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4/9/2018 1 The American Dustbowl 1929‐1939 What were the causes of the Dust Bowl? There was no single cause for one of the greatest environmental disasters in the history of the United States.

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Page 1: The American Dustbowl 1929‐1939wrote a book titled The Great Valleys and Prairies of Nebraska and the Northwest (1881), arguing that rainfall would increase as farmers moved westward

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The American Dustbowl 1929‐1939

What were the causes of the Dust Bowl?

There was no 

single cause 

for one of the

greatest 

environmental 

disasters in the 

history of the 

United States. 

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The Great Plains have always suffered from repeated drought cycles.

• The natural vegetation of the plains was well suited for the environment of the plains with its high winds, cold winters, hot summers, and frequent droughts. This vegetation consisted of deep‐rooted grasses Including buffalo grass. 

• Buffalo grass although 70 percent of its roots are within the first 6 inches of the surface it also send down many roots as far as 5 feet deep 

Settlement of the Great Plains• Obtaining land for settlement on the great plains was made much simpler after President Abraham Lincoln Signed into law the Homestead Act in May 20, 1862. This  encouraged Western migration by providing settlers 160 acres of public land. In exchange, homesteaders paid a small filing fee and were required to complete five years of continuous residence before receiving ownership of the land.

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• Because by the early 1900s much of the prime low‐lying alluvial land along rivers had been homesteaded, the Enlarged Homestead Act was passed in 1909. To enable dryland farming, it increased the number of acres for a homestead to 320 acres given to farmers who accepted more marginal lands (especially in the Great Plains), which could not be easily irrigated.

Dry Farming 

Farmers of the Great Plains developed dry farming techniques to adapt to the low rainfall and conserve as much moisture in the soil as possible. These techniques included:

• Choice of a crop (wheat) that did not require much rainfall to grow. Russian Turkey Red became the preferred wheat variety. 

• Plowing the land deeply to allow moisture to get deep into the soil more easily when it did rain.

• Planting seeds in the ground deeper than normal, perhaps two inches down instead of one inch down. That put the seeds in contact with more moisture than the very top layer of soil.

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• Some of the first white settlers on the plains were the cattle men. This area was considered to be the premier cattle country with its thick grasses and no boundaries. With the intrusion on farmers, the invention of barbwire, and declining cattle prices  and harsh winters forced many cattle ranches to sell theirs land.  

• A popular saying at the time was explaining the llano Estacado “Miles to water, miles to wood, and only six inches to hell." 

• Charles Dana Wilber, an amateur scientist, wrote a book titled The Great Valleys and Prairies of Nebraska and the Northwest (1881), arguing that rainfall would increase as farmers moved westward. During the 1870s and 1880s, boosters wanted to see the area of the Great Plains increase in population. Wilber and other boosters sold the myth that the Great Plains would receive abundant rainfall by establishing the theory that, as farmers migrated westward, "rain will follow the plow." The premise of the theory was that as more settlers came, the region would receive more rainfall, and the land would become more bountiful and productive. Wilber used this theory to encourage settlers to come to the Great Plains, a region that others referred to as the "Great American Desert”

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• Farming the Great Plains would not have been possible without The invention of the John Deere's Steel plow allowed the farmer to cut thru the deep roots and allow them access to the rich soils that had been accumulated over hundred of thousands of years   

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• “Wheat was the preferred crop for many farmers, especially when World War I broke out in Europe in 1914. The demand for grain overseas was high, and prices rose from less than a dollar a bushel (60 lbs.) to over two dollars a bushel in 1917.”

Increased profits brought new economic options…

“Not everyone believed that such a narrow focus was sensible. ‘Wisely or other‐wisely, this region has permitted wheat growing to become its main concern,’ said author Caroline A. Henderson, a farm wife from Eva, Oklahoma.”  Farmers purchased tractors, disc harrows and combine harvesters to expand their tilled fields and continue reaping large profits from their crops.

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• Settlers had to learn how to farm on the Great Plains. The soil was held together by grass roots. It was called sod. Settlers were called sodbusters because they had to break through the sod to plant crops. There was not a lot of wood, so settlers used sod to build homes. Winters were long and cold. Summers were hot and dry. There were many droughts. There were grass fires because it was so dry. Farmers had to grow crops that did not need much water. They carried water from streams. Some farmers used windmills to pump water from underground. In the 1870s millions of grasshoppers ate the crops. There weren’t many people in the area to do farm work, so farmers made new and better farm machines. New machines made it faster and easier to grow more crops.

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• Wheat was a real good thing. The world needed it and was paying a good price for it. Wheat farmers with tractors, one way plows and combines purchased by most farmers after the phenomenal crop of 1926, began plowing and planting wheat as never before. The lands were planted to wheat year after year without a thought as to the damage that was being done. Grasslands that should have never been plowed were plowed up. Millions of acres of farm land in the Great Plains were broken. 

1930 was dry but most of the farmers made a wheat crop. In 1931 the wheat crop was considered a bumper crop with over twelve million bushels of wheat. Wheat was everywhere, in the elevators, on the ground and in the road. The wheat supply forced the price down from sixty‐eight cents/bushel in July 1930 to 

twenty‐five cents/bushel in 

July 1931. Many farmers went broke and others abandoned 

their fields. 

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“With prices low, money tight, and drought affecting more

than half of the nation, all it took was one more factor –wind– to create disaster on the plains . . .As historian Vance Johnson writes, ‘Every wind was destructive, and the wind blew almost every day. . .Acre by acre, the crops were torn out by their roots and carried away.’”

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Many farmers who stayed on their land  switched to raising cattle. That met with, at best, limited success since the animals required large amounts of range land for feed.

Droughts began in 1930 –1931. 

Planting was delayed in 1932 and winds destroyed much of the crops. 

1933 saw over 100 “dirtyDays.”

1934 was a calmer year, but did see wind storms that carried  dirt all the way to New York City and beyond.

1935 was a severe year with early storms lashing the region. On April 14, a dust storm so large arose that it had  an impact on WashingtonD.C.  This day was called“Black  Sunday.”

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Wheat production continued to decline.

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“During 1936, the number of

dirt storms increased and the

temperature broke the 1934

record high by soaring above

120 degrees in parts of Kansas.

1937 was another year of

unprecedented dirt  storms.

Day after day, Dust Bowl 

farmers unwillingly traded

farms as the land moved back

and forth between Texas and

Kansas.

1938 was the year of the

"snuster". The snuster was a

mixture of dirt and snow

Reaching blizzard proportions.”

http://www.ccccok.org/museum/dustbowl.html

How did the people cope with the conditions?“When the wind blew in the dust bowl, something as ordinary as breathing became a challenge. . .it (dust) would just coat the inside of your nose literally. And sometimes your mouth would just get cottony dry because . . .you spit out dirt. . .It looked like tobacco juice. . .But just thought that was part of living.’ ”

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“The blowing dirt made daily

routines burdensome and

depressing. Whether one was

trying to keep house, run a

small business, go to school, 

or go to church, the impact of 

The dust was serious.”

“Everything that had a

surface became dusty.

Clothes hanging on the line to

dry ended up stiff with dirt.

Families went to sleep on

clean sheets and pillowcases 

and awoke to find everything

dirty but the spots where they 

had lain.”

Many chose to leave, abandoning their homes and history to seek a new life in California and other west coast states, lured by the opportunity for work.

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Many of the migrants struggled to reach their destinations and met obstacles along the way.  The experiences of these “Okies” and “Arkies” became the basis for John Steinbeck’s  novel, The Grapes of Wrath.

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A return of more abundant rainfall beginning in 1938 and a focus on the nation’s needs during World War II helped bring the region out of its crisis.

The Soil Conservation Service (SCS)—now 

The Natural Resources Conservation Service

began to stress soil conservation

measures. Through their efforts, the first

soil conservation districts came into being,

and demonstration projects were carried

out to show the benefits of practices such

as terracing, contour plowing, conservation 

tillage and the reintroduction of windbreaks.

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But, Could It Happen Again?

• The Dustbowl could happen again. Agribusiness is draining the groundwater from the Ogallala Aquifer eight times faster than rain is putting it back. The aquifer stretches from South Dakota to Texas. Its home to a $20‐billion‐a‐year industry that grows nearly one‐fifth of the U.S.’s wheat, corn, and beef cattle. At current rate of use the groundwater will be gone within the century. Parts of the Texas Panhandle are already running dry. Scientists say it would take 6,000 years for nature to refill the aquifer.           

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• Ironically, federal agricultural subsidies are partly responsible for draining the Ogallala Aquifer. These subsidies began as part of the New Deal. They helped small farm families stay on the land and hang on through the Dust Bowl years. Now, the subsidies pay corporate farms to grow all types of crops. Corn for cattle feed is the biggest culprit, fattening 40 percent of the nation’s grain‐fed beef.  

$7.3 billion for corn and other feed grains$3.5 billion for cotton$1.6 billion for soybeans$1.5 billion for wheat$1.5 billion for tobacco$686 million for dairy$626 million for rice$271 million for peanuts.

• Cotton growers in Texas receive $3 billion a year in federal subsidies. They drain water from the Ogallala Aquifer to grow fibers that is no longer used in the US but is shipped to China where it is turned into cheap cloth that is sold in American stores. 

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• Other subsidies encourage farmers to grow corn for ethanol bio‐fuel. The number of production facilities in the High Plains region is being doubled. In response, farmers are increasing corn production, draining an additional 120 billion gallons a year from the aquifer.    

• Regardless of what drains the aquifer, the result is the same. Once the water runs out, the Great Plains might become the site of yet another natural disaster. Farmers will once again leave the area in droves.     

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• Those that remain will switch to wheat, sorghum, and other sustainable, low‐water crops. Some will take advantage of the constant winds that created the Dust Bowl to drive giant wind farms. A few will allow the grasslands that once dominated to return.