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Good morning. Today we will start talking about the history of pharmacy. And there is one one problem for beginning – nobody knows when the pharmacy has started, who was the first person that used drug for treatment. What is certain that the first people, neolithic people used plants and had their own therapeutic system.

The primitive world Mesopotamia Egypt India China Greece Rome

The primitive world

Medicine and pharmacotherapy are one of the oldest human activities

The therapeutics system combined empirical, rational, religious, and magical elements

The priest, the sorcerer, and the medicine man

Ancient civilizations

The Nile Valley The Tigris-Euphrates Valley about 4000 BC The Indus Valley about 3500 BC The Yellow River Valley about 1500 BC

Mesopotamia

Sumerian (4000-2000BC) Babylonian (2000-1350BC) Chaldean (612-539BC)

Mesopotamia A big contribution to the development of pharmacy

and medicine Cures involved a spiritual - religious purification and

catharsis Dual nature of cleansing – the purification of both

soul and body last out in medical practice for centuries Healers were much respected in society and belonged

to the most educated classes

Mesopotamia

plant drugs, wound washing, plasters and bandaging mathematics, geology and metallurgy, astrology and

astronomy early systems of weights and measures manufacture of soap, leather, vinegar, beer, wine and

glass extract natural plant aromas and animal products

Mesopotamia Clay tablets – sumerian

language, cuneiform

More than 250 plants Myrrh, poppy, thyme, castor

seed, liquorice, storax, peppermint, cannabis, mandragora, opium, oils

Animal products - milk, honey, waxes

Animal excreta are also mentioned - to disgust the evil spirits

Mesopotamia Numerous pharmaceutical forms – aqueous and oil extracts mixtures decoctions medicinal wines enemas poultices ointments

King Hammurabi 1795 – 1750BC Hammurabi’s Code Medical and surgical practice regulated Diagnosis and treatment became separated from the

preparation of medicines

Apothecaries (= the perfumer )

First druggist’s stalls or shops in about 1900BC

Resume Significant contribution to the advancement of

pharmacy More than 250 used drugs, many dosage forms Regulation of medical practice The first apothecary shops The first international trade

Egypt

Egyptian civilisation arose about 4300 BC, and collapsed 1087 BC

Egypt then fell under the control of Libyans, Nubians, Asyrians, and Persians.

In the conquest of Alexander the Great Egypt became a centre of the Ptolemaic Empire and then Roman Empire

Egypt

inscriptions on tombs, ceramics and papyri

a picture language

spirits, demons and evil forces

Thoth the inventor of science and medicine

Imhotep deified in Egypt in Greco – Roman times.

Egypt Egyptian physicians generally specialized in one part

of the body, priestly titles Diagnosing and treating disease and making medicine

separated

The pastophor preparer of medicines

member of the priestly profession highly respected member of society

The Papyrus Ebers George Ebers, a German Egyptologist

about 4,5m length 875 prescriptions 700 drugs vegetable, animal

and mineral sources

Other medical papyri deal with gynaecological, surgical and veterinary matters

Materia medica about 700 drugs vegetable, animal and mineral origin

spices, castor seed, poppy, accacia, senna, opium…

the animal sources include milk, liver, waxes, excreta…

the minerals include alum, stibnite (antimony), salt,

copper carbonate

Materia medica wines, beers and milk as excipients for their liquid

medicines

honey, a part of pills, waxes for ointments

the range of formulations included infusions, decoctions, teas, gargles, inhalations, snuffs, fumigations, lozenges, pills, enemas, suppositories, poultices, lotions and plasters

Resume Significant contribution to the advancement of

pharmacy

700 drugs vegetable, animal and mineral sources

Sophisticated dosage forms

Specialization

India

Beginning about 3250BC

Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa 2800-2500BC

Vedic Age 1500BC

The Vedas - the earliest sacred books Rigveda, Samaveda Yajurveda Atharvaveda

The term Ayurveda was given to the ancient Indian

system of medical sciences The Ayurveda is considered to be a branch of the

fourth Veda, the Atharvaveda.

Ayurveda had reached a high stage of development during the period of Atreya, i.e. 1500 BC

By this time, medical science had already developed

eight specialized branches, namely:

(1) internal medicine (2) paediatrics (3) psychotherapy (4) oto-rhino-laryngology (5) general surgery (6) toxicology (7) geriatric (8) the science of virility

Charaka the Physician Sushruta the Surgeon They are believed to have lived about 300 BC

Charaka Samhita Sushruta Samhita

Charaka Samhita More than 2000 drugs

the substances and their properties described their action explained measures and dosages defined

Materia Medica Sandalwood, cinnamon, cardamom, asafoetida, ginger,

pepper, aconite, licorice…

Drugs and spices were basis of trade with the Romans and later played an important part of history

Medical Education:

Medical education became institutionalized

Universities of Takshashila and Nalanda in the North India

Well-organized institutional type of training in all aspects of medicine both theoretical and practical

Anatomy, including dissection, and physiology Aetiology Pathology and pathogenesis Therapeutics Climatology Pharmacology Medical and surgical procedures

The Ayurvedic system Three doshas Kapha (phlegm) Vaata (wind/spirit/air) Pitta (bile) existing in a balanced proportion in health A disturbance in this balance resulted in disease.

State Control of Medical Practice: Before undertaking the practice of medicine or

surgery, the medical graduate had to obtain the permission of the king

University education was compulsory

Stated by Sushruta

Resume

A high stage of development of medicine

More than 2000 drugs

Compulsory university education

China

The Yellow River Valley about 1500 BC

China

Shen-nung pents‘ ao Legendary emperor Shen –nung

Compilation of medicinal texts

Confucianism and Taoism

Confucius (557- 479 BC) was a social reformist and a teacher. Confucianism teachings were practical, they were later

turned into a very elaborate set of rules and practices. Lao-zi (born in 590 BC), was the founder of Taoism. Their philosophies are still important in the Chinese

culture, and have helped shape the practice of Chinese medicine.

Basic principles

The Yin Yang Theory

The Five Elements Theory

The Meridian System

Yin Yang Theory According to the

philosophy, yin and yang are complementary opposites within a greater whole. Everything has both yin and yang aspects, which constantly interact, never existing in absolute stasis.

Yin Yang Theory Yang Yin Light Bright Dark Temperature Hot Cold Position Upper Lower Action Movement Rest Direction Outward Inward Physiological functions Excitatory Inhibitory

The Five Elements Theory

The Meridian System

Chinese food therapy Chinese herbal medicine Cupping Acupuncture Moxibuscion

Fire cupping

Moxibuscion

Chinese herbal medicine Shen-nung pents‘ ao (Classic of Herbal Medicine) 365 Chinese medicines

252 plant origin 67 from animals, 46 from minerals.

Three categories The first category - non-toxic (Panax ginseng) The second category - could sometimes be toxic and should be used

carefully for certain ailments (Ephedra sinica) The third category toxic substances with side effects specifically used

for therapeutic purposes to treat diseases (Croton tiglium)

Pents‘ao Kang-mu by Li Shin-chen (1596)

Described more than 1000 plants 450 animal substances 11 100 prescriptions 52 volumes

Classification Chinese physicians used several different methods to

classify traditional Chinese herbs:

The Four Natures The Five Tastes

The Four Natures

Cold Cool Warm Hot

The Five Tastes Pungent Sweet Sour Bitter Salty

Each taste has a different set of functions and characteristics

Pungent herbs are used to generate sweat and to direct and vitalize qi and the

blood. Sweet-tasting herbs often tonify or harmonize bodily systems. Sour taste most often is astringent or consolidates, Bitter taste dispels heat, purges the bowels and get rid of dampness by drying

them out. Salty tastes soften hard masses as well as purge and open the bowels.

In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), herbal therapies are generally formula based and single herbs are rarely used.

Prescription

Monarch

Minister

Assistant

Guide

Monarch

the ingredient that exerts the major and leading effects in a formula

Minister known as the associate ingredient

to support the monarch drug

treat the accompanying symptoms or coexisting

disharmony pattern

Assistant the ingredients can play one of the following roles

to force the effects of the monarch or minister drug to treat the less important coexisting disease to eliminate the toxicity of the monarch and minister

ingredients

Guide two different functions

to force the actions of the formula on the target

meridian area of the body

to harmonize and integrate the effects on other drugs

Alchemy Alchemists can be considered the first pharmacists.

In their search for the magic elixir of life, alchemists

experimented with different methods of combining chemicals and minerals to create new medicines or tonics.

Resume Sophisticated medicinal system

Specialists for pharmacy

Pharmacies

Prescription

Greece

Ancient Greece between 600 – 150 BC

Part of Roman Empire

Byzantine Empire

Asclepeion

Greece medicine was closely associated with religion in its beginnig. Sick people went to the temples, treatment there included diet, bathing, exercise and some religious ceremonies, these temples were told asclepeion.

Hippocrates Ιπποκράτης (ca. 460 BC – ca. 370 BC)

one of the most important figures in the history of

medicine

The Hippocratic Corpus contains textbooks, lectures, research, notes and philosophical essays on various subjects in medicine. There is also the text of The Hippocratic Oath.

Anatomical knowledge wasn't the strong point of Hippocratic medicine, there was a religious ban on the dissecting of cadavers.

His theory of humoral pathology became basis of medicine for following centuries.

Pharmacists Rhizotomoi Migmatopos – seller of mixtures Pharmacopoeos – maker of medicine Pharmacopolos – drug seller who traved from market

to market Myropoeos or myrepsos – maker of ointment

Roma Roman Kingdom 753 BC – 509 BC

Roman Republic 508 BC – 27 BC

Roman Empire 27 BC The Western Roman Empire collapsed in The Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire endured

until 1453

Pedanius Dioscorides Πεδάνιος Διοσκορίδης (ca. 40-90) an ancient Greek physician, pharmacologist and

botanist wrote a five-volume book De Materia Medica, Περί ὕλης ἰατρικής

a base to all modern pharmacopeias

De Materia Medica more than 600 plants, 35 animal products, and 90 minerals. habitat botanical description properties or type of action medicinal usage and side effects quantities and dosages instructions on harvesting, preparation and storage methods of adulteration and test for detecting adulteration the veterinary, magical, and nonmedical usages location

Claudius Galenus Γαληνός (AD 129 – 200/217 )

a prominent Roman physician and philosopher of

Greek origin

His theories dominated and influenced Western medical science for over a millennium.

His major contribution lay in his classification of drugs by their pharmacological

effects, based on their qualities in humoral pathology

organised the pharmacotherapy of humoral pathology into a system of rigid and dogmatic procedures and rules

The system divided drugs into three groups. The first group - simples, they are defined as hot,

cold, dry or moist, each simple is further categorized by degree of strenght

The second group - composites, compounded drugs, they were also categorised by their strenght

The third - remedies that had a specific action – emetics, evacuants and diuretics

In his medical treatises Galen described 473 drugs of vegetable, animal or mineral origin and many formulas of for compound drugs.

Three remedies were supposed to be panacea – a remedie for each illness. Hiera picra Terra sigillata Theriaca

Galenic concepts dominated pharmacy and pharmaco-therapeutics until the sixteenth century, many of his ideas persists much longer.

Galen brought order to drug therapy various forms of vegetable drugs are still referred as

galenicals the preparation and testing of medicaments has long

been known as galenics

Roman physicians were responsible for making drugs,

but they too employed special preparers of remedies or owned slaves trained to do pharmaceuticals.

pharmacopoei – makers of remedies pharmacotribae – drug grinders unguentarii – makers of ointments pigmentarii – makers of cosmetics pharmacopolae – sellers of drugs pharmacopollae circumforaneae – itinerant vendors of

drugs sellularii – vendors of drugs, who kept shops or stalls aromatarii – sellers of spices pharmacist, as now known, had not still evolved