zooxanthellae Amoebas Radiolarians, etc

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PORIFERA pore bearing sponges asymmetry

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Porifera All sponges are suspension feeders, they feed on passing plankton and tiny organic particles They have no real tissue, they just have different special cells working together No digestive system or skeleton, just specialized cells

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CNIDARIA stinging cells coral, jellyfish, sea anemone, hydra radial symmetry

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Cnidaria 1. There are 2 types of Cnidaria structure: polyps and medusas 2. There are 3 major classes of Cnidarians: a. Hydrozoa- hydras b. Scyphozoa- Jellyfish c. Anthozoa- Sea Anemones and Coral 3. They have radial symmetry. 4. There are no organs, only tissues. 5. They have 2 layers: a. epidermis- outer b. gastrodermis- inner c. mesoglea- jelly between the layers

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Cnidaria 6. They have a simple gastric cavity called a coelenteron. 7. They contain specialized cells for feeding and defense called stinging cells, or cnidocytes. 8. Cnidocytes contain a capsule that has a stinging structure called a nematocyst. It is released due to chemical or tactile stimulus. They are only used once, then replaced. They are found along the tentacles. 9. Jellyfish (Scyphozoa) are suspension feeders. Mucus under the umbrella traps plankton, arms stuff prey into mouth, 2 way digestive system 10. Jellyfish (Scyphozoa) have primitive nervous systems (nerve net). 11. Jellyfish (Scyphozoa) have 2 separate sexes. Fertilize externally. Sperm and eggs are released into the water. 12. Sea Anemones, and Corals (Anthozoa) have a hollow body tube.

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Cnidaria 18. Corals live in colonies. These colonies secrete skeletons. 19. Coral skeletons are made of calcium carbonate. Some are hard, and some are soft and flexible. 20. A Coral reef is built by millions of Coral polyps. The Coral extract Calcium Carbonate from the sea water and deposit it as a hard skeleton. 21. Coral Reefs are usually found in warm, sunlit, clear tropical waters. 22. Soft Corals have a fleshy mass of tissue that connect all of the soft polyps together in a colony. The soft, flexible skeleton is secreted by tissue cells. 23. Corals carry out a mutualistic relationship with zooxanthellae (microscopic organisms). These make food for the Coral by photosynthesis, they in return get to absorb the coral wastes (CO 2, N, P). Without the zooxanthellae the Coral polyp could not absorb CO 2 from the water to make limestone or calcium carbonate.

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Cnidaria 13. Sea Anemones and Coral (Anthozoa) are sessile. Live attached to hard substrate. 14. Sea Anemones and Coral (Anthozoa) have stinging tentacles that sting and trap food (mostly plankton). The tentacle are covered by cnidocytes. 15. They reproduce asexually: a. regeneration (like Echinodermata) b. budding (like Porifera) 16. Some Sea Anemones have symbiotic relationships with other organisms: Clownfish and shrimp. 17. Some Sea Anemones are burrowing. They can dig into and under the sand to escape predators.

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Biologically Immortal

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WORM PHYLA 1. PLATYHELMINTHES 2. NEMATODA 3. ANNELIDA

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PLATYHELMINTHES flat worms planaria, tapeworm, fluke bilateral symmetry

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Platyhelmithes Most primitive organism with a Central Nervous System

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NEMATODA round worm hookworm, heartworm bilateral symmetry

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Roundworms (Nematoda) They are EVERYWHERE! Land and Water Many are parasites, and nearly every chordate can be parasitized by some species of roundworm Absolutely disgusting. Just google roundworms and you will see what I mean. Hear is a taste

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Possible digestive tract of an infected fish

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ANNELIDA segmented worms clamworm, bloodworm, leech bilateral symmetry

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Annelida Most evolutionarily advanced Each segment of the annelid has its own circulatory, excretory, nervous, muscular, and reproductive system The class Polychaeta is the largest and most diverse class of annelids Some are Christmas Tree Worms, which live in calcareous tubes and have bristle-like projections

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ARTHROPODA jointed legs lobster, crab, barnacle bilateral symmetry

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Athropods THE MOST SUCCESSFUL PHYLUM OF ANIMAL ON EARTH! More than a million species are known Krill, an arthropod, has the greatest biomass of any species on Earth 3 important physical features: Exoskeleton, Striated muscle, Articulation

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Arthropods Exoskeleton: strong, lightweight, form- fitting, for protection and support. Made of a tough, nitrogen-rich carbohydrate called Chitin. This is sometimes strengthened by CaCO 3 Articulation: the ability to bend its appendages at specific points (joints=arthro)

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Arthropods Molting: how an arthropod grows WATCH Giant Spider Crab Molting Super SpeedGiant Spider Crab Molting Super Speed The class Crustacea includes 30,000 species, mostly marine, gill-breathing lobsters, crabs, crayfish, shrimp, water fleas, copepods, krill, barnacles, etc. 70% OF ALL ZOOPLANKTON are copepods, which graze in dinoflagellates and diatoms The largest Crustacean is the Japanese Giant Spider Crab. It can grow to a leg span of 13 feet, ~40 lbs, and can live for 100 years max. They are found in the deep waters off the coast of, well, Japan.

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MOLLUSCA snail, octopus, clam bilateral symmetry

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Mullusca 3 Important Classes: Gastropoda which means stomach-foot, aka the snails, Bivalva which means two doors, aka the bivalves like clams, oysters, and mussels, and Cephalopoda which means head-foot, aka nautiluses, octopuses, cuttlefish, and squid. Im going to go in detail with pictures because they are important.

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Nudibranches Snail GASTROPODA

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Bivalvia

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Cephalopoda

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ECHINODERMATA spiny skin sea star, sea urchin, sand dollar radial symmetry

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Echinodermata 4 Fameous Classes: Asteriodea- sea stars, Ophiuroidea- brittle stars, Echinoidea-sea urchins and sand dollars, and Holothuroidea- sea cucumbers Asteriodea have the all important Water Vascular System (see picture) Echinoderms can regenerate missing limbs, arms, spines - even intestines (for example sea cucumbers). Some brittle stars and sea stars can reproduce asexually by breaking a ray or arm or by deliberately splitting the body in half. Each half then becomes a whole new animal.

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That weird 3-toothed thing in the middle is the aristotles lantern, which grinds to help the urchin eat stuff like Kelp

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CORDATES vertebrates fish,birds,mammals,reptiles bilateral symmetry

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Chordata (Marine Division) Since I already presented on Cetaceans, the chordate mammals of the sea, this will be about the non-mammalian stuff All are ectotherms (cold blooded) Super diverse, from simple to highly evoloved 3 Fish Classes: Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, and Osteichthyes

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Agnatha Hagfish and Lampreys- the weird, disgusting odd balls of the fishes a=lacking, gnathos=jaw: they lack jaws Hagfishs defense is excreting tons of slime. They are carnivores too. Lampreys have freakish teeth and suck the blood of fish and humans that swim in infested waters.

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Chondrichthyes Cartilaginous fish such as sharks, rays, skates, and chimaeras. Have been around for at least 280,000,000 years What do they have in common? Cartilage= a flexible and resiliant connective tissue that contains no blood vessels

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Chondrichthyes Sharks- 2 nd largest living vertabretes No swim bladder, so they must move to stay buoyant Predators Skin=dermal dentricles, tooth like scales on the skin for aerodynamics Only 20% of sharks are longer than 6 feet The largest shark is the whale shark, which lives in warm water and is a filter feeder. It can reach 60 ft and 90,000 lbs Rays and Skates- Flattened apperance with spreading pectoral fins in the shape of a triangle No swim bladder Rays and skates have very smooth skin One family of rays has the famous barb on its tail, another family can reach 22 feet across This of course is the Manta Ray, which can reach nearly 2 tons! Large rays feed on plankton Small rays feed on small mollusks and arthropods

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Chimaera

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Osteichthyes Osteum=bone, ichthyes=fish, so these are BONY FISH The most numerous fish Fish have problems though: Seawater is dense and takes water out of the fishes body through osmosis Every fish has come up with a method to cope with the difficulties. The largest order of fish under class Osteichthyes is Teleostei, which contains 90% of all bony fish, including cod, tuna, perch, etc.

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Teleostei Largest class Contains all fish with swim bladders to keep neutrally buoyant and independantly movable fins for well controlled swimming and communication. Some 77 million tons of bony fish are taken form the sea each year

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Breathing

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Osmoregulation

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Lateral Line System

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Canals formed in the shape of a line running down the fish Rich with nerves under the surface Reports to the nervous system changes in: direction, water pressure, and environment Predatory sharks use this along with the Ampullae of Lorenzini to detect prey The Ampullae of Lorenzini are special sensing organs called electroreceptors, forming a network of jelly-filled pores. This is some times called the sharks 6 th sense.

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Ampullae of Lorenzini

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Phylums That Are Not As Important Placozoa- Amoeba-like Multi cellular animals Mesozoa-Worm-like parisites of cephalopods Ctenophora- comb jellies, round and gelatinous predatory things Nemertea-Ribbon worms Gnathostomulida- microscopic, ciliated things that live in the sand Rotifera-Roterifers: largely freshwater zooplankton

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Phylums That Are Not As Important Kinoryncha-small segmented spiny wormlike things, all live in the sea in the sand Acanthocephala-spiny headed worms, all parasites Entoprocta-polyp-like benthic suspension feeders Bryozoa-encrusting marine things, common Phorida- shallow water tube worms Brachiopoda- type of bivalve, look like clams, rare Hemichordata-Acorn worms, unsegmented burrowers

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Phylums That Are Not As Important Priapulida-rare subtidal worm things Sipuncula- peanut worms, all marine Echiura- spoon worms Tardigrada- water bears, waaaaay more hardcore than cockroaches. Can survive outer space Pentastoma-Tongue Worms, parasites of vertebrates Pogonophora- Beard worms, no digestive system, deep water tube worms, all marine Chaetognatha- arrowworms, stiff- bodied plankton