the ‘inverse’ history of iroquoian person prefixes · mithun, marianne. 1999. the languages of...
TRANSCRIPT
The ‘inverse’ history of Iroquoian person prefixes
Michael CysouwMax Planck Insitute for Evolutionary Anthropology
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquoian
Iroquoian languages
Iroquoian
Southern Iroquoian Northern Iroquoian
Cherokee Tuscarora/Nottoway
Tuscarora
Lake Iroquoian
Huron/Wyandot
Huron Wyandot
Iroquois Proper
Seneca/Cayuga
SenecaCayuga
Onondaga Oneida/Mohawk
OneidaMohawk
Mithun, Marianne. 1999. The Languages of Native North America. (Cambridge Language Surveys). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 418. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquoian
Cherokee
Tuscarora/Nottoway
Huron/Wyandot
Iroquois Proper
Lounsbury, Floyd G. 1953. Oneida Verb Morphology. (Yale University Publications in Anthropology, 48). New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
Active/Agent
Stative/Patient
-o/_[C,i,a]-aw/_[e]-a/_[o]
-a/_[C]-!/_[i]-ø/_[a,o]
Agent ! Patient
Patient ! Agent
“Direct”
“Inverse”
Inverse in Oneida ?
Inverse in Cherokee ?
• Prefix choice determined by:
• Relative animacy of subject vs. object
• Discourse prominence, information flow
Scancarelli, Janine. 1987. Grammatical Relations and Verb Agreement in Cherokee. Ph.D. Thesis University of California at Los Angeles,
Oneida Mohawk Seneca Cayuga Onondaga Wyandot Huron Tuscarora Cherokee
*KA
*YO
*KUWA
*YE
*YE+*YO
*HR+*(K)A
*HR+*YO
*HR+*(K)UWA
*SH+*YE+*YO
*SH+*YE
*RU
*YE+ATAT
ka/_[C]
k!/_[i]
w/_[a]
(y)/_[o]
"h/_[e]
ka/_[C, y]
k!/_[i]
w/_[a. e]
y/_[o, u]
ka/_[C]
k#/_[i, (y)$]
w/_[a, e, #]
y/_[o, $]
k/_[o]
ga/_[C]
g%/_[i]
w/_[a, e, u]
ga/_[C]
g%/_[i]
w/_[a, e, %]
(-y)/_[o, &]
'ka/_[C, yV]
'k%/_[i]
w/_[a, e, %]
(y)/_[o, (]
)a/_[C]
)e/_[n]
8/_[a. e]
) /_[o]
ka/_[C]
kv/_[i]
w/_[V]
ka/_[Reson.]
k/_[V]
ø /_[e]
a:/_[Obstr.]
(y)o/_[C, i, a]
(y)aw/_[e]
(y)a/_[o]
yo/_[C]
y/_[V]
"o/_[C, i, a]
"aw/_[e, #]
"a/_[o, $]
o/_[C, i, a]
aw/_[e]
a/_[o]
(-y)o(w)/_[C, i, a]
(-y)aw/_[e]
(-y)a/_[o, &]
u(w)/_[C, i, a, o]
aw/_[e, %]
a/_[(]
o/_[C, i, a]
(i)a8/_[e]
a/_[o]
(y)o/_[C, i, a]
(y)aw/_[e, o, v]
u:/_[C, a, v]
u:w/_[V, v]
u:wa/_[:, v]
kuwa/_[C]
kuw!/_[i]
kuw/_[a, e]
kuway/_[o]
kuwa/_[C]
kuwv/_[i]
kuw/_[V]
k$w$/_[C]
k$w#/_[(y)$, i]
k$w/_[a, e, #]
k$w$y/_[o, $]
–––
(gowa-dí, gowa-n
di/n = plural a*x)
g&wa/_[C]
g&w%/_[i]
g&w/_[a, e, %]
g&way/_[o, &]
y(wa/_[C]
y(w/_[a]
)on+a/_[C, i]
)on+/_[a, e, o]
––– kv:wa/_[C]
kv:w/_[V, a, h]
(y)e/_[C, i]
(y)ak/_[e, o]
(y)u/_[a]
(y)!/_[e]
(y)a/_[‘ihey’]
ye/_[C, i, y]
yak/_[o, u]
yu/_[a]
y(!)/_[e]
ye/_[C, i]
yak/_[o, $]
y$/_[a]
y#/_[e]
y/_[#]
ya/_[‘iey’]
(y)e/_[C, i]
(y)ag/_[e, o, u]
(/_[a]
(-y)e/_[C, i]
(-y)ag/_[e, o, &]
(-y)u(w)/_[a, %]
(-y)%/_[e]
(-y)a/_[‘ie’]
(y)e/_[C, yV]
a(y)(%)/_ [e, %, o, (, i]
(/_[a, %]
(i)e/_[C, i]
a)/_[e, o, i]
on/_[a]
ye/_[C, i]
yak/_[e, o, v]
yv/_[a, e, y]
ya/_[‘ihey’]
a:tsi/_[C]
a:k/_[V]
(y)ako/_[C, i, a]
(y)akaw/_[e]
(y)aka/_[o]
yako/_[C]
yakaw/_[e, !]
yak/_[V]
(ya)ko/_[C, i, a]
(ya)kaw/_[e, #]
(ya)ka/_[o, $]
go/_[C, i, a]
gaw/_[e]
ga/_[o]
(-ya)go(w)/_[C, i, a]
(-ya)gaw/_[e]
(-ya)ga/_[o, ,]
(ay)u(w)/_[C, i, a]
ayaw/_[e, %]
aya/_[o, (]
a)o/_[C, a, i]
a)a8/_[e]
a)a/_[o]
––– –––
(-h)(l)a/_[C]
(-h)(l)!/_[i]
(-h)(l)/_[a]
(-h)l/_[e, o]
la/_[C]
lv/_[i]
(h)l/_[u]
l/_[V]
ha/_[C]
h#/_[i, (y)$]
h/_[V]
ha/_[C]
h%/_[i]
h/_[a, e, o, u]
ha/_[C]
h%/_[i]
h(R)/_[a, %, &]
h/_[e, o]
ha-/_[C]
h(%)/_[i]
(h)/_[a]
r/_[e, %, o, (]
ha/_[C, i]
hr/_[V]
h/_[a,e,o]
(-h)ra/_[C]
(-h)rv/_[i]
(-h)r/_[V]
–––
(-h)(l)o/_[C, i, a]
(-h)(l)aw/_[e]
(-h)(l)a/_[o]
lo/_[C]
law/_[e, !]
l/–[V]
ho/_[C, i, a]
haw/_[e, #]
ha/_[o, $]
ho/_[C, i, a]
haw/_[e]
ha/_[o]
ho(w)/_[C, i, a]
haw/_[e]
ha/_[o, &]
(h)u(w)/_[C, i, a]
haw/_[e, %]
ha/_[o, (]
ho/_[C, a, i]
ha8/_[e]
ha/_[o]
(-h)ro/_[C, i, a]
(-h)raw/_[e, o, v]
–––
(-h)(l)uwa/_[C]
(-h)(l)uw!/_[i]
(-h)(l)uw/_[a, e]
(-h)(l)uway/_[o]
luwa/_[C]
luwv/_[i]
luw/_[V]
h$w$/_[C]
h$w#/_[(y)$, i]
h$w/_[a, e, #]
h$w$y/_[o, $]
h(:wá:/_[C]
h(w%/_[i]
h(w/_[a, e]
h(way/_[o]
h&wa/_[C]
h&w%/_[i]
h&w/_[a, e, %]
h&way/_[o, &]
(h)(wa/_[C]
h(w(%)/_[i]
h(w/_[a]
hon+a/_[C, i]
hon+/_[a, e, o]
––– –––
-shako/_[C, i, a]
-shakaw/_[e]
-shaka/_[o]
(h)sako/_[C]
(h)ak/_[V]
(h)saka/_[u]
shako/_[C, i, a]
shakaw/_[e, #]
shaka/_[o, $]
sha:gó:/_[C. i, a]
shakaw/_[e]
(h)shága/_[o]
shago(w)/_[C, i, a, %]
shagaw/_[e, %]
shaga/_[o, &]
(h)sayu/_[C, a] sa)o/_[C, a, i]
sa)a8/_[e]
sa)a/_[o]
––– –––
––– ––– ––– ––– ––– ––– se/_[C,i]
sa)/_e, o]
son/_[a]
––– –––
––– ––– ––– ––– ––– ru/_[C]
ru(w)/_[V]
––– ––– –––
(y)utat/_[C, V]
(y)utate/_[x]
yutat/_[C, V]
yutate/_[l, n, w, ?]
yutak/_[y]
(")$tat/_[V, Reson.]
(")$tate/_[Obstr.]
(")$tah/_[n, t, " n]
adad
[?]
(-y)&dat/_[C]
(-y)&dade/_[CC]
(-y)&dad/_[V, r]
[?] atat/_[C]
atand/_[V]
yv"na"n/_[V, y, w]
yv"na"/_[r, t]
yv"nat/_[k, s, "]
PNG+ata:t/_[V]
PNG+ata:/_[C]
Oneida Mohawk Seneca Cayuga Onondaga Wyandot Huron Tuscarora Cherokee
*KA
*YO
*KUWA
*YE
*YE+*YO
*HR+*(K)A
*HR+*YO
*HR+*(K)UWA
*SH+*YE+*YO
*SH+*YE
*RU
*YE+ATAT
ka/_[C]
k!/_[i]
w/_[a]
(y)/_[o]
"h/_[e]
ka/_[C, y]
k!/_[i]
w/_[a. e]
y/_[o, u]
ka/_[C]
k#/_[i, (y)$]
w/_[a, e, #]
y/_[o, $]
k/_[o]
ga/_[C]
g%/_[i]
w/_[a, e, u]
ga/_[C]
g%/_[i]
w/_[a, e, %]
(-y)/_[o, &]
'ka/_[C, yV]
'k%/_[i]
w/_[a, e, %]
(y)/_[o, (]
)a/_[C]
)e/_[n]
8/_[a. e]
) /_[o]
ka/_[C]
kv/_[i]
w/_[V]
ka/_[Reson.]
k/_[V]
ø /_[e]
a:/_[Obstr.]
(y)o/_[C, i, a]
(y)aw/_[e]
(y)a/_[o]
yo/_[C]
y/_[V]
"o/_[C, i, a]
"aw/_[e, #]
"a/_[o, $]
o/_[C, i, a]
aw/_[e]
a/_[o]
(-y)o(w)/_[C, i, a]
(-y)aw/_[e]
(-y)a/_[o, &]
u(w)/_[C, i, a, o]
aw/_[e, %]
a/_[(]
o/_[C, i, a]
(i)a8/_[e]
a/_[o]
(y)o/_[C, i, a]
(y)aw/_[e, o, v]
u:/_[C, a, v]
u:w/_[V, v]
u:wa/_[:, v]
kuwa/_[C]
kuw!/_[i]
kuw/_[a, e]
kuway/_[o]
kuwa/_[C]
kuwv/_[i]
kuw/_[V]
k$w$/_[C]
k$w#/_[(y)$, i]
k$w/_[a, e, #]
k$w$y/_[o, $]
–––
(gowa-dí, gowa-n
di/n = plural a*x)
g&wa/_[C]
g&w%/_[i]
g&w/_[a, e, %]
g&way/_[o, &]
y(wa/_[C]
y(w/_[a]
)on+a/_[C, i]
)on+/_[a, e, o]
––– kv:wa/_[C]
kv:w/_[V, a, h]
(y)e/_[C, i]
(y)ak/_[e, o]
(y)u/_[a]
(y)!/_[e]
(y)a/_[‘ihey’]
ye/_[C, i, y]
yak/_[o, u]
yu/_[a]
y(!)/_[e]
ye/_[C, i]
yak/_[o, $]
y$/_[a]
y#/_[e]
y/_[#]
ya/_[‘iey’]
(y)e/_[C, i]
(y)ag/_[e, o, u]
(/_[a]
(-y)e/_[C, i]
(-y)ag/_[e, o, &]
(-y)u(w)/_[a, %]
(-y)%/_[e]
(-y)a/_[‘ie’]
(y)e/_[C, yV]
a(y)(%)/_ [e, %, o, (, i]
(/_[a, %]
(i)e/_[C, i]
a)/_[e, o, i]
on/_[a]
ye/_[C, i]
yak/_[e, o, v]
yv/_[a, e, y]
ya/_[‘ihey’]
a:tsi/_[C]
a:k/_[V]
(y)ako/_[C, i, a]
(y)akaw/_[e]
(y)aka/_[o]
yako/_[C]
yakaw/_[e, !]
yak/_[V]
(ya)ko/_[C, i, a]
(ya)kaw/_[e, #]
(ya)ka/_[o, $]
go/_[C, i, a]
gaw/_[e]
ga/_[o]
(-ya)go(w)/_[C, i, a]
(-ya)gaw/_[e]
(-ya)ga/_[o, ,]
(ay)u(w)/_[C, i, a]
ayaw/_[e, %]
aya/_[o, (]
a)o/_[C, a, i]
a)a8/_[e]
a)a/_[o]
––– –––
(-h)(l)a/_[C]
(-h)(l)!/_[i]
(-h)(l)/_[a]
(-h)l/_[e, o]
la/_[C]
lv/_[i]
(h)l/_[u]
l/_[V]
ha/_[C]
h#/_[i, (y)$]
h/_[V]
ha/_[C]
h%/_[i]
h/_[a, e, o, u]
ha/_[C]
h%/_[i]
h(R)/_[a, %, &]
h/_[e, o]
ha-/_[C]
h(%)/_[i]
(h)/_[a]
r/_[e, %, o, (]
ha/_[C, i]
hr/_[V]
h/_[a,e,o]
(-h)ra/_[C]
(-h)rv/_[i]
(-h)r/_[V]
–––
(-h)(l)o/_[C, i, a]
(-h)(l)aw/_[e]
(-h)(l)a/_[o]
lo/_[C]
law/_[e, !]
l/–[V]
ho/_[C, i, a]
haw/_[e, #]
ha/_[o, $]
ho/_[C, i, a]
haw/_[e]
ha/_[o]
ho(w)/_[C, i, a]
haw/_[e]
ha/_[o, &]
(h)u(w)/_[C, i, a]
haw/_[e, %]
ha/_[o, (]
ho/_[C, a, i]
ha8/_[e]
ha/_[o]
(-h)ro/_[C, i, a]
(-h)raw/_[e, o, v]
–––
(-h)(l)uwa/_[C]
(-h)(l)uw!/_[i]
(-h)(l)uw/_[a, e]
(-h)(l)uway/_[o]
luwa/_[C]
luwv/_[i]
luw/_[V]
h$w$/_[C]
h$w#/_[(y)$, i]
h$w/_[a, e, #]
h$w$y/_[o, $]
h(:wá:/_[C]
h(w%/_[i]
h(w/_[a, e]
h(way/_[o]
h&wa/_[C]
h&w%/_[i]
h&w/_[a, e, %]
h&way/_[o, &]
(h)(wa/_[C]
h(w(%)/_[i]
h(w/_[a]
hon+a/_[C, i]
hon+/_[a, e, o]
––– –––
-shako/_[C, i, a]
-shakaw/_[e]
-shaka/_[o]
(h)sako/_[C]
(h)ak/_[V]
(h)saka/_[u]
shako/_[C, i, a]
shakaw/_[e, #]
shaka/_[o, $]
sha:gó:/_[C. i, a]
shakaw/_[e]
(h)shága/_[o]
shago(w)/_[C, i, a, %]
shagaw/_[e, %]
shaga/_[o, &]
(h)sayu/_[C, a] sa)o/_[C, a, i]
sa)a8/_[e]
sa)a/_[o]
––– –––
––– ––– ––– ––– ––– ––– se/_[C,i]
sa)/_e, o]
son/_[a]
––– –––
––– ––– ––– ––– ––– ru/_[C]
ru(w)/_[V]
––– ––– –––
(y)utat/_[C, V]
(y)utate/_[x]
yutat/_[C, V]
yutate/_[l, n, w, ?]
yutak/_[y]
(")$tat/_[V, Reson.]
(")$tate/_[Obstr.]
(")$tah/_[n, t, " n]
adad
[?]
(-y)&dat/_[C]
(-y)&dade/_[CC]
(-y)&dad/_[V, r]
[?] atat/_[C]
atand/_[V]
yv"na"n/_[V, y, w]
yv"na"/_[r, t]
yv"nat/_[k, s, "]
PNG+ata:t/_[V]
PNG+ata:/_[C]
Proto-North Iroquoian IProto-North Iroquoian IProto-North Iroquoian I PatientPatient
Indefinite 3rd Ø
PL
AgentIndef
Agent3rd
Ø
KUWA (plur)
YEYE
KA
YO
CherokeeCherokee PatientPatient
3rd Ø
PL
AgentIndef
Agent3rd
Ø
KUWA (plur)
YEYE
KA
YO
Proto-North Iroquoian IIProto-North Iroquoian IIProto-North Iroquoian II PatientPatient
Indefinite Masculine Animate Ø
PL
Indef
Agent Masc
Anim
Ø
(plur) KUWA (plur)
YE+ATAT YEYE
YE+YOKA
YE+YOYO
Proto-North Iroquoian IProto-North Iroquoian IProto-North Iroquoian I PatientPatient
Indefinite 3rd Ø
PL
AgentIndef
Agent3rd
Ø
(plur) KUWA (plur)
YE+ATAT YEYE
YE+YOKA
YE+YOYO
Proto-North Iroquoian IIProto-North Iroquoian IIProto-North Iroquoian II PatientPatient
Indefinite Masculine Animate Ø
PL
Indef
Agent Masc
Anim
Ø
(plur) KUWA (plur)
YE+ATAT YEYE
HR+(K)AHR+(K)A
YE+YO HR+YOKA
YE+YO HR+YOYO
Proto-HuronProto-HuronProto-Huron PatientPatient
Indefinite Masculine Animate Ø
PL
Indef
Agent Masc
Anim
Ø
(plur) KUWA (plur)
YE+ATAT YEYE
HR+(K)AHR+(K)A
YE+YO HR+YOKA
YE+YO HR+YOYO
Proto-TuscaroraProto-TuscaroraProto-Tuscarora PatientPatient
Indefinite Masculine Animate Ø
PL
Indef
Agent Masc
Anim
Ø
(plur) KUWA (plur)
YE+ATAT YEYE
HR+(K)AHR+(K)A
YE+YO HR+YOKA
YE+YO HR+YOYO
HuronHuronHuron PatientPatient
Indefinite Masculine Animate Ø
PL
Indef
Agent Masc
Anim
Ø
(plur) HR+(K)UWA KUWA (plur)
!ai8 [?] SH+YE YEYE
SH+YE+YO
HR+YO
HR+(K)AHR+(K)A
YE+YOHR+YO
YOKA
YE+YOHR+YO
YO
TuscaroraTuscaroraTuscarora PatientPatient
Indefinite Masculine Animate Ø
PL
Indef
Agent Masc
Anim
Ø
(plur)(plur) (plur)(plur)
YE+ATATYE+ATATYEYE
YE+ATATYE+ATATHR+(K)AHR+(K)A
YE+YOHR+YO
KA
KAHR+YO
YO
Proto-North Iroquoian IIProto-North Iroquoian IIProto-North Iroquoian II PatientPatient
Indefinite Masculine Animate Ø
PL
Indef
Agent Masc
Anim
Ø
(plur) KUWA (plur)
YE+ATAT YEYE
HR+(K)AHR+(K)A
YE+YO HR+YOKA
YE+YO HR+YOYO
Mohawk, Oneida, OnondagaMohawk, Oneida, OnondagaMohawk, Oneida, Onondaga PatientPatient
Indefinite Masculine Animate Ø
PL
Indef
Agent Masc
Inan
Ø
(plur)HR+(K)UWA KUWA
(plur)
YE+ATATHR+(K)UWA KUWA
YE
SH+YE+YO
HR+YO
HR+(K)AHR+(K)A
YE+YOHR+YO KA
YE+YOHR+YO
YO
Proto-North Iroquoian IIProto-North Iroquoian IIProto-North Iroquoian II PatientPatient
Indefinite Masculine Animate Ø
PL
Indef
Agent Masc
Anim
Ø
(plur) KUWA (plur)
YE+ATAT YEYE
HR+(K)AHR+(K)A
YE+YO HR+YOKA
YE+YO HR+YOYO
CayugaCayugaCayuga PatientPatientPatient
Indefinite Masculine AnimateAnimate Ø
PL
Indef
Agent Masc
Anim
Ø
(plur) (plur) (plur)(plur) (plur)
YE+ATAT HR+(K)UWA KUWA YEYE
SH+YE+YO
HR+YO
HR+(K)AHR+(K)AHR+(K)A
YE+YOHR+YO KA
YE+YOHR+YO
YOYO
SenecaSenecaSeneca PatientPatientPatient
Indefinite Masculine AnimateAnimate Ø
PL
Indef
Agent Masc
Anim
Ø
(plur) (plur) (plur)(plur) (plur)
YE+ATAT HR+(K)UWA YEYEYE
SH+YE+YO
HR+YO
HR+(K)AHR+(K)AHR+(K)A
YE+YOHR+YO KUWA KA
YE+YOHR+YO
YOYO
Proto-Lake IroquoianProto-Lake IroquoianProto-Lake Iroquoian PatientPatient
Indefinite Masculine Animate Ø
PL
Indef
Agent Masc
Anim
Ø
(plur)KUWA
(plur)
YE+ATATKUWA
YE
HR+(K)AHR+(K)A
YE+YO HR+YOKA
YE+YO HR+YOYO
WyandotWyandotWyandot PatientPatient
Indefinite Masculine Animate Ø
PL
Indef
Agent Masc
Anim
Ø
(plur)HR+(K)UWA KUWA
(plur)
[?]HR+(K)UWA KUWA
YE
SH+YE+YO RU HR+(K)AHR+(K)A
YE+YO HR+YO YOKA
YE+YO HR+YO YO
Inve
rse
in Ir
oquo
ian
?
•In
the
cod
ing
of t
rans
itive
3Su
bj-3
Obj
ver
bs
orig
inal
ly t
here
was
som
e hi
erar
chic
al/
inve
rse-
like
orga
nisa
tion
(cf.
Che
roke
e).
•T
hrou
gh t
he s
ubse
quen
t di
achr
onic
ex
tens
ions
of t
he p
arad
igm
, rec
urre
nt
codi
ng a
rose
tha
t lo
oks
like
an in
vers
e sy
stem
in s
ome
lang
uage
s (c
f. O
neid
a).
•B
onvi
llain
, Nan
cy. 1
973.
A G
ram
mar
of A
kwes
asne
Moh
awk.
(M
ercu
ry S
erie
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Ono
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Ref
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