the americas and europe objectives: 1. describe the ancient cultures in the americas. 2. identify...

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The Americas and Europe Objectives: 1. Describe the ancient cultures in the Americas. 2. Identify the diverse Native American groups in North America. 3. Understand European societies of the 1400’s and the forces that led them to undertake exploration.

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Page 1: The Americas and Europe Objectives: 1. Describe the ancient cultures in the Americas. 2. Identify the diverse Native American groups in North America

The Americas and EuropeObjectives:1. Describe the ancient cultures in the Americas.2. Identify the diverse Native American groups in North America.3. Understand European societies of the 1400’s and the forces

that led them to undertake exploration.

Page 2: The Americas and Europe Objectives: 1. Describe the ancient cultures in the Americas. 2. Identify the diverse Native American groups in North America

Ancient Cultures in the Americas Where did the first Americans come from?

The first Americans arrived around 22,000 years ago Bering-Strait Land Bridge Theory

How did the first Americans survive? The first Americans were nomads who survived by hunting big game

If the first Americans were nomads, how did civilization begin? Around 12,000 years ago, temperatures began to warm

As the climate grew warmer, large animals no longer thrived Early Americans became hunter gatherers

Between 10,000 and 5,000 years ago, agriculture developed in central Mexico Early Americans began to plant crops

The development of agriculture allowed peoples to settle in one place

Page 3: The Americas and Europe Objectives: 1. Describe the ancient cultures in the Americas. 2. Identify the diverse Native American groups in North America

Native American Societies Early empires develop in the South

Maya – Yucatan Peninsula Aztec – Mexico Inca – South America

Societies arise in North America Anasazi – Southwest US

Native American society was characterized by diversity Tribes adapted their way of life to the environments they lived

in Pueblo - Built multi-story homes out of adobe Iroquois - Lived in the forest and hunted fish and game

Page 4: The Americas and Europe Objectives: 1. Describe the ancient cultures in the Americas. 2. Identify the diverse Native American groups in North America

Native American Societies What were some of the common

characteristics that existed between Native American tribes? Land was not a commodity to be traded or sold Nearly all Native American tribes viewed the

natural world as filled with spirits The family was the basic unit of organization in

Native American tribes

Page 5: The Americas and Europe Objectives: 1. Describe the ancient cultures in the Americas. 2. Identify the diverse Native American groups in North America

European Societies of the 1400’s European societies were based on social hierarchy

Feudalism Very little social mobility

Christianity shaped the outlook of the European world The power of the Church influenced politics

The Crusades The Crusades had two important consequences that encouraged European

exploration: Opened up trade routes to Asia exposing Europeans to luxuries from

the East Weakened the power of European nobles allowing monarchs to

consolidate power

Page 6: The Americas and Europe Objectives: 1. Describe the ancient cultures in the Americas. 2. Identify the diverse Native American groups in North America

European Societies of the 1400’s During the 1400’s, four major nations were taking shape in

Europe: Portugal, Spain, France, and England Interested in finding an alternative to the overland route to Asia

Fueled by stories of wealth from the East Marco Polo (1200)

Prominent Explorers of the Age of Exploration Prince Henry the Navigator – Monarch of Portugal who

financed voyages of discovery Bartolomeu Dias – Portuguese explorer who was the first to reach

the southern tip of Africa Vasco da Gama – Portuguese sailor who reached India by sailing

around the southern tip of Africa

Page 7: The Americas and Europe Objectives: 1. Describe the ancient cultures in the Americas. 2. Identify the diverse Native American groups in North America

European Societies of the 1400’s What were some of the factors that helped to fuel the Age

of Exploration? Christianity

Strong desire to spread the teachings of Christ The Renaissance (1400’s)

Spirit of inquiry influenced European explorers Desire for Wealth Sailing Technology

Arab navigation Cartography Astrolabe Compass

Caravel – A lighter more maneuverable ship that was able to sail against the wind

Page 8: The Americas and Europe Objectives: 1. Describe the ancient cultures in the Americas. 2. Identify the diverse Native American groups in North America

Spanish North AmericaObjectives:1. Describe the Spanish exploration of the Americas and its

effects on Native Americans, Africans, and Europeans.1. Describe the pattern of conquest used by the Spanish.2. Summarize the goals of Spanish explorers and settlers and

to understand why Native Americans resisted.

Page 9: The Americas and Europe Objectives: 1. Describe the ancient cultures in the Americas. 2. Identify the diverse Native American groups in North America

Columbus Crosses the Atlantic Christopher Columbus – Italian mariner who

hypothesized that a person could reach Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Columbus was motivated by the promise of fortune and fame First expedition embarked in August of 1492

Financed by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain Fleet of three ships: Nina, Pinta, and the Santa Maria

In October of 1492, Columbus landed on an island in the Bahamas Claimed the island for Spain and renamed it San Salvador Columbus’s later voyages

Page 10: The Americas and Europe Objectives: 1. Describe the ancient cultures in the Americas. 2. Identify the diverse Native American groups in North America

Impact on Native Americans Europeans used local peoples for forced labor

Were able to dominate these peoples due to superior weaponry

Native Americans were devastated by European diseases With the decline of the native workforce, Europeans

eventually turned to Africa for slaves

Page 11: The Americas and Europe Objectives: 1. Describe the ancient cultures in the Americas. 2. Identify the diverse Native American groups in North America

Impact on Europeans Many Europeans began to cross the Atlantic in

search of new lives Overseas expansion inflamed national rivalries as

countries battled over who would rule the New World Treaty of Tordesillas – Agreement between Spain and Portugal

in which the Western Hemisphere would be divided between the two

The Columbian Exchange – The global transfer of living things that took place between the Eastern and Western hemispheres

Page 12: The Americas and Europe Objectives: 1. Describe the ancient cultures in the Americas. 2. Identify the diverse Native American groups in North America

The Spanish Claim a New Empire Conquistadors – Spanish explorers who sought to establish

colonies for Spain in the New World Hernando Cortes – Spanish Conquistador who landed in Mexico in

1519 and came into contact with the Aztecs Cortes marveled at the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan and the vast amounts

of gold and silver the Aztecs possessed Montezuma, the Aztec emperor, believed Cortes was a god and agreed to

give Cortes a share of the empire’s existing wealth Unsatisfied, Cortes forced the Aztecs to mine more gold and silver

In the Spring of 1520, the Aztec people revolted and drove out the Spanish Montezuma was stoned to death as a traitor

In 1521, Cortes launched a counterattack and defeated a weaker Aztec force that had already been ravaged by disease

Francisco Pizarro Ponce de Leon

Page 13: The Americas and Europe Objectives: 1. Describe the ancient cultures in the Americas. 2. Identify the diverse Native American groups in North America

The Spanish Pattern of Conquest In building their empire, the Spanish lived amongst the

native people and sought to impose their culture upon them Settlers tended to intermarry with native women

Mestizo – Person of mixed Spanish and Native American descent The Spanish also oppressed the native peoples they lived amongst

Encomienda System – System in which Native Americans were used as forced labor by Spanish landlords who received the rights to their labor from Spanish authorities In 1542, the Spanish monarchy abolished the encomienda system and

began to use enslaved Africans to meet their labor needs

Page 14: The Americas and Europe Objectives: 1. Describe the ancient cultures in the Americas. 2. Identify the diverse Native American groups in North America

Spain Explores the Southwest and West Throughout the mid-1500’s, the Spanish also explored and settled in what

are now regions of the Southwest and Western US Francisco Vasquez de Coronado – Explored the American Southwest in

search of another wealthy empire to conquer In addition to obtaining wealth, the Spanish also sought to convert native

peoples to Christianity Established a long string of Catholic missionaries throughout the American

Southwest and West Resistance to the Spanish

The Spanish missionary system negatively affected Native Americans in many ways Spanish missionaries often forced Native Americans to abandon their own

customs and adopt European ones The Spanish also forced Native Americans to provide labor for farming and

construction