The ‘net and it’s Ecosystem

2

Routing reachability

Regional Registries assign addresses

IANA manages assigned

numbers

DNS Providers Resell domain names

TLD Owners Sell domain

names

ICANN manages TLDs

DNS resolves names

CDN caches/ &

serves content

IX Providers exchange points

Service Providers transit and access networks

Content, Hosting, and Cloud Providers

3

What is DNS?

4

http://www.rule11.tech Top Level Domain

Domain Sub-Domain

Service or Protocol

.com

rule11.tech

riw777.wpengine.com

wpengine.com

.tech

microsoft.com

bing.com

maps.bing.com

images.bing.com

linkedin.com

www.rule11.tech

5

Recu

rsiv

e Au

thor

itat

ive

TLD

Ro

ot •  Hardware

•  Software •  Operations •  Maintenance •  Bandwidth •  Standards

Development

Who pays for these?

6

Edge Providers

Transit Providers

Content Providers

Public Institutions

Corporations

Recursive servers are paid for by…

Recu

rsiv

e Au

thor

itat

ive

TLD

Ro

ot

7

Recu

rsiv

e Au

thor

itat

ive

TLD

Ro

ot

a.root-servers.net Verisign b.root-servers.net USC-ISI c.root-servers.net Cogent Communications d.root-servers.net University of Maryland e.root-servers.net NASA f.root-servers.net Internet Systems Consortium g.root-servers.net Defense Info Systems Agency h.root-servers.net US Army Research Lab i.root-servers.net Netnod j.root-servers.net Verisign k.root-servers.net RIPE NCC l.root-servers.net ICANN m.root-servers.net WIDE Project

Root servers are paid for by…

8

Recu

rsiv

e Au

thor

itat

ive

TLD

Ro

ot

TLD servers are paid for by…

9

Recu

rsiv

e Au

thor

itat

ive

TLD

Ro

ot

Authoritative servers are paid for by…

10

Costs of operating a root

Costs of operating j root

Costs of operating TLD servers

Costs of operating authoritative servers •  Fixed fee per

domain name •  Contract operating

fees from TLD holders

•  Other operations

•  Fixed fee per domain name

•  Market value domain fees

•  Hosting fees

Domain Reseller

11

Edge Provider

Internet Exchange (IX) Transit Providers

Content Provider Private Peering

“Enterprise”

12

Provider Serviced (Purchased Access)

Edge Provider

Internet Exchange (IX) Transit Providers

Content Provider Private Peering

“Enterprise”

13 Kind

s of

Pee

ring

Customer Edge (or provisioned, or “enterprise”)

Paid (or transit)

Settlement Free

Open

?

14 Edge

Pro

vide

r

DSLAM

WiFi, LTE, DSL, etc.

Cable Access Channel, Metro Ethernet, etc.

Metro Fiber Ring

ROADM

ROADM

Transit Provider ROADM

ROADM ROADM

A

B

C

D

E

F

15 Edge

Pro

vide

r Fi

nanc

ial

Infrastructure

Physical Cable

Right of Way/Access

Hardware & Software

Buildings/COs/POPs

DNS Servers

Transit

People

User Access Fees

Service Subscriptions

Colocation Fees

Physical Plant Rental

16 Inte

rnet

Exc

hang

e Po

int

Route Server

Member/peer

Member/peer

Member/peer Member/peer

A

B

17 IXP

Fina

ncia

l

Infrastructure

Physical Cable

Hardware & Software

Buildings/COs/POPs

DNS Servers

Transit

People

User Access Fees

Service Subscriptions

Colocation Fees

18 Tran

sit

Prov

ider

Cogent Communications

19 Tran

sit

Prov

ider

Fin

anci

al

Infrastructure

Physical Cable

Right of Way/Access

Hardware & Software

Buildings/COs/POPs

DNS Servers

Transit

People

Transit Fees

Service Subscriptions

Colocation Fees

Dark/Dim/Lit Fiber

Cont

ent

Dis

trib

utio

n N

etw

ork

Types of CDN

u  Caching u Cache based on TTL

u  Prepositioned Content u Common elements may appear on most pages u Preload these into the cache and serve locally

u  Session Termination u Some sites can terminate sessions at the CDN u Draw only the information needed from

21

22

Edge Provider

Internet Exchange

23

Hardware and Software

Transit

People

Transit Fees

Advertising Placement

User Information

Colocation Costs

24 Cont

ent

Resh

apin

g th

e In

tern

et

AS65000

AS65003 edge operator

content provider

AS65004 edge operator

AS65005 edge operator

AS65001 transit provider

paid

25 Cont

ent

Resh

apin

g th

e In

tern

et

AS65000

AS65003 edge operator

content provider

AS65004 edge operator

AS65005 edge operator

AS65001 transit provider

IX

paid

26 Cont

ent

Resh

apin

g th

e In

tern

et

transit provider

IX

content provider edge

provider

edge provider content

provider edge provider

edge provider

transit provider

transit provider

transit provider

transit provider

content provider

edge provider

content provider content

provider

IX

edge provider

edge provider

edge provider

The Reshaping of the Internet

u What is the result of this change? u  Transit providers are struggling to survive u  Content providers are gaining more control over

their content u  Raises the bar for entry into the content market

u Although public cloud may offset this somewhat u  Difficult to determine

u Is this good or bad? Hard to tell right now

27

28

29

IESG IAB IRTF

ART Area General Area Internet Area OPS Area

RTG Area Security Area Transport Area

BABEL BESS IDR MANET

OSPF IS-IS SFC

Directorate

IETF

30

Working Group

AD Sponsored

IAB

IRTF

Independent Submission

Streams

RFC Process

Standards

BCP

Non-standards

Proposed

Internet

Experimental

Informational

Historic

Statuses

31

Initial Submission WG Presentation WG Acceptance WG Refinement WG Last Call

WG Request to Publish

Editor Assigned

AD Review

Directorate Reviews

IETF Last Call IESG Review

Directorate Reviews

IANA Review RFC Editor

Shepherd Assigned

IETF Notes

u  The IETF is consensus driven u  Running code is required

u Some states require two interoperable implementations

u  Until the IETF last call is completed, any member of the community can comment on the document

u  Management and security concerns must be addressed in protocol development

u  This is a long, difficult process, designed to produce solid protocols with a lot of experience behind them

32

All layer 1 and layer 2 transport and control plane protocols, including Ethernet, spanning tree, wand ireless networking Markup languages (languages which describe how to display or render content), including HTML and XML Any international standard, including numbering, encryption schemes, and routing protocols (such as IS-IS)

33

•  Corporate membership and participation •  Members mostly vendors •  Standardization through formal voting •  Voluntary membership and participation •  Members mostly vendors, providers, researchers •  Standardization through rough consensus •  Governmental and corporate (NGO) membership and

participation •  Members mostly government and vendor representatives •  Standardization through formal voting

34