the airport and airport system. airports in the u.s.----overview u.s. has by far the greatest number...

THE AIRPORT AND AIRPORT SYSTEM

Airports in the U.S.----Overview

• U.S. has by far the greatest number of airports in the world.

• More than half of the world’s airports and more than two-thirds of the world’s 400 busiest airports are located in the U.S.

• There are more than 19,000 civil landing areas in the U.S., including heliports, seaplane bases and “fixed-wing” landing facilities.

• Most of those landing facilities are privately owned and for private use only.


• There are approximately 5,400 airports are open for use to the general public.

• approximately 4,150 airports are equipped with at least one paved and lighted runway.

• approximately 4,200 airports are publicly owned, either by local municipal, country or state.

• The remaining 1,200 are privately owned.


• Many airports in the U.S. were originally owned by the federal government, specifically the military. And they are now used together by the military and civil aircraft. These airports are called as “joint-use civil-military airports”.

Airport Level of activity

• The most common measures used to describe the level of activity at an airport are:– The number of passengers served.– The number of cargo carried.– The number of operation performed.

– Also, WLU, remember this one?


• There are some special terms you students shall learn:– Enplanements (or enplaned passengers):

the numbers of passengers that board an aircraft at an airport.

– Deplanements:the numbers of passengers that deplane an aircraft at an airport.

– Total passengers:the numbers of passengers that either board or deplane an aircraft at an airport.


• There are some special terms you students shall learn:– Transfer passengers:

the numbers of passengers that transfer flights at an airport.

– Aircraft operations:the numbers of takeoffs and landings at an airport.

– Based aircraft:the aircraft is registered as a “resident” of the airport.


• The purpose of measurements :– The number of passengers served:

provide airport management with information that will allow for the proper planning for facilities and space used by passengers.

– The number of cargo carried:provide airport management with information that will allow for the proper planning for facilities and space used by freight.

– The number of operation performed:provide airport management with information that will allow for the proper planning for airside, such as runways, taxiways. Navigational aids, gates and aircraft parking areas.

– WLU:Measure the over all performance of airports with an uniform unit.

The U.S. administrative structure

• The civil aviation system is an integral part of the national transportation infrastructure. This vital infrastructure is administrated by the U.S Department Of Transportation (DOT).

• There are many divisions under DOT administrating various models of transportations. One of the administrations that oversees civil aviation is the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).

The FAA

• The mission and responsibilities of FAA:– Oversees the safety of civil aviation.

– Rating and certification of pilots and air traffic controllers.

– Certification of airports.

– Operates the nation’s Air Traffic Control system.

– Installs and maintains navigational aids.

– Administers the Rules that govern civil aviation and airport operations.

Categories of airports in the U.S.

• Primary Commercial service airports.

• Commercial service airports.

• General aviation airports.

• Reliever airports.


• Commercial service airports:Airports that accommodate scheduled air carrier service, provided by the world’s certificated air carriers.The goal of commercial service airports is to provide for the safe and efficient movements of cargo and passengers between population centers.There were total 546 commercial service airports through out the U.S, in 2002.


• Primary commercial service airports:Those commercial service airports enplaning at least 10,000 passengers annually in the U.S.In 2002, there were 422 airports (less than 3% of nation’s total airports) categorized as Primary commercial service airports.

• Airline’s “hub and spoke” routing strategy were used in some few extra large airports that contribute to major part of nation’s passengers.


• General aviation airports:Airports with fewer than 2,500 annual enplaned passengers and those used exclusively by private business aircraft not providing commercial air carrier passengers.2558 airports in the U.S. are categorized as general aviation airports.


• Reliever airports:General aviation-type airports located within 50 miles of primary commercial service airports, provide relief to the congested major airports.Reliever airports are intended to encourage general aviation traffic to use their facility rather than the busier major airports which may experiencing delay.

The airport organization chart of U.S. airports.

Airport management as a career

• Today, an airport manager must be primarily a skilled and experienced executive with a broad background in all facets of aviation and management in general.

• An airport manager is part landlord and part business executive.– As a landlord, the safe condition and operation of the

airport is the manager’s greatest responsibility.– As a business executive, the manager is in charge of

public relations, financial, planning, making profit, coordination of airlines, concession to serve the tenants and flying public.

Airport management as a career

• The major requirement for the job of airport manager is business and administrative ability; this means the ability to make decisions, to coordinate details, to direct the work of others, and to work smoothly with many kind of people.

• Courses in college like engineering, management, accounting, finance, economics, business and aviation law, are good for preparation for stepping into this career.

The airport public relations

• There are several principals underlying the public relation process:– Every airport and every company has public relations,

whether or not it does anything about them.– Public goodwill is the greatest assets that can be enjoyed by

any airport, and public opinion is the most powerful force.– The basic ingredient of good relations for airports is integrity.– Policies and programs that are not in the public interest have

no chance of final success.– Airport public relations can never be some kind of program

used only to respond to a negative situation.– Airport public relations go far beyond just press relations and

publicity.

Airport and its public

• Basically, every airport has 4 “publics”:– The external business publics– The external general publics– The internal business publics– The internal employee publics

Public relation objectives

• The primary objectives of airport relations are:– Establishing the airport in the minds of the external

public as a facility that is dedicate to serving the public interest.

– Communicating with the external public with the goal of establishing and building goodwill.

– Answering general and environmental complaints on an individual basis.

– Establishing good working relationships with internal business publics whose interests are similar to airport management.

– Promoting program designed to enhance employee morale.

The historical review

• The birth of aviation:1903~1913– December 17, 1903, The Wright brothers succeeded in

achieving flight with a fixed-wing, heavier than air vehicle at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.

– In the 10 years following the Wright brothers’ first flight, the aviation world evolved in a very slow and hesitant manner. Not to mention of building the landing facilities.

– By 1912, there were only 20 landing strips all over the country.


• Word War 1:1914-1918– The outbreak of World War I in 1914 opened up initial

opportunities for fixed-wing aircraft to serve in a military capacity.

– As a result, the U.S. military built 67 airports for the war effort. These predominantly grass fields provided facilities to base, fuel, and maintain aircraft, as well as provide sufficient room for takeoff and landin.

– After the war, 25 of these military airfields remained operational, and the rest were decommissioned.


• Early airmail service: 1919-1925– After the end of World War I in 1918, many of the

aircraft and airmen that had served in the military turned their talents towards civil uses. One of the first civil applications of aviation was that of providing air transportation for the U.S. mail.

– Communities suddenly became aware of the importance of having an aerial connection to the rest of the country, and as a result, municipalities began constructing and operating local airports. By 1920, there were 145 municipally owned airports. A nationwide airport system was beginning to form. Domestic airmail service grew considerably between 1918 and 1925.


• The air commerce act: 1926-1938– Airports were encouraged to be built for commerce

purpose during this period of time.

• Airport growth: WWII and the postwar period.– For the war purpose, the U.S. government spent a lot of

money to construct airports.

– After the war, the airline business that carrying passengers began to bloom.


• Airport modernization: the early jet age– Following the development of Jet aircraft, the formal

airports are no longer suitable, the U.S. started a plan to modernize the airports with longer runway and bigger terminals in 1955.

– In 1956, a Trans World Airlines Super Constellation and a United Airlines Douglas DC-7 collided in midair over the Grand Canyon, killing 128 people. As a result of this high-profile accident, the public outcry for reform leading to a safer air traffic management system became louder and clearer.


• The form of DOT: 1967– The Department Of Transportation was established.

– The act also create a new sub-department called “National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)” which is in charge of :

• (1) determining the cause or probable cause of transportation accidents and reporting the fact, conditions, and circumstances relating to such accidents; and

• (2) reviewing on appeal the suspension, amendment, modification, revocation, or denial of any certificate or license issued by the secretary or by an administrator.


• The airline deregulation act: 1976~1978– The deregulation act signaled an end to the 40-year

history of economic regulation of the airline industry.– Airline deregulation has had a profound effect on the

nation's airports. Once air carriers were permitted to change route strategies without approval, many less-profitable markets were dropped, confirming the fears of deregulation that air service to smaller communities would suffer. Service to some smaller cities continued under the Essential Air Service (EAS) provisions of the Deregulation Act, provisions which provided subsidies to the last remaining carrier in a market so as to prevent selected cities from losing air service altogether.


• The airline deregulation act: 1976~1978– Perhaps the most profound impact of airline

deregulation was the proliferation of a hub and spoke routing strategy by most of the largest air carriers.

– Under a hub and spoke routing strategy, air carriers arranged flight schedules and routes so that a large number of aircraft would arrive from outlying spoke airports, over a short period of time into a hub facility, where passengers would deplane to transfer to aircraft bound for their final destinations.

– This routing strategy afforded air carriers the ability to serve more markets with a given fleet of aircraft and crew.

The historical review• The aviation security act: 1990

– In 1988, two independent deadly incidents involving sabotage of commercial aircraft introduced two new threats to the security of civil aviation.

– On December 7, 1988, a disgruntled former employee of Pacific Southwest Airlines boarded a PSA BAE 146-200 aircraft bound for San Francisco from Los Angeles, killed the flight crew and crashed the aircraft, killing a total of 43 people. The success of the killer's intentions was attributed in part by his ability to access the aircraft with a lethal weapon, despite existing security screening measures at Los Angeles International Airport.

– On December 21, Pan American Airlines Flight 103, a Boeing 747, exploded over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing all on board. The ensuing investigation revealed the cause of the explosion was a bomb disguised in a radio/cassette player that was stowed in checked luggage on the aircraft. The bomb was originally loaded onto an Air Malta Aircraft in Malta and eventually transferred onto flight 103 from another Pan American aircraft in London. The "passenger" associated with the explosive did not board Pan Am 103. His only intention was to perform this act of terrorism.

– As a result of these incidents, President George H. Bush established the President's Commission on Aviation Security and Terrorism to assess the overall effectiveness of the U.S. Civil Aviation Security System.


• From peacetime to terror: the 21st century– Between the hours of 8:00 and 9:00 on the Tuesday morning of

September 11, 2001, four commercial airliners, departing from three major U.S. airports, were hijacked and subsequently used in suicide attack missions to destroy major landmarks in New York City and Washington D.C.

– The hijacking of American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, both Boeing 767 aircraft that departed Boston's Logan International Airport, were flown by suicide hijackers into the two 110-story towers of New York's World Trade Center, causing the eventual collapse of the two towers and surrounding buildings, resulting in the deaths of nearly 3,000 people and causing billions of dollars of structural damage to New York's financial district.


• From peacetime to terror: the 21st century– Hijacked American Airlines Flight 77, a Boeing 757 that departed W

ashington D.C.'s Dulles International Airport, was flown into the side of the Pentagon, headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense, killing nearly 300 people.

– The final aircraft to be hijacked, United Airlines Flight 93, a Boeing 757 that departed Newark International Airport, apparently targeted to attack a landmark in Washington, D.C., perhaps the White House or the U.S. Capitol Building, crashed in an open field in Shankesville, Pennsylvania, after passengers on board the aircraft, receiving news of the attacks on the World Trade Center while talking on their cellular phones, attempted to combat the hijackers and recover the aircraft.

– The September 11, 2001, suicide hijackings marked the single largest attack and resulting number of fatalities involving commercial airlines in the history of aviation, and in fact marked one of the deadliest days on United States soil in history.

What have you learned?

• What does “joint-use civil-military airports” means? Are there any such kind of airports in Taiwan?

• What are the most common measures used to describe the level of activity at an airport?

• What are the main purposes of the measures?


• Please describe the following terms:– Enplanements– Deplanements– Total passengers– Transfer passengers– Aircraft operations– Based aircraft


• What are the categories of Airports in the U.S.?• Why are public relations so important to an

airport?• How many kind of “Public relations” an airport

has to deal with?• What are the primary objectives of dealing with

the airport public relations?• What does “Hub and Spoke” strategy mean? What

does “Hub and Spoke” strategy affect the aviation environment?

Students’ assignment

• 911 事件發生後，對全世界的民航業或環境造成了哪些影響？同學可以經由上網、報章雜誌找尋資料，最好也能發表自己的看法。

• 請同學蒐集中正機場航空站的組織架構，與本次上課介紹美國機場組織架構作比較。另外也請同學蒐集我國民航局的組織架構與主要功能，最好也能和美國 FAA 作一比較。

the airport and airport system. airports in the u.s.----overview u.s. has by far the greatest number...

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airport system slide

airport management

airport level of activity

number of passengers

numbers of passengers

worlds airports

civilmilitary airports

civil aircraft