LumeNet A Research Methods Workshop for PhD Students of

Lighting, Colour, Daylight and Related Subjects

LumeNet 2018 Aalborg University Copenhagen

16-17 August 2018

Introduction

LumeNet, and its parallel event the VELUX Academic Forum, first took place in 2011. Since

then there have been annual meetings with LumeNet been held three times, in Sheffield

(2012), in Berlin (2014) and in Ghent (2016).

The aim of LumeNet is to discuss research methods - the experimental design and analysis

used to respond to a research question. If experimental design is not carefully considered

then the wrong conclusions may be drawn. LumeNet is an opportunity to explore

experimental design, ideally before an experiment is conducted so that changes can be

made, if necessary. By attending LumeNet and exposing their work to criticism, PhD

students are taking a step towards improving the credibility of their own work and the

questions they might ask when reading work by others. By taking action following the

criticism, publications arising from the work are more likely to be in the 40% of submitted

articles that are accepted than in the 60% that are rejected.1 Overall, this is a significant

benefit to the whole of the lighting research community.

The reviewers for LumeNet 2018 are Ásta Logadóttir, Clarence Waters, Jennifer Veitch,

Jens Christoffersen, Jim Uttley, Kevin Houser, Myriam Aries, and Werner Osterhaus. They

have volunteered their time for LumeNet2018 with the desire to contribute to improved

methods in lighting research: sincere thanks to all reviewers.

LumeNet is free to attend. For 2018, the expenses were covered through sponsorship from

the Bertil Svensson’s Foundation.

Steve Fotios

1 Average of papers submitted to Lighting Research and Technology in 2015, 2016 and 2017.

Learning your trade

A tradesman is someone who has a particular skill. He or she has expertise in the use of

certain tools, the knowledge of how to make, operate and repair certain systems and the

ability to predict future performance and failure. In that sense, doing research can be

regarded as a trade. To become a tradesman requires training and experience often in the

form of an apprenticeship that blends theory and practice. So how does one become a

researcher?

The most common route is through graduate education, particularly at doctorate level. In a

poor doctorate program, the student is likely to be treated as a cheap pair of hands, the hope

being that the student will pick up something from working with a more experienced

professional. A good doctorate program is much more proactive. It will involve structured

courses in relevant disciplines, which in lighting research means courses on such matters as

photometry, colorimetry, physiology, vision science, human factors, experimental design,

statistics, light sources, luminaire design, lighting practice and scientific ethics. It will also

give the student opportunities to attend meetings such as LumeNet where exposure to ideas

and advice is guaranteed and contact with other students and researchers can be made.

But no matter how many courses and meetings the student attends, nor how much

knowledge is accumulated, these alone will never be enough to produce a good researcher,

for three reasons. The first is because to be a good researcher requires some specific

behaviours. For example, it is hard to overemphasize the importance of reading the

literature, of thinking about what a set of findings might mean, how the findings fit into the

literature and what limitations might be placed them. It is such reading that make it possible

to construct models and recognize concepts as well as develop hypotheses for test. The

second is a willingness to look at sets of data with an open mind. Too often we only see

what we want to see, rather than what should be apparent. The third is to continually

observe the world around to note what you see, to record how people behave, to assess the

visual stimulus associated with a behaviour and to recognize something unusual happening.

It is such observations that feed the mind.

Such behaviours are important but a good researcher also needs certain personality

characteristics. Specifically, a good researcher will have perseverance and resilience. These

character traits are necessary because research can be a frustrating business. Rather like

learning to ride a bicycle, you cannot do it by reading about it. At some point you need to get

on the bike and at some point you will certainly fall off. Similarly, to become a good

researcher, the student needs to conduct some research he or she has designed without

being told exactly what to do at every stage. Faced with a string of non-significant or

significant but confusing results the researcher will need both perseverance and resilience

as well as intelligence to understand why and what should be done differently next time.

And that brings me to what is, perhaps, the most important element in becoming a good

researcher – having the right mentor. The relationship between student and mentor is very

personal but very important because the student can learn so much from their mentor and

not just factual knowledge, By observing how your mentor conducts him or herself, by noting

the approach taken to address a problem, by listening and interacting with your mentor,

research becomes both an intellectual and emotional journey one that will result in a real

tradesman, a good researcher.

Peter Boyce

Contents

Author Title Page No.

Seda Kacel Post-occupancy evaluation in the field of lighting 1

Aleksandra Liachenko Monteiro

Road lighting and reassurance: cognitive, emotional and behavioural responses

3

Yichong Mao Facial expression and obstacle detection under various lighting conditions

5

Forrest Webler Daylighting 7

Kai Broszio Spatial dependency of non-image forming effects 9

Imke Wies van Mil Artificial lighting design for primary learning environments

11

Kiran Maini Gerhardsson

Non-image forming effects and aspects of home lighting

13

Scott Fox Lighting, distraction and driving 15

Ayesha Batool View and glare 17

Johanna Enger Visual and emotional experience of light, for design, planning and evaluation of light environments

19

Juliëtte van Duijnhoven

Office luminous exposure in relation to employees’ health and satisfaction

21

Clotilde Pierson Culture and other factors influencing discomfort glare perception in daylighting

23

Christel de Bakker Local lighting control in open-plan offices 25

Thijs Kruisselbrink Measuring lighting quality using the luminance distribution

27

Michael Kuhlenengel Investigation of school environmental effects on student achievement looking at lighting, acoustics, thermal comfort, and indoor air quality

29

Khalid Hamoodh How can we use lighting to help pedestrians be safe and feel safe?

31

Samantha Peeters Optimizing human centric lighting, towards quantified human models.

33

Shahabedin Zeini Aslani

Lighting design principles for world heritage sites 35

Jaka Potočnik The influence of architectural features on the occurrence of biological darkness in buildings

37

Alessandra Luna Navarro

Façade design: satisfaction with daylight and glare 39

Sandy Buschmann Development of a new measurement method to determine reflection characteristics of road surfaces

41

Marta Benedetti Integration of the non-visual effects of light in building automation (venetian blinds and electric lighting control)

43

Benedikt Huggins Light pollution – rights and obligations of lighting 45

Martina Frattura Finding a trend in the body electrical response to subjective idea of beauty, in order to find the characteristic that a light stimuli should have to be triggering in the same way

47

Merve Öner Implementing ocular signals in the visual and non-visual effects of daylight in vdt workstations

49

Joffrey Girard Discomfort glare in outdoor lighting 51

Antonello Durante Exitance-based lighting metrics 53

Maria Englezou Daylight and sunlight in healthcare facilities for better health and well-being

55

Maria Hadjivasili Light as a building material 57

Maaike Kompier Dynamic light and indoor climate in offices 59

Francisca Rodriguez Dynamic luminous variations in view scenes through image processing

61

Sun Jing Natural lighting in the space design for art museums 63

Allen Lo Investigation of whether there is a direct correlation between exposure to varying daylight levels and changes to building occupants' mood?

65

Anke von der Heide Media architecture and narratives for public spaces towards urban storytelling

67

David Kretzer Street lighting in slums 69

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Evaluation of the Parameters related to Environment and Occupant for the Lighting System Design Process Seda Kaçel Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture kacel.seda@gmail.com Abstract The relation between light, space and user is multifaceted containing quantitative and

qualitative aspects of light. That is why, evaluation of luminous environment can be achieved

holistically when the quantitative and qualitative aspects of light are evaluated as a whole

within the spatial context of the user. The quantitative aspects of the luminous environment

can be predicted through the guidance of the lighting metrics. On the contrary, the qualitative

aspects have been less included in the lighting regulations, research and building evaluations.

In addition to the design decision-making process of the new buildings, assessment of the

luminous environment of the existing buildings is significant as well. It is noteworthy to

underline post-occupancy evaluation (POE) methodology as it probes how an indoor

environment performs and how satisfied the users are when occupying a building. The

evaluation of lighting has been often integrated into the studies appraising the indoor

environmental quality (IEQ) and POE of the overall building circumstances. Forming a distinct

evaluation procedure on lighting can supply the practical base required for combining the

quantitative and qualitative assessments of the luminous environments in the existing

buildings.

Adaptive behaviour has been underlined in literature as containing significant actions of

occupants in order to enhance their comfort. While most research on adaptive behaviour

focused on thermal comfort, a recent study underline how adaptive behaviours had a positive

impact on visual comfort.

The main aim of this PhD research is to propose a holistic framework of POE for assessing

the adaptive behaviours of users and the appraisal of lighting in the luminous environment.

Through the proposed framework, this research intends to investigate the relation between

light, space and user through guidance of the qualitative and quantitative assessments of the

luminous environment. Determining the positive and negative aspects of the lighting-related

measures on space and user is informative in order to carry out the related amendments and

enhancements in the luminous environment.

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The methodology of this PhD research is based on an experimental study. This research

extends the structural equation model of Veitch et al. (2013). The proposed extensions to the

existing model have been done through the guidance of the literature review. For example;

O’Brien and Gunay (2014) indicated interior design as a parameter affecting occupant

behaviour in order to improve comfort. In the literature review of the authors, flexibility of

occupants related to changing their position or orientation has been underlined for preventing

glare. Besides, furniture positioning was mentioned as being related to discomfort zones. In

their contextual framework, the authors mentioned the rotational and translational freedom of

a cubicle under the title ‘interior design’. Keyvanfar et al. (2014) validated changing position

and direction of furniture as an adaptive behaviour for artificial lighting. In terms of visual

comfort, glare depends on the occupant position and direction of view. This adaptability was

mentioned to enhance visual comfort (Jakubiec and Reinhart, 2012).

Following the statistical analysis and finalising the proposed structural equation model, the

model will be implemented into a POE framework as a proposal for the field of lighting. This is

the main issue for the discussion in the LumeNet workshop. How to transform the model,

which considers the adaptive behaviour of users, into a POE framework in order to apply to

building evaluation in the field of lighting in a wider frame is aimed to be discussed as being

the main outcome of this PhD research.

References Jakubiec, J. A. and Reinhart, C. F. (2012). The ‘adaptive zone’ - A concept for assessing

discomfort glare throughout daylit spaces. Lighting Research and Technology, 44, p.149-170.

Keyvanfar, A. et al. (2014). User satisfaction adaptive behaviors for assessing energy efficient building indoor cooling and lighting environment. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39, pp. 277-295.

O’Brien, W. and Gunay, H. B. (2014). The contextual factors contributing to occupants’ adaptive comfort behaviors in offices - A review and proposed modeling framework. Building and Environment, 77, pp. 77-87.

Veitch, J. A. et al. (2013). Linking Lighting Appraisals to Work Behaviors. Environment and Behavior, 45:2, pp. 198-214.

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Road lighting and reassurance: a cognitive, emotional and behavioural approach Aleksandra Liachenko Monteiro School of Architecture, University of Sheffield, UK allmonteiro1@sheffield.ac.uk Abstract Road lighting is a key aspect in promoting pedestrian reassurance. This is defined by Fotios

et al1 as the confidence an individual has to walk or when walking alone after-dark. Two studies

point out the benefit of enhancing reassurance in that it leads to an increase in walking

behaviours2,3, such as reducing the use of less sustainable methods of transport, reducing

social isolation and improving physical and mental well-being. Considering that Reassurance

consists in three components – a perception, an emotional arousal and a derived behaviour4,

this work intends to explore different methodological approaches, such the use of a day-dark

approach and the evaluation of involuntary responses to the environment as an indicator of

perceived safety.

In a certain location, road lighting can only aspire to provide the same reassurance after dark

as felt during daylight . Reassurance might depend on numerous contextual cues. Thus, it is

important to isolate the influence of road lighting from other possibly contributing

environmental factors. Boyce et al5 proposed a Day-Dark approach. This method suggested

that by asking participants to evaluate reassurance in both daylight and after-dark , the bias

due to other environmental factors would be reduced. Thus, it would consider both daytime

and after-dark ratings and focus on the difference between these.

A common approach to evaluating reassurance is to use a questionnaire comprising a series

of rating scales. Although useful, surveys could often be biased by individuals’ own concepts

and interpretations, rating scales and other factors. Thus, reassurance studies could benefit

from assessments not only based on self-reported perceptions but also, in more objective

approach, the recording of involuntary emotional and behavioural responses. To measure in

a more objective manner emotional reactions and behavioural responses to the environment

eye-tracking, skin conductance or heart frequency can be used.

Road Lighting and Reassurance study

Two field studies were carried out in winter 2016/2017. Test participants walked along ten

separate locations in a residential area of Sheffield, UK, during daylight and after-dark. Test

locations lighting conditions ranged from 5 to 60 lux (horizontal illuminance) and were located

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in a residential area near the university campus. Eight of these were residential roads, one

was a park pathway and one an underpass.

Considering the complexity of reassurance, a survey and a physiological experiment were

carried out. In the survey phase, twenty-four test participants, answered a ten-question survey

regarding perceived safety on a cognitive, emotional and behavioural level and other

contextual factors at the end of each street. To this survey, five questions regarding road

lighting were added to the after-dark version. On the other hand, for the physiological

experiment was carried out with sixteen participants. These individually walked the same

segments of the streets, equipped with an eye-tracker and a Biopac. The eye-tracker allows

recording and analysis of eye movements and fixation behaviour of participants, thereby

providing a behavioural measure of reassurance6. The Biopac records physiological

involuntary data such as electrodermal activity and heart rate variability of the individuals,

which reflect their emotional response7 to being on the street. Data from both experiments

should be compared to understand the extend of self-reported cognitions validity and the

actual emotional and behavioural responses to the environments presented.

References

1. Fotios, S., Unwin, J., & Farrall, S. (2015). Road lighting and pedestrian reassurance after dark: A

review. Lighting Research & Technology, 47(4), 449-469.

2. Mason, P., Kearns, A., & Livingston, M. (2013). “Safe Going”: the influence of crime rates and perceived crime and safety on walking in deprived neighbourhoods. Social science & medicine, 91, 15-24.

3. Foster, S., Hooper, P., Knuiman, M., Christian, H., Bull, F., & Giles-Corti, B. (2016). Safe RESIDential Environments? A longitudinal analysis of the influence of crime-related safety on walking. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 13(1), 22..

4. Gabriel, U., & Greve, W. (2003). The psychology of fear of crime. Conceptual and methodological

perspectives. British Journal of Criminology, 43(3), 600-614.

5. Boyce, P. R., Eklund, N. H., Hamilton, B. J., & Bruno, L. D. (2000). Perceptions of safety at night in

different lighting conditions. International Journal of Lighting Research and Technology, 32(2), 79-91.

6. Kaspar, K., Hloucal, T. M., Kriz, J., Canzler, S., Gameiro, R. R., Krapp, V., & König, P. (2013).

Emotions' impact on viewing behavior under natural conditions. PloS one, 8(1), e52737.

7. Warr, M. (2000). Fear of crime in the United States: Avenues for research and policy. Criminal

justice, 4(4), 451-489.

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How lighting changes affect obstacle detection and facial expression recognition after dark Yichong Mao School of Architecture, the University of Sheffield Ymao14@sheffield.ac.uk Abstract

Road lighting research (and design) is usually divided into two fields: lighting on main

roads designed for drivers of motorised traffic, and lighting in built-up and residential areas

for slow-moving traffic such as pedestrians and cyclists. For pedestrians, the visual tasks

include finding their path without the risk of colliding with or stumbling over potentially

dangerous hazards and evaluating the intentions of other people (as might be evaluated

from their facial emotion expressions or body postures). This project is investigating how

changes in road lighting parameters affect the ability to detect peripheral objects and identify

facial expressions. A pavement obstacle is an uneven surface that might cause a pedestrian to stumble, lose

balance and perhaps fall if not seen. Previous research of peripheral obstacle detection

suggests that luminance and light source spectrum (SPD) influence the ability to detect

peripheral targets (Fotios and Cheal, 2009; Uttley, Fotios and Cheal, 2017; Cheng et al.,

2018). In general, these studies show that detection probability increases with higher target

luminance (or illuminance on the test area) and higher S/P ratio, but they also suggest a

point beyond which further increase in luminance yields negligible increase in detection

probability and negligible effect of S/P ratio. Fotios and Cheal (2009) found detection

increased when illuminance was increased from 0.2 to 2.0 lux but did not increase

significantly when further increased to 20 lux; the effect of S/P ratio was significant at 0.2 lux

but not at the higher illuminances (2.0 and 20 lux). It has been proposed that the critical

obstacle height is 10 mm and that this is detected typically at a distance ahead of 3.4 m

(Fotios and Uttley, 2018). To be able to detect this, the results of past studies (Uttley, Fotios

and Cheal, 2017; Boyce, 1985) suggest an illuminance of 1.0 lux is adequate (Fotios and

Uttley, 2018).

Facial expressions from approaching people are helpful for pedestrians to evaluate

potential threats to make decisions about who to approach and trust.

Previous studies tested the effects of luminance and SPD on facial expression

recognition. Fotios, Yang and Cheal (2015) carried out a study on the ability of pedestrians

to identify the facial expressions and body postures under various combinations of

illuminances and SPDs. The results suggested that the lamp type only has effects in a few of

cases, and luminance of 0.1 cd/m2 and 1.0 cd/m2 is the minimum demand to identify a facial

6

expression at 4 m and 10 m respectively. It also showed a tendency that a closer distance, a

higher illuminance or a larger target size increases the correct identification rate. In order to

address the limitations of the previous work, Yang and Fotios (2015) extended their work by

adding three luminances, a shorter observation duration and one more lamp type. Both

experiments revealed similar results under the same conditions. The lamp source type did

not show an effect on the results, although the reason might be the images displayed in the

two experiments were reduced to greyscale. Therefore, Fotios et al. (2017) set up an

investigation on whether the colour and grey scale images affect the performance under two

SPDs. Similar to the previous experiments, chromatic information (whether image colour or

light source SPD) did not affect the test results.

My PhD will examine three limitations of the past work which extend the results towards

practical application:

1. Past obstacle detection studies used only raised hazards: I will investigate also the

detection or depressed hazards such as potholes.

2. The past facial expression studies used photographs of actors as the targets: I will

investigate expression recognition using 3D faces.

3. Past studies have considered these tasks in isolation: I will investigate obstacle

detection and facial expression recognition when these are carried out in parallel and

thus attention is not solely focused on the one task.

References Boyce, P. R. 1985. Movement under emergency lighting: the effect of illuminance. Lighting Research and Technology. 17, pp.51-71.

Cheng, T. J., Yang, B., Holloway, C. and Tyler, N. 2018. Effect of environmental factors on how older pedestrians detect an upcoming step. Lighting Research and Technology. 50(3), pp.404-415.

Fotios, S. and Cheal, C. 2009. Obstacle detection: A pilot study investigating the effects of lamp type, illuminance and age. Lighting Research and Technology. 41(4), pp.321-342.

Fotios, S., Yang, B. and Cheal, C. 2015. Effects of outdoor lighting on judgements of emotion and gaze direction. Lighting Research and Technology. 47(3), pp.301-315.

Fotios, S., Castleton, H., Cheal, C. and Yang, B. 2017. Investigating the chromatic contribution to recognition of facial expression. Lighting Research and Technology. 49(2), pp.243-258.

Fotios, S. and Uttley, J. 2018. Illuminance required to detect a pavement obstacle of critical size. Lighting Research and Technology. 50(3), pp.390-404.

Uttley, J., Fotios, S. and Cheal, C. 2017. Effect of illuminance and spectrum on peripheral obstacle detection by pedestrians. Lighting Research and Technology. 49, pp.211-227.

Yang, B. and Fotios, S. 2015. Lighting and recognition of emotion conveyed by facial expressions. Lighting Research and Technology. 47(8), pp.964-975.

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Assessing the Relative Effectiveness of Light-Mediating Intervention Strategies for Non-Visual Health Potential in the Built Environment. Forrest Webler EPFL forrest.webler@epfl.ch The circadian non-visual response to light in the context of the built environment is a matter of increasing interest to building users, especially in spaces where security, health or alertness are of key importance such as hospitals, schools, and workplaces. It is known that altering the spectrum, timing and intensity of light we are exposed to can affect our circadian rhythms, which, in turn can have consequences on hormone production and other key biological functions. At the same time, light entering the eye is the result of both physical filters and daily behavior. Daylight is particularly rich in short wavelength light and evolutionarily important for entrainment of the circadian clock with the light-dark cycle. This thesis aims to contribute to our understanding of how the built environment may influences exposure to (day)light to an extent that significantly affects the circadian non-visual response. Toward this end, the thesis focuses on specific light-mediating façade technologies as physical filters of our exposure to light and on the potential of raising awareness of one’s daily light exposure as a means to influence behavior.

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9

Impact of Light Incidence and Incident Radiant Flux on Acute Alertness Kai Broszio Lighting Technology, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany kai.broszio@tu-berlin.de Abstract Non-image-forming (NIF) effects of light are elicited by numerous parameters, such as

illumination level, spectral power distribution, spatial light distribution, duration and timing of

the exposure and light history preceding the actual exposure. While the dependencies

between most of these criteria and NIF effects have been elaborately studied, only a few

studies investigated the effect of light incidence. These analysed the influence of the

illuminated parts of the retina on melatonin suppression and phase shift under nighttime

conditions. The results showed that density respectively sensitivity of the intrinsically

photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGCs) is highest at the lower (Lasko et al. 1999,

Smith et al. 2002 and Glickman 2003) and at the nasal part of the retina (Visser et al. 1999,

Rüger et al. 2005). Beyond that, binocular illumination is more efficacious in melatonin

suppression if compared to monocular illumination (Wang et al. 1998). In addition, the human

anatomy determines the visual field, e.g. the nose limits the lateral field of view (FOV) to

around 60° at the nasal site for each eye and the vertical FOV is limited to 50 to 55° above

and to 70° below the line-of-sight. Resulting, it is possible to define relevant areas within the

field of view for ipRGC-influenced light responses (IIL responses).

Figure 1 shows four clearly different lighting scenes, which are for now assumed to be identical

conditions in NIF studies, due to their comparable vertical illuminance and melanopic-

weighted radiant incidence at the eye. This example points out that the illuminance or

irradiance might not be the adequate measure to quantify the stimulus for IIL responses and

NIF effects, if retinal sensitivity plays a role, as they are in general an integral measure of

Figure 1 Four different lighting scenes which are comparable in terms of vertical illuminance and melanopic-weighted radiant incidence at the eye

10

radiant incidence. For comparison and to evaluate how the incident angle affects these effects,

the accurate spatial description of the applied lighting condition is of utmost importance.

These evaluation regions can be set to any size and shape, only limited by the camera’s

resolution and each pixel’s solid angle allowing for future adjustments to new findings. As a

first approach, the findings of the before mentioned publications investigating the impact of

light incidence on melatonin suppression have been used to designate three regions of

importance for IIL responses in the hemisphere (see Figure 2). As it is assumed that rods and

cones are involved in NIF effects as well (Lucas et al. 2014), their retinal distribution should

be considered as well. To consider the spectral sensitivity functions of these receptor types,

the luminance camera is equipped with a V(λ)-, V’(λ)- and Nz(λ)-filter. For each filter, a different

set of evaluation areas can be used.

The proposed study will investigate the impact of luminance

distributions on acute alertness in day- and night-time condition. The

luminance distributions will be set according to the three evaluation

regions as shown in Figure 2. They will be comparable in terms of

vertical illuminance and melanopic-weighted radiant incidence at the

eye, and adjusted to three absolute levels: a dim, a medium and a

bright light condition. The medium level will serve simultaneously as

‘bright’ night-time and ‘dim’ daytime level (see Figure 3). No change

in spectrum is intended. Subjects will be exposed to these lighting

scenes in an office-like test room. Acute alertness will be evaluated

through performing reaction time tests, e.g. Psychomotor Vigilance

Task (PVT), and self-assessment questionnaires, e.g. Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS).

Before starting the experiment, subjects will be checked for vision disorders and parameters

like light history, caffeine consumption, sleeping hours and time of waking up will be recorded.

Figure 2 Suggested regions in the observed hemisphere which critical in terms of IIL responses. Region 1: very important for NIF effects, region 2 less important for NIF effects, region 3 is said to have no effect

Figure 3 Schematic of lighting scenes, absolute light levels and conditions

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Varying spatial light distribution in the Danish elementary classroom Imke Wies van Mil The Royal Academy of Fine Arts / Henning Larsen Architects Imil@kadk.com / IVM@henninglarsen.com

Abstract Electric lighting for learning spaces in Denmark is designed according to building regulation

EN12464-1, which recommends a maintained light level of 300 lux and a uniformity of 0.6

across the entire working plane to guarantee appropriate visibility (for the average pupil)

when activated. Following this recommendation, most lighting systems in today’s classrooms

include diffuse, ceiling-based luminaires, resulting in a relatively homogeneously illuminated

space when activated. I am investigating whether an alternative design, one that steps away

from working plane uniformity, could be favorable to improve the environmental conditions

for pupils to learn. My motivation to explore this aspect is encouraged by:

1. previous research that found that our academic performance is influenced by the

lighting conditions in our educational environments, and that spatial light distribution (SLD)

may be one of its influential characteristics. SLD refers to how light is spread throughout a

space, or what pattern of ‘light and dark’ it creates. Researchers exploring this characteristic

in various environments found that uniform distribution often results in appropriate conditions

for visibility. But not necessarily to be preferable when looking at human functioning in a

broader perspective as light has also been found to impact e.g. our emotional wellbeing

(mood), motivation and (social) behavior in various ways [1-3]. Nevertheless, uniform

distribution of electrical light is the most common typology in learning environments today.

2. From interviews with teachers during field studies in numerous Danish classrooms

it emerged that some do attempt to change the lighting situation in their classroom and

deliberately create a different “atmosphere”. Digging deeper into their motivation for doing

so, it appeared they often try to either calm down or activate their pupils – depending on the

activity at hand. It became particularly apparent that creating a supportive environment to

concentrate was the most common motive, and they often tried this by changing either the

status of existing “light” controlling elements (e.g. window blinds) or by introducing new

“light” emitting elements (e.g. table lights, candles etc). Although in their opinion such

changes positively influenced their pupils’ concentration, none could provide evidence.

Based on the above findings, my research question became (something like):

“Does the way that electrical light is distributed in the classroom influence pupils’ behaviour,

and in particular, can it support their ability to concentrate?”

Part to discuss at Lumenet 2018: Research Method – Field Experimentation

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I used the research method of field experimentation to study a potential influence of two

distinctively different spatial light distribution typologies on pupils’ behavior according to five

measurable parameters (proven successful by others in previous research studies):

engagement, communication, affect, visual comfort and academic attainment [4]. The

experiment ran in four comparable classrooms with similar daylight conditions of newly build

Frederiksbjerg School (Aarhus, DK) and included ten groups of pupils (ca. 20-25 per group)

and six teachers. The four “test” classrooms were equipped with the same lighting system

consisting out of six evenly distributed ceiling luminaires (default design) and six suspended

pendants (newly added) creating pools of light above the pupil’s working tables. Each

classroom was “allowed” to either use the ceiling lighting only (default design) or ceiling +

pendant lighting (experimental design) first and vice versa. In the first scenario, activation of

the ceiling luminaires would create a uniform illumination of the classroom. In the second

scenario, users had the option to also create a non-uniform form of illumination by activating

the suspended pendants. The experiment ran for three consecutive months (Spring 2017)

during which normal curricular activities took place. I took a mix method approach and

collected both qualitative and quantitative data such as:

- Spatial light distribution: recorded by false color images of luminance distribution (HDRI)

of the various types of light distribution present in the classrooms;

- Pupil behavior: recorded by in-classroom observations, sound level and video recording;

teacher and pupil interviews; and pupil exercises (academic performance);

- Indoor climate: recorded by continuous measurements of day- and electric light levels,

air quality (CO2 and humidity) and thermal climate – all with automatic loggers;

Preliminary analysis of these data suggests that electric lighting design resulting in non-

uniform lighting conditions (in form of local pools of light) encourages calmness in the

classroom and very likely supports pupil’s ability to concentrate.

References

1 Flynn, J. E. et al. (1973). Interim Study of Procedures for investigating the effect of light on impression and behavior. Journal IES - Transaction, 87-94.

2 Boyce, P.R. (2014). Human Factors in Lighting. 3rd edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida. ISBN 978-1439874882

3 Gifford, R. (2007). Environmental Psychology – Principles and Practice. 4th edition. Optimal Books. ISBN 978-0968854310.

4 Barrett, P. et al. (2015). Clever Rooms – Summary report of the HEAD Project. University of Salford, Manchester. ISBN 978-1907842634.

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Rise and Shine! Health benefits as drivers for energy-efficient light in Swedish homes. Kiran Maini Gerhardsson Environmental Psychology, Dept of Architecture and Built

Environment, Lund University. E-mail: kiran.maini_gerhardsson@arkitekttur.lth.se

Abstract Taking an experience-centred approach to lighting, the aim of my thesis is to look at the

challenges and prospects of introducing a new personalised home lighting system, based on

energy-efficient LEDs with variable lighting intensity and colour temperature, and wearable

sensors. The potential health benefits of the lighting system are improved sleep quality,

mood, and daily performance while using less energy. The question is whether these

benefits can motivate residents to use such a system and whether the required light is and

the sensors worn on the body are acceptable. To find out, I had to know more about the

lighting situation and the characteristics of lighting in people's homes, e.g. the current use of

different lighting technologies, and whether residents would accept wearing the sensors in

their everyday lives.

Personalised lighting systems could be useful for certain groups, such as night shift

workers and for people with insufficient exposure to daylight. In Sweden, located far from the

equator and extending from 55 to 69° North, insufficient sleep has been reported by one-

third of the adult Swedish population, and approximately 40% have problems with feeling

tired and less energetic during autumn and winter. Previous research suggests an

association between disturbed daily rhythm and diabetes and obesity, for example, in shift

workers [1–3]. Daylight and fabricated light are linked to human as well as environmental

impact and relate to at least two of the 17 sustainable development goals in the 2030

Agenda for Sustainable Development [4]: ‘Good health and wellbeing’ (Goal 3) and

‘Responsible consumption and production’ (Goal 12).

An overview of my theoretical approach to motivation and user-experience, research

questions, methods, and implications is shown in Figure 1. All data have been collected, and

three of the four studies have been analysed. Two articles have been submitted reporting on

the lighting situation in Swedish homes and key factors influencing their lighting choices, and

on what residents want from their lighting. The articles add both quantitative and qualitative

findings to the limited previous research on home lighting. Results suggest that some people

may be willing to use the system, provided their sleep quality is poor, but the prototype

needs to be further developed. Furthermore, residents' experiences of their home lighting

indicate the importance of lighting products and physical settings of homes that enable

practical utility, and contribute to psychological wellbeing and social connection.

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Figure 1. Research design.

References [1] Lowden, A., Moreno C., Holmbäck U., Lennernäs M., Tucker, P., & Scand, J. (2010).

Eating and shift work – effects on habits, metabolism and performance. Scand J Work Environ Health, 36(2), 150–162. doi:10.5271/sjweh.2898

[2] Foster, R. G. & Kreitzman, L. (2014). The rhythms of life: what your body clock means to you! Experimental Physiology, 99(4), 599–606. doi: 10.1113/expphysiol.2012.071118

[3] Figueiro, M. G., Radetsky, L., Plitnick, B., & Rea, M. S. (2017). Glucose tolerance in mice exposed to light-dark stimulus patterns mirroring dayshift and rotating shift schedules. Scientific Reports, 7, 1–7. doi: 10.1038/srep40661

[4] United Nations (UN). Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform. Retrieved from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300

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Driven to Distraction: The interaction between road lighting and sound related to drivers’ detection and reaction time to visual hazards Scott R. Fox University of Sheffield srfox1@sheffield.ac.uk Abstract Lighting is important for driving performance. Sound is also considered an important factor

for driving performance. This includes active and passive sounds, with conversations and

listening to music being respective examples. However, there is no research to date

investigating the interaction between sound and vision for driving performance and currently

no driving regulation regarding a person’s hearing capacity. Sound and lighting are posited

to interact because of the McGurk effect. This is when there is auditory information paired

with incongruous visual information, such as the sound of ‘ba’ with the visuals of somebody

mouthing ‘da’. Generation of a third sound is produced occurs as a result. Furthermore,

based on the visual information remaining good, when the sound is more degraded, the

effect observed is more dramatic. How this relates to driving performance is not currently

understood.

A chamber containing a 1:10 scale model highway is used to simulate a real highway in the

United Kingdom, based on real road infrastructure specifications. Participants will be sat at

one end of the chamber, and are required to focus their attention in a 10o circle directly in the

centre of the chamber wall at the opposite end. They will be required to focus their attention

on a target that changes to a stimulus that they must respond to on that wall, whilst

simultaneously attending to stimuli in their peripheral vision below the 10o circle. These

peripheral visual tasks involve participants attending to the two cars from the outside lanes

entering the middle lane, and an obstacle rising. Both of these are designed to simulate real

hazards, and occur at random intervals.

The interaction between lighting and sound will be investigated related to driving

performance, specifically the effect of auditory distraction in relation to the optimal light

condition. Indeed, the optimal lighting condition is informed by previous research that

indicates metal halide at 1.0 lux affording faster reaction times and greater detection rates of

participants to the peripheral tasks than the other lighting conditions (Fotios et al., 2017).

However, other lighting conditions will be simulated to investigate whether there are

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differences in the interaction between sound and light depending on the level of light in an

environment. The sound stimuli incorporated into this project will be informed by two pilot

studies, which will parse sound between that of participants actively engaging (active), or not

engaging (passive), with.

This research project proposes that higher lighting and fewer sound sources within a vehicle

reduces reaction times of drivers to hazards compared with lower lighting and more sound

sources. Likewise, if active sound requires more cognitive effort than passive sound, there

will be slower reaction times and lower detection rates for the former compared to the latter.

This project could influence road policy recommendations for drivers regarding safe driving

behaviour. In addition, road lighting could potentially be altered to better reflect real-world

driving because driving is a multi-sensory experience, in which previous research has failed

to fully account for.

References Fotios, S., Cheal, C., Fox, S., & Uttley, J. (2017). The transition between lit and unlit sections of road and detection of driving hazards after dark. Lighting Research & Technology, 1477153517725775.

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Window View Preference: Measures and Performance Evaluation Ayesha Batool University of Nottingham, UK ayesha.batool@nottingham.ac.uk Abstract

Windows are strongly favoured by building occupants for two most important attributes

that they provide: daylight and a view out (Boyce et al., 2003, Collins, 1975, Matusiak and

Klöckner, 2016). According to the literature review by Farley & Veitch (Farley, 2001): “of all

the benefits and psychological functions provided by windows the provision of a view appears

to be most valued by building occupants.” Several studies have conducted research on

understanding the impact of a view (Aries et al., 2010) on human health (Ulrich, 1984,

Verderber, 1986), task performance (Stone, 1998), attention restoration (Tennessen and

Cimprich, 1995), restorative effects (Kaplan and Kaplan, 1989), glare tolerance (Hopkinson,

1972, Tuaycharoen, 2006, Tuaycharoen, 2007, Tuaycharoen N, 2005, Veitch and Galasiu,

2012, Aries et al., 2010) job satisfaction and general wellbeing (Leather et al., 1998) and so

on (Farley, 2001).

Despite the evidence from the scientific literature strongly suggests that window views

can have a significant impact on the perceived comfort of building occupants, and on their

health and well-being, little is known as to what are the underlying factors that influence view

preference in a given environment (Hartig and Staats, 2006, van den Berg et al., 2003).

Similarly, no validated methodology yet exists to support a robust analysis and prediction of

view quality and preferences (Hellinga, 2013, Matusiak and Klöckner, 2016, Hellinga and

Hordijk, 2014). Therefore, the intended aim of this contribution is to propose a research aim,

objective and methodological framework that can be replicable by other studies".

From a thorough analysis of the literature, the main research question on which this

research is structured upon is the following: what influences view preference in a given environment?

In response, the aim of this PhD research is to: identify, test, and measure (some of) the factors that influence, in a significant and relevant way, view preference in a given environment.

To achieve this aim, the impact of multiple variables on view preference through windows

(in buildings) will need to be investigated. In so doing, this doctoral study is structured under

the following specific objectives:

• Define suitable indicators and metrics to robustly measure view preference

• Test and measure whether view preference is affected by the task one is

performing.

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• Analyse the magnitude of the influence of other independent variables on view

preference, these including viewing angle, dynamisms of view content,

social/cultural values, etc.

The identification of environmental characteristics that contribute to view preference can

have practical implications in promoting physical, physiological and psychological well-being.

The first objective of this thesis will be primarily addressed by reviewing relevant literature

in the fields of architecture, landscape architecture, urban planning and environmental

psychology, and designing a series of experiments with human subjects to identify indicators

of view preference. Once the existing indicators for measuring view preference are identified,

potential metrics of view preference assessment will be tested and evaluated.

The second and third objectives of this doctoral research will require the setting up of

laboratory, test-room and field study investigations. This work will require custom-designed

experiments with human subjects for which ethical approval will be required. Appropriate

methods of statistical analysis and modelling will be applied in order to test and measure the

statistical significance and practical relevance of all the influences detected.

References BOYCE, P. R., HUNTER, C. & HOWLETT, O. 2003. The Benefits of Daylight through Windows. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, New York 12180-3352: Lighting

Research Center. COLLINS, B. L. 1975. Windows and people: A literature survey. Psychological reaction to environments with and without windows. Washington, DC: National Bureau of

Standards. FARLEY, K. M. J. V., JENNIFER A. 2001. A Room with a View: A Review of the Effects of Windows on Work and Well-Being. IRC Research Report. Canada: Institute for

Research in Construction. HARTIG, T. & STAATS, H. 2006. The need for psychological restoration as a determinant of environmental preferences. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 26, 215-

226. HELLINGA, H. & HORDIJK, T. 2014. The D&V analysis method: A method for the analysis of daylight access and view quality. Building and Environment, 79, 101-114. HOPKINSON, R. G. 1972. Glare from daylighting in buildings. Applied Ergonomics, 3, 206-215. KAPLAN, R. & KAPLAN, S. 1989. The experience of nature: A psychological perspective, New York, NY, US, Cambridge University Press. LEATHER, P., PYRGAS, M., BEALE, D. & LAWRENCE, C. 1998. Windows in the Workplace: Sunlight, View, and Occupational Stress. Environment and Behavior, 30,

739-762. MATUSIAK, B. S. & KLÖCKNER, C. A. 2016. How we evaluate the view out through the window. Architectural Science Review, 59, 203-211. STONE, N. J. 1998. Windows and Environmental Cues on Performance and Mood. Environment and Behavior, 30, 306-321. TENNESSEN, C. M. & CIMPRICH, B. 1995. Views to nature: Effects on attention. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15, 77-85. TUAYCHAROEN, N. T., PR 2007. View and discomfort glare from windows. Lighting Research and Technology; London, 39, 185-200. ULRICH, R. S. 1984. View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science, 224, 420-421. VAN DEN BERG, A. E., KOOLE, S. L. & VAN DER WULP, N. Y. 2003. Environmental preference and restoration: (How) are they related? Journal of Environmental

Psychology, 23, 135-146. VERDERBER, S. 1986. Dimensions of person-window transactions in the hospital environment. Environment and Behaviour, 18, 450-466. ARIES, M. B. C., VEITCH, J. A. & NEWSHAM, G. R. 2010. Windows, view, and office characteristics predict physical and psychological discomfort. Journal of

Environmental Psychology, 30, 533-541. BOYCE, P. R., HUNTER, C. & HOWLETT, O. 2003. The Benefits of Daylight through Windows. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, New York 12180-3352: Lighting

Research Center. COLLINS, B. L. 1975. Windows and people: A literature survey. Psychological reaction to environments with and without windows. Washington, DC: National Bureau of

Standards. FARLEY, K. M. J. V., JENNIFER A. 2001. A Room with a View: A Review of the Effects of Windows on Work and Well-Being. IRC Research Report. Canada: Institute for

Research in Construction. HARTIG, T. & STAATS, H. 2006. The need for psychological restoration as a determinant of environmental preferences. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 26, 215-

226. HELLINGA, H. 2013. Daylight and View - The Influence of Windows on the Visual Quality of Indoor Spaces. PhD, Technische Universiteit Delft. HELLINGA, H. & HORDIJK, T. 2014. The D&V analysis method: A method for the analysis of daylight access and view quality. Building and Environment, 79, 101-114. HOPKINSON, R. G. 1972. Glare from daylighting in buildings. Applied Ergonomics, 3, 206-215. KAPLAN, R. & KAPLAN, S. 1989. The experience of nature: A psychological perspective, New York, NY, US, Cambridge University Press. LEATHER, P., PYRGAS, M., BEALE, D. & LAWRENCE, C. 1998. Windows in the Workplace: Sunlight, View, and Occupational Stress. Environment and Behavior, 30,

739-762. MATUSIAK, B. S. & KLÖCKNER, C. A. 2016. How we evaluate the view out through the window. Architectural Science Review, 59, 203-211. STONE, N. J. 1998. Windows and Environmental Cues on Performance and Mood. Environment and Behavior, 30, 306-321. TENNESSEN, C. M. & CIMPRICH, B. 1995. Views to nature: Effects on attention. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15, 77-85. TUAYCHAROEN, N. 2006. The Reduction of Discomfort Glare from Windows by Interesting Views. Doctor of Philosophy PhD, University of Sheffield. TUAYCHAROEN N, T. P. 2005. Discomfort glare from interesting images. Lighting Research Technology, 37, 329-341. TUAYCHAROEN, N. T., PR 2007. View and discomfort glare from windows. Lighting Research and Technology; London, 39, 185-200. ULRICH, R. S. 1984. View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science, 224, 420-421. VAN DEN BERG, A. E., KOOLE, S. L. & VAN DER WULP, N. Y. 2003. Environmental preference and restoration: (How) are they related? Journal of Environmental

Psychology, 23, 135-146. VEITCH, J. A. & GALASIU, A. D. 2012. The Physiological and Psychological Effects of Windows, Daylight, and View at Home: Review and Research Agenda. Research

Report (National Research Council Canada. Institute for Research in Construction); no. IRC-RR-325. National Research Council Canada. VERDERBER, S. 1986. Dimensions of person-window transactions in the hospital environment. Environment and Behavior, 18, 450-466.

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Perceptual Metrics for Lighting Design Johanna Enger Lund University Johanna.enger@arkitektur.lth.se Introduction The projects overall objective is to develop definitions and a concept model for light quality, based on visual/sensory and emotional experience of light, and tools that support communication about perceived light quality between professionals in lighting design and procurement. The PhD project is part of a major multidisciplinary research project conducted in collaboration between Lund University, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden and more than 30 representatives from the Swedish lighting industry and real estate industry that have been engaged in the research project. RISE research focus is mainly to study and develop visual concepts for perceived light qualities of light sources (Nordén et al. 2015), whereas the PhD projects’ main focus is visual and emotional experience of light environments (Enger 2018). Through an iterative process with workshops and group meetings, researchers and business representatives has gathered concepts and definitions for quality of light, which then are used as the basis of the studies carried out in the research project. Methods The methods used in the project have been taken from different disciplines. In order to assess pure visual light qualities, methods from Sensory science are used. This type of analysis was originally developed in the food industry and used to qualify products through sensory impressions of taste and aroma (Lawless & Heymann 2010). The field of Environmental psychology has developed a variety of methods to study human interaction with the environment, for example to study people’s experience of the atmosphere in a room (Küller1991). Kansei Engineering is a discipline developed in Japan after World War II and has methods for quantifying users’ emotional preferences to product characteristics and creating mathematical models to represent this (Schütte 2005). The project also draws heavily on the knowledge that was gathered and developed in the Nordic interdisciplinary research project SYN-TES (SYN-TES 2008-2013, Fridell Anter&Klarén 2017) that combined knowledge from different disciplines such as colour research, light research and research on visual perception. And last but not the least many of the methods used in workshops and studies are influenced by design methodology and practical experience from design disciplines. Studies and experimental design So far 5 workshops and 4 studies had been conducted within the research project. One full scale study and a scale model study investigated the experience of light environments through different methods. In the full scale study two office-like test rooms with different light and colour settings was assessed with four methods by 20 subjects. One of the test rooms was designed to resemble a standard office with white walls and a pendant fluorescent luminaire. The other room was painted in quite dark blue-grey colours and lit with wide angle halogen spots. Two quantitative methods were used for visual and emotional assessments of the rooms, using two questionnaires with visual respectively atmospheric concepts. An

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associative method was used in which the subjects were asked to pick 2-5 pictures showing various natural and artificial light environments. The subjects were then asked to comment their choice of pictures and their experience of the room in a short interview with open questions. The scale model study mainly investigated the visual experience of the light environments, and the scope was to test and validate a selection of visual concepts for light quality that had been collected throughout the workshops. A typology for light quality in spatial contexts has been developed in the project, based on systematic combinations of three basic principles for light distribution in various amounts of light, and a matrix for achromatic colour contrasts (Enger 2017). The six scale models used in the study had light and colour schemes based on the typology. In the latest workshop, yet another method was used. The aim was to collect words for emotional experience of light environments. The same type of scale models were used, but this time the lighting and colour schemes were deliberately designed to create emotional associations. 5 models were built for the workshop and the 19 participants were asked to assess and write down their spontaneous associations in single words on Post-its. After one round the lights were shifted randomly between the models, and the participants were asked to repeat the procedure. The studies and the workshops have generated a vast material and since the project is still ongoing there are no final conclusions. But the results from the scale model study on visual experience of light suggests that it is possible to connect concepts to specific sensory impressions of light the same way for instance wine or chocolate can be defined by its aroma. The outcome from the mixed method design of the full scale study showed a coherence for the results of each room. When further developed and validated, the combination of pictures and concepts is likely to be very useful as a communication tool for light quality. References Enger J., Laike T., Fridell Anter K. A typology for light quality in spatial contexts. CIE Midterm Meeting 2017 At: Jeju, South Korea. DOI10.25039/x44.2017.OP36 Enger J., Laike T., Fridell Anter K. Experience of light in comparison with retinal response to radiation. CIE 2018 At: Taipei, Taiwan. DOI 10.25039/x45.2018.OP30 Fridell Anter K., Klarén U.(2017) Colour and light – Spatial Experience. Routledge. New York. ISBN: 978-1-47248279-2 Küller R: Environmental assessment from a neuropsychological perspective, in Environment, cognition, and action: an integrated approach. Ed. Gärling T., Evans G. W. New York: Oxford Univ. Press; 1991.111-147 Lawless H. & Heymann H. (2010), Sensory Evaluation of Food: Principles and Practices, Springer, New York Nordén J, M Boork, K Wendin: Development of methods for objective assessment of lighting – a pilot study. SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Report 2015:26; 2015 Schütte S: Engineering Emotional Values in Product Design - Kansei Engineering in Development. Linköping Institute of Technology, Dissertation 951; 2005 SYN-TES: Human colour and light synthesis – towards a coherent field of knowledge.(2008-2013) University College of Arts, Crafts and Design, Stockholm. www.konstfack.se/en/Research/Research-projects/Overview-of-finished-projects/SYN-TES/

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Office luminous exposure in relation to employees’ alertness J. van Duijnhoven M.P.J. Aarts, A.L.P. Rosemann, H.S.M. Kort Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands j.v.duijnhoven1@tue.nl Abstract 1. General introduction It is often demonstrated that lighting conditions have an impact on human health and

wellbeing.1 Individual’s light exposure is context-bound. For example for the working

population, this exposure is based on three aspects: light exposure at work, at home, and

elsewhere. Full-time enrolled office workers generally work five days a week of which their

working hours are mainly during the day. These arguments show that a large contribution of

their daily total light exposure originates from their work environment. This underlines the

importance of office lighting conditions over the lighting conditions at home or elsewhere. Most

studies investigated the relationship between office lighting conditions and human health,

performance, or alertness within laboratory experiments. It is, however, questioned whether

these lab results can directly be translated to an actual office. The relationship between

daytime office lighting conditions (including both electric light and daylight) and the alertness

of the office worker in field studies is examined within a PhD trajectory. Individual’s alertness

is often related to health and performance of the office worker and therefore taken as outcome

measure for this PhD project.

2. Measuring personal lighting conditions In order to investigate the relationship between office light and alertness, the light entering the

eye of the office worker needs to be measured. These personal lighting conditions can be

measured or estimated using person-bound measurement (PBM) instruments or location-

bound measurements (LBM). Since PBM resulted in practical issues, comfort problems2, and

performance deviations3, a new practical method was developed, so called the Location-

Bound Estimations (LBE)4 based on LBM. LBM are performed at certain reference locations

and the lighting conditions at all other workplaces inside the office environment are estimated

using predictive models. The first approach of the LBE is also not without limitations. For

example, the lighting conditions are estimated for a limited number of locations. In order to

calculate the actual daily light exposure of the office worker, location-tracking of that individual

should be applied in combination with his/her viewing direction.

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3. Relationship between office light and alertness Until now, the relation between lighting conditions and alertness is studies in lab conditions

most of the time. Therefore, we’ve performed four field studies in European offices in order to

validate these results found in lab studies. In the first study in May 20165, the LBE method

was applied to determine personal lighting conditions. Combining these personal lighting

conditions (in this study: horizontal illuminances) with regularly distributed KSS-questionnaires

to measure alertness (i.e., four a day for five consecutive work days) demonstrated a

significant correlation between office light and alertness for 6 out of the 46 participants (i.e.,

13%). The second study was performed in November 2016 and showed a significant

correlation between personal lighting conditions (in this study: vertical illuminances) and

alertness for 5 out of 70 participants (i.e, 7%). The third study was performed in May 2017 and

demonstrated a similar ‘response-percentage’ of 10% (6 out of 62 participants with a

significant correlation between vertical illuminances and alertness). The fourth study,

performed in Italy in June 2018, has just finished and the preliminary results will be presented

at the LumeNet conference in August 2018.

The relationship between light and alertness (in the third and fourth field study) will be further

evolved by analyzing characteristics of the participants showing this significant correlation

between light and alertness. This analysis contains both user and building characteristics to

further understand the mechanism of this relationship.

4. Practical implications In a smaller field study we demonstrated the differences in lighting conditions throughout an

office environment6. We expect to find similar results by evolving the data analysis of the third

and fourth field study. In order to support office workers in finding the most optimal workplace

for them, a mobile application was developed. This application is still under construction but

we strongly think supporting office workers to the most optimal workplace with this application

will lead to higher employee’s alertness during their work hours.

References 1. van Duijnhoven J, Aarts MPJ, Aries MBC, et al. Systematic review on the interaction between office light conditions

and occupational health: Elucidating gaps and methodological issues. Indoor Built Environ 2017; 1420326X1773516. 2. van Duijnhoven J, Aarts MPJ, Aries MBC, et al. Recommendations for measuring non-image-forming effects of light: A

practical method to apply on cognitive impaired and unaffected participants. Technol Heal Care 2017; 25: 171–186. 3. Aarts MPJ, van Duijnhoven J, Aries MBC, et al. Performance of personally worn dosimeters to study non-image

forming effects of light: Assessment methods. Build Environ 2017; 117: 60–72. 4. van Duijnhoven J, Aarts MPJ, Kort HSM, et al. External validations of a non-obtrusive practical method to measure

personal lighting conditions in offices. Build Environ. 5. van Duijnhoven J, Aarts MPJ, Rosemann ALP, et al. Ambiguities regarding the relationship between office lighting and

subjective alertness: An exploratory field study in a Dutch office landscape. Build Environ 2018; 142: 130–138. 6. van Duijnhoven J, Aarts M, Rosemann A, et al. Office light: Window distance and lighting conditions influencing

occupational health. 2017. In: Proceedings of Healthy Buildings Europe, 2-5 July 2017, Lublin, Poland.

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Discomfort glare from daylighting: study of factors influencing discomfort glare perception and validation of a universal discomfort glare index Clotilde PIERSON Architecture et Climat – UCL (Belgium) clotilde.pierson@uclouvain.be Abstract

Nowadays, existing daylight discomfort glare indices, such as the Daylight Glare

Probability (DGP) (Wienold and Christoffersen, 2006), cannot properly explain the high

variability existing between individuals’ discomfort glare perception (Van Den Wymelenberg,

2016). Since the mechanisms governing discomfort glare are still unknown, unidentified

variables could influence the degree of perceived discomfort glare and explain this high

variability. One of the current knowledge gaps in discomfort glare is the lack of information

about the moderating effect of several factors, such as the observer’s culture, age or the

outside view (Van Den Wymelenberg, 2014).

The first aim of this research project was therefore to list all factors potentially influencing

the degree of perceived discomfort glare from daylight. A recent literature review (Pierson et

al. 2018) identified every factor that has been at least the object of one study as a potential

variable influencing discomfort glare perception. In total, 30 factors -whether psychological,

physiological, related to light or to context- could influence the degree of perceived discomfort

glare, although only 5 of them are currently used as variables in discomfort glare indices.

The second aim of this research project is to study several of these potentially influencing

factors, and especially to focus on the influence of culture on discomfort glare perception. The

culture is defined in this case as the climatic and indoor conditions to which a subject has been

accustomed during the major part of his life, his behaviour towards this environment and his

expectations about it. To date, discomfort glare indices have been developed through

experiments involving particular populations. No study has examined that these indices could

be used analogously for subjects having different cultures, namely subjects experiencing

different climates and having different sensitivities towards daylight. Several observations

have been made in the last 20 years, though, suggesting that subjects from different cultures

might have different sensitivities towards discomfort glare (Subova, 1991; Iwata, 1992; Lee,

2007).

A field study was conducted in four countries (Chile, Belgium, Japan, and Switzerland) to

assess whether or not discomfort glare perception would vary depending on the culture, and

therefore on the lighting environment to which subjects are used. Measures of the lighting

environments and subjective visual discomfort assessments were collected from over 300

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office workers. The measures consisted in luminance maps of the field of view created with

High Dynamic Range (HDR) imaging technique, whereas the subjective assessments were

gathered from a questionnaire submitted to the participants. Data such as the age, the gender,

the optical correction of the participant, the attractiveness of the view through the window, the

temperature, the time of the day, etc. were also collected so that their influence on discomfort

glare perception could also be investigated.

The study of the differences between the Chilean, Belgian, Japanese, and Swiss datasets

will be done through statistical analyses, involving comparison of Spearman correlation

coefficients, and comparison of binomial and ordinal logistic regression models. Moreover,

provided that enough data are collected and the distribution over the categories of other

potential factors allows it, these other potential factors (age, view through the window,

temperature, etc.) will be statistically analysed using the same tests to detect their influence

on discomfort glare perception.

The last aim of this research project is to propose a modified DGP index including the

cultural factor, if this last is shown as influencing discomfort glare perception. Finally yet

importantly, this research project aims to raise the awareness that indices used to evaluate

perceived environmental discomfort developed on a certain population might not be applicable

universally. Discomfort is a subjective perception that depends on more factors than purely

physical quantities.

References Iwata, T., Shukuya, M., Somekawa, N. & Kimura, K. 1992. Experimental study on discomfort glare caused by windows: subj. response to glare from a simulated window. JAPEE, 21-33. Lee, J. S. & Kim, B. S. 2007. Development of the nomo-graph for evaluation on discomfort glare of windows. Solar Energy, 81, 799-808. (DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2006.09.006) Pierson, C., Wienold, J. & Bodart, M. 2018. Review of Factors Influencing Discomfort Glare Perception from Daylight. Leukos. (DOI: 10.1080/15502724.2018.1428617) Subova, A., Kittler, R., MacGowan, D. & Oki, M. 1991. Results of ongoing experiments on subjective response to discomfort glare. Conference of IEI. Chiba, Japan. Van den Wymelenberg, K. 2014. Visual comfort, discomfort glare, and occupant fenestration control: a research agenda. Leukos, 10, 207-221. (DOI: 10.1080/15502724.2014.939004) Van den Wymelenberg, K. & Inanici, M. 2016. Evaluating a new suite of luminance-based design metrics for predicting human visual comfort in offices with daylight. Leukos, 12, 113-138. (DOI: 10.1080/15502724.2015.1062392) Wienold, J. & Christoffersen, J. 2006. Evaluation methods and development of a new glare prediction model for daylight environments with the use of CCD cameras. Energy and Buildings, 38, 743-757. (DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.03.017)

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Local lighting control in open-plan offices: saving energy while maintaining occupants’ comfort Christel de Bakker Eindhoven University of Technology c.d.bakker@tue.nl Abstract Lighting technology has advanced rapidly over the past few years, resulting in the

development of smart lighting: luminaires tend to be equipped with a number of sensors,

including occupancy sensors. The fine-grained network of these sensors allows control at a

lower resolution level (desk level) than was the case before (room or zone level). As a result,

several possible comfort issues arise. First of all, lighting becomes more dynamic; each time

an occupancy change occurs at the individual level, single luminaires are switched on or off.

These lighting changes might distract other occupants from their working activities.

Moreover, highly granular control results in large contrasts between switched-on and off

luminaires, thereby reducing the lighting uniformity throughout the space. As this contrasts

current design practice, it might cause dissatisfaction among the occupants.

Occupancy-based lighting control received much attention from research over the past

years, but studies mainly evaluated the strategy on the energy saving aspect; we identified

in our literature review that users’ comfort has not been properly addressed yet (De Bakker,

Aries, Kort, & Rosemann, 2017). Moreover, the strategy has just been applied in cubicle

offices, not in open-plan offices. As occupants’ view over the office space differs significantly

between these lay-outs, the strategy should be validated with occupants of an open-plan

office. Therefore, the PhD research of Christel de Bakker investigated the following research

question: “Can we save energy while maintaining users’ comfort when applying highly

granular lighting control in open-plan offices?”. We conducted studies under both controlled

conditions in lab studies and uncontrolled in real office environments. First, we tested the

strategy as applied in cubicle studies in a real open-plan office (Labeodan, De Bakker,

Rosemann, & Zeiler, 2016). Occupants expressed dissatisfaction with the uniformity

throughout the space, because of, among others, the dark spots that occurred in some parts.

This could be explained by the fact that luminaires were switched off in case of individual

occupancy. When dimming would be applied, the non-uniformity would be reduced.

Therefore, we developed a concept where different dimming levels are applied in the task,

surrounding, and background area depending on the real-time occupancy of an office space.

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We tested this concept of “local lighting control” in a medium-sized windowless office (De

Bakker, Aarts, Kort, & Rosemann, 2018). Nine combinations of different surrounding and

background dimming levels were experienced by participants (N = 25) while they were alone

in the space. On average, they evaluated all combinations as comfortable. A first exploration

of the energy saving potential based on their preferences showed that the four most extreme

dimming scenarios involved an LPD reduction > 26%.

To determine the relevance of further developing this concept, we also investigated whether

the energy savings with local lighting control are outweighing the costs and design efforts in

all office cases. When individual occupancy patterns within the office are highly similar, the

savings compared to room control might be minimal. The times that individual luminaires can

be switched off are limited in this case. To validate this assumption, we developed a

simulation tool that enabled calculating the energy saving potential of occupancy-based

lighting control on different resolutions (De Bakker, Van De Voort, & Rosemann, 2018). We

determined the influence of two factors: (1) function type distribution, and (2) office policy;

the results indicated that their influence on the energy savings was negligible. Moreover, as

the relative savings of local lighting control compared to room control were 12% at minimum,

it seems that local lighting control is relevant to apply in all office cases.

Based on these first studies, the answer to our research question is positive. However,

several factors of the real office environment are likely to confound it. In three more studies,

we investigated the influence of (1) office size, (2) daylight availability, and (3) multiple

occupancy scenario. Despite, this PhD research did not cover all aspects; most importantly,

the applicability of the strategy should be validated in several real offices that vary in job

function types and tasks. A further discussion of the limitations, applicability, and implications

for lighting design practice and research of this PhD is to be anticipated from the

presentation of the studies discussed above.

References De Bakker, C., Aarts, M., Kort, H., & Rosemann, A. (2018). The feasibility of highly granular lighting

control in open-plan offices: Exploring the comfort and energy saving potential. Building and Environment, 142, 427–438. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.06.043

de Bakker, C., Aries, M., Kort, H., & Rosemann, A. (2017). Occupancy-based lighting control in open-plan office spaces: A state-of-the-art review. Building and Environment, 112. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.11.042

De Bakker, C., Van De Voort, T., & Rosemann, A. (2018). The energy saving potential of occupancy-based lighting control strategies in open-plan offices: The influence of occupancy patterns. Energies, 11(1). doi:10.3390/en11010002

Labeodan, T., De Bakker, C., Rosemann, A., & Zeiler, W. (2016). On the application of wireless sensors and actuators network in existing buildings for occupancy detection and occupancy-driven lighting control. Energy and Buildings, 127. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.05.077

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Luminance distribution measurements of lighting quality for a practical use. Thijs Kruisselbrink Eindhoven University of Technology t.w.kruisselbrink@tue.nl Abstract This research is part of the multidisciplinary project OptiLight, mathematical optimizations for human centric lighting that aims to develop a lighting control system that provides human centric lighting. However, the growing understanding of the impact of light on wellbeing, performance and sleep cannot yet be implemented in practical systems, because there exists a huge gap between results obtained in controlled environments and practical deployment. This research focuses on the image forming aspects of human centric lighting or, in other words, lighting quality as experienced in real office spaces. In the past, general lighting was typically measured using illuminance based metrics because it is easy to measure. However, along with the technological advancement, luminance based measurement devices are gaining more popularity, as the luminance is closely related to the human visual perception of brightness. Moreover, there are multiple applications for luminance distributions as they consist of a large amount of data relevant for lighting quality, daylight simulations and lighting control systems. In a literature review1 the author showed that lighting quality can be described by multiple lighting aspects that are relevant for high quality lighting. Variable and fixed aspects are distinguished, because the interest lies mainly in the variable aspects that potentially can be improved by a control system. According to the literature the relevant variable aspects are the quantity of light, the distribution of light, glare, the spectral power distribution of light, daylight, the directionality of light and the dynamics of light. Assessment of the aspects showed that the all variable lighting aspects, except the spectral power distribution, can be measured or indicated by the luminance distribution. Hence, this shows that the luminance distribution can be a suitable tool to measure the lighting quality. Generally, luminance distribution measurement devices are very expensive; however, it has already been shown that the luminance distribution can also be measured with a practical accuracy using low cost components2. Moreover, the luminance distribution measurement device can be automated limiting post-processing and allowing easy implementation in field studies and potentially in control systems. Ultimately, the objective of this research is to be able to extract an objective lighting quality rating based on the luminance distribution that can serve as input for the control algorithm for human centric lighting. To achieve this a number of objectives have to be fulfilled. Currently, the luminance distribution can be measured with a practical accuracy; however, there is room for improvement. The accuracy of the luminance measurement itself can be improved, for instance, by including the correlated colour temperature of the illuminant. Moreover, also the practical use of the device can be improved, as there are currently no guidelines for luminance

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distribution measurements about aspects such as measurement locations or measurement intervals. Additionally, not all lighting quality aspects have indicators that are suitable or intended for luminance distribution measurement devices. As a result, the measurements are inefficient and complicated, especially for directionality and dynamics of light. Finally, a lighting quality model is developed based on measurements results from field studies. During these studies, both objective measurements and subjective responses are collected using experience sampling. Three luminance distribution measurement devices installed in ceiling are used to monitor twelve desks in an open plan office as a pilot study. Ceiling based luminance distribution measurements, with an interval of 10 minutes, have been performed for three weeks. Simultaneously, experience sampling is conducted including questions about overall lighting quality and individual lighting quality aspects. The objective is to find correlations between the measured lighting quality aspects and the subjective responses. However, it is not straightforward to find relations between the luminance distribution and the subjective responses, especially when applied in the ceiling. A number of aspects should be considered, such as, but not exclusively, the relevant area of the luminance distribution and the time dependency to the experience sample. Traditionally, the task area is considered most often in light measurement, in this field measurement this would mean that desk area and monitor are relevant. However, the desks are very large, so not the entire desk might be relevant; raising the question: what should be considered the task area? However, with luminance distributions, providing a lot of data, it might be more suitable to assess the luminance distribution in the gazing direction of the user, which can also be extracted from the luminance distribution. Nevertheless, the participant does not continuously look in the same direction, he might turn around. Therefore, it might be relevant to assess the complete luminance distribution. Additionally, the experience sampling relates to the experience at the moment; however, it is very likely that the participants rate the lighting quality over, for instance, the last hour. It is unknown how to account for this effect, as the people might relate to the average lighting quality or maybe the minimum or maximum lighting quality during that period of time. Adding the complication that we do not whether the extreme situation during that period or the average or cumulative luminance distribution might be more relevant. References 1. Kruisselbrink TW, Dangol R, Rosemann ALP. Photometric measurements of lighting

quality: An overview. Build Environ 2018; 138: 42–52. 2. Kruisselbrink TW, Aries MBC, Rosemann ALP. A practical device for measuring the

luminance distribution. Int J Sustain Light 2017; 36: 75–90.

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Daylight Spectral Power Distribution and Intensity on Student Performance Michael Kuhlenengel University of Nebraska - Lincoln mkuhlenengel@unomaha.edu Abstract A large push in the lighting industry in recent years has been toward circadian lighting

design. This push focuses on using tuneable white LED fixtures that can help mimic the

dynamic nature of the sun. When it comes to research on lighting for circadian rhythms, two

main ideas come out the first being the light spectrum and the second being light intensity.

The Light and Health Forum at Lightfair 2018 really focused on these two points. If tuneable

white real does help with performance or well-being it should be reasoned that daylight

should have an equal or greater effect on performance and well-being. This raises the

question of how to quantify any potential effects and relate it to meaningful data.

The background to this research question starts over three years ago when the University of

Nebraska – Lincoln was granted an Environmental Protection Agency research grant to

understand the effects of indoor environmental conditions on student achievement. The four

research questions include; how does indoor environmental factors (indoor air quality,

thermal comfort, lighting, and acoustic conditions) impact student achievement? How do

these factors interact with each other to impact student achievement? What is the rank order

of the variables in terms of relative impact on student achievement? How do these effects

vary with different demographic groups? This research project is using 275 classrooms total

for the sample and relates indoor air quality, thermal comfort, lighting, and acoustic

conditions. My primary focus is on the lighting measurements which includes illuminance

measurements, annual hourly daylight simulations and view. View is defined in this research

as a horizontal view angle which takes the horizontal plane at eye level and calculates the

percentage of 360 degrees that windows to the outside occupy. The preliminary statistical

analysis showed that view has a significant impact on student achievement. This raised

multiple questions about what the underlying reason could be and the legitimacy of using

such a simplified metric. My planned master thesis aims to help answer the ladder question

by comparing different metrics used in previous research to define view like what is outside

manmade or natural (Ulrich, 1983), window to wall ratio (Boubekri, Hulliv, & Boyer, 1991),

Effective Outside View (Konstantzos & Tzempelikos, 2017), and horizontal view angle.

However, the answer to the underlying reason as to why view was significantly becomes

more complicated. Is it because humans inherently just prefer the outside? Is it because

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more windows makes the space feel larger and more open? Or is it because more windows

allows more daylight into student’s eyes for better circadian rhythm?

The EPA research project allows access to a large set of achievement and demographic

data of students. My planned research involves investigating if the spectral power

distribution and intensity of daylight effect student achievement. The current research design

calls for a metric that can be evaluated on an annual hourly simulation bases like current

daylight metrics. The design of this metric will need to look into the effect of different sky

conditions, interior materials that will change the spectrum after reflection, eye height and

location in space. The use of current metrics like melanopic lux will be evaluated for potential

use adjusted for an annual hourly simulation. The primary goal right now is to figure out all

the variables that may play a role in influencing this metric. Planned field measurements

include doing multi-day in classroom tests using an illuminance spectrophotometer, material

property measurements, measure all types of sky condition throughout the day. Radiance

will be used to model each classroom and preform the annual hourly simulation using actual

meteorological year weather files. The end goal is to have a model simulation match the

results from the multiday measurements to validate the models. This is just the preliminary

plan for the research. Ideally, this research methods workshop will help to answer some of

the how to achieve some of these goals and provide good feedback and concerns.

References Aries, M. B., Veitch, J. A., & Newsham, G. R. (2010). Windows, View, and office

characteristics predict physical and psychological discomfort. Journal of

Environmental Psychology, 533-541.

Boubekri, M., Hulliv, R. B., & Boyer, L. L. (1991). IMPACT OF WINDOW SIZE AND

SUNLIGHT PENETRATION ON OFFICE WORKERS' MOOD AND SATISFACTION.

ENVIRONMENT AND BEHAVIOR, 474-493.

Konstantzos, I., & Tzempelikos, A. (2017). A Holistic Approach for Improving Visual

Environment in Private Offices. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 372-380.

Kuhlenengel, M., Brill, L. C., Deng, S., Lester, H. F., Bovaird, J., Lau, J., . . . Waters, C. E.

(2017). An Investigation of School Environmental Effects On Student Achievement.

AEI 2017. Oklahoma City: ASCE.

Ulrich, R. e. (1983). View through a window may influence recovery. American Association

for the Advancement of Science, 420-421.

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Using Lighting to Help Pedestrians Be Safe and Feel Safe Khalid Hamoodh The University of Sheffield Kahamoodh1@sheffield.ac.uk Started Jan 2018 Abstract This project concerns road lighting in minor roads (subsidiary or residential roads) where

lighting in designed primarily for the needs of pedestrians (and cyclists). The considerations

for pedestrians include their safety and their feeling of safety: after dark, road lighting should

aim to enhance these.

It is assumed that one task is evaluating other people, for example to judge whether or not it

is safe to approach a person or instead take action to avoid them. If that is the case, what

are the visual cues that are used when evaluating other people: knowing about this would

help to define what should be lit and hence to establish design criteria for road lighting. The

possible cues include gender, number of people, whether they are making eye contact, and

their relative direction of travel. A first experiment is being conducted to explore the relative

importance of these variables, together with the visibility of hands and faces. The visibility of

a face changes with the fall of light on a face and hence the person’s location relative to

lamp posts – they may be front lit, in which case the face is likely to be visible, or they may

be backlit (the dominant source of light is behind the person) in which case the face is not

clearly visible.

This research discusses the potentially pertinent variables to establish a hierarchy of factors

that make people feel and be safe when they walk at night in the street. In addition, the

results of study will contribute to ongoing research of current UK lighting standards for

residential roads in order to give development recommendations for the British Standards

Institution.

In this experiment, test participants are shown photographs of night-time scenes into which a

target person (or persons) has been digitally edited. Photographs were taken of outdoor

locations after dark: in a media studio, target people were photographed against a green

screen. The street scene was taken without pedestrians in the immediate vicinity. The target

people included male and female actors, facing towards or away from the camera,

wearing/not wearing a face covering (jacket with a hoodie), and walking either alone or in

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pairs. Using Photoshop, the target people were embedded into the outdoor scenes. Overall

there were 16 test images: Figure 1 shows an example image.

Figure 1. Example image used in tests. This shows a single male, walking towards the observer, with their face partially covered by a hood and and front light direction.

The test images are shown to observers on a PC screen and two methods of evaluation are

used (category rating and paired comparisons) so that it is possible to consider robustness

of the results. There were 30 test participants, with an equal gender balance.

One method is category rating. The test participants were shown the photographs one at a

time with each image displayed for a 0.5 sec. After observing each one the individual asked

to evaluate “How safe would you feel in this situation?” the answer will be by a using a five-

point response scale (1=very unsafe, 2=somewhat unsafe, 3= neutral, 4= somewhat safe,

5=very safe). The images were shown in a random order. These data will provide a mean

safety rating for each image enabling variations in the photos to be compared.

The second method was paired comparisons. The images were shown in pairs, for an

unlimited time, and the participant was asked to choose the safer situation. The images were

shown in all possible pairs of the 16 images, this giving a total of 120 trials, in a randomised

order. There were also 10 null condition trials.

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Optimizing user-centered lighting: integrating effects of light on NIF and IF processes S.T. Peeters Eindhoven University of Technology s.t.peeters@tue.nl Abstract Overall aims

Light is usually experienced as a natural given in both outdoor and indoor environments.

People don’t like to be bothered too much with adjusting the light and probably do not want

to change the light regularly. People switch the light on when they arrive at work, switch it off

when they leave, and often there is no switching in between [1]. However, this does not

mean that the light we are experiencing, is the most optimal light setting at that moment.

Light can influence human beings in several ways. Light can make the work we are doing

more or less visible but it also has the ability to affect our mood, wellbeing, alertness,

performance and sleep-wake behaviour. It would be ideal if a lighting system could adjust

the light to the most optimal setting for you at that moment, taking into account both the

visual effects and the non-visual effects of light. However, current automatic controls often

fail in doing so, irritating the user more often than being helpful.

In order to design effective and satisfactory lighting control systems for office

environments, they should be centred towards the user of the system, which is the overall

goal of the OptiLight project. Insight is required in how humans respond to light, e.g. the

effects on well-being, performance and sleep; and these insights should be translated into

quantified models and optimization algorithms. In this multidisciplinary Optilight project, my

focus will be on the IF and NIF effects of light on office employees.

So far, most studies have looked at either the IF effects or NIF effects of light. It is

however important to look at the combined effects; for example, a light setting that makes a

user more alert (acute NIF effect) could be experienced as unpleasant (IF effect) [2]. Or light

may support vision of tasks in the late evening, while negatively impacting subsequent sleep

(circadian NIF effect). Another factor that complicates modelling the potential effects of light

and designing an optimal light regime, is the differences in responses between different

users and across different situations. Light preferences and the effects of light differ between

persons and within persons, depending on the time-of-day and the type of activity they are

doing [3]. Within the OptiLight project, the main focus is on the NIF effects of light, both

acute and circadian, whilst not ignoring the IF effects of light. This entails investigating the

acute and delayed effects of light on alertness, vitality, cognitive performance and sleep as

well as light appraisals and visual comfort.

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Specifics

The goal of the first study we performed was to construct a dose-response curve for

daytime light exposure, investigating the relationship between light intensity and various

markers of alertness, inspired by the dose-response curve for nighttime by Cajochen [4]. We

employed a large illuminance range (20 – 2000 lux at the eye). Each participant was

exposed to one illuminance level for 1 hour (preceded by a 30 min baseline of 100 lux at the

eye). Participants came to the lab twice, once in the morning and once in afternoon. The

study was performed in spring and replicated during winter. Different measures for objective

and subjective alertness and executive control were employed (e.g. KSS, PVT, and

heartrate). We did, however, not find a clear dose-dependent relationship between light and

the various measures of alertness measures. This was a bit unexpected. On the other hand,

literature showed inconclusive results on the effects of light during daytime [5]. There is no

clear answer as to why some studies find an effect of light and other don’t. Studies differ

from each other in multiple aspects such as sample size and used procedures. Quite

possibly, the duration of the light exposure plays a role, which is why we decided to do an

explorative field study as our second study. A field study provides us with the opportunity to

have longer light exposure periods, repeated over days and prolonged monitoring of users.

In this field study the goal was to investigate both NIF (acute and circadian effects) and IF

effects. The main research question was: What is the effect of exposure to high intensity

light during morning or afternoon working hours, as compared to regular light levels in the

office, on (1) subjective well-being (i.e. alertness, vitality, and mood), (2) sleep timing and

quality, and (3) light appraisals in a real-life office context? In the field study participants

were repeatedly exposed to a light condition for 5 working days. Measurements were done

by experience sampling, person-worn sensors and sensors in the office space. At the

Lumenet workshop I would like to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of our

procedure and, as the main focus, present an overview of the analyses we want to perform

on the large data set we obtained and the interpretation of the results.

References [1] P.R. Boyce, J.A. Veitch, G.R. Newsham, C.C. Jones, J. Heerwagen, M. Myer, and C. Hunter, “Occupant use of switching and dimming controls in offices”, Lighting Research & Technology, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 358-376, 2006. [2] Y.A.W. de Kort and J.A. Veitch, “From blind spot into the spotlight”, Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol.4, pp. 1-4, 2014. [3] K. C. H. J. Smolders, Y.A.W. de Kort, and S.M. van den Berg, “Daytime light exposure and feelings of vitality: Results of a field study during regular weekdays”, Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol.36, pp. 270-279, 2013. [4] C. Cajochen, J.M. Zeitzer, C.A. Czeisler, and D.J. Dijk, “Dose-response relationship for light intensity and ocular and electroencephalographic correlates of human alertness”, Behavioural brain research, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 75-83, 2000. [5] J.L. Souman, A.M. Tinga, S.F. te Pas, R. van Ee and B.N. Vlaskamp, “Acute alerting effects of light: A systematic literature review”, Behavioural brain research, vol.337, pp. 228-239, 2018.

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The role of lighting design in world heritage sites Shahab Zeini Aslani Edinburgh Napier University shahabedin.zeiniaslani@napier.ac.uk Abstract Importance of lighting in accentuating buildings and public spaces is widely discussed. Despite

its significance, studies on the effects of lighting on historical places are very limited. Several

studies have been carried out in Europe. These studies underline the influence of lighting

designs in nightly experience of different cities. For instance, Casciani and Rossi offer insights

on how private installations and public lightings influence the luminous impressions of visitors

and citizens of Milan [1]. Roger Narboni also conducted studies around the effect of lighting

master plans on cities such as Paris and Athens [2]. In his studies he emphasises that lighting

should be done for people and not buildings. Hence on one hand, these findings call into

attention the need for centralising human in design of lighting projects.

On the other hand, historical places are known to play an important role in maintaining social

identities [3]. ‘The identity of a place is comprised of three interrelated components, each

irreducible to the other—physical features or appearances, observable activities and functions

and meanings or symbols’ [4]. Putting these two aspects together (i.e. human centralisation

in design and influence of historical place on shaping of identity) our goal is to offer lighting

design principals that incorporate and centralise city’s historical culture and identity.

In this process we propose that we should go beyond electrical engineers perspective which

views the luminaire as an element that provides the photometric supplies. We also suggest

that we need to go further than architects view which see lighting as part of the architecture’s

decoration. Instead we suggest that we should use light to achieve creative and emotional

effects based on the nation’s culture and identity. Accordingly, the lighting schemes’ effects

must have three characteristics: decorative (part of the architecture); making things visible;

and creating aesthetical and emotional effects [5].

Hence the aim of this study is to offer lighting design principal which is centralised around

nation’s culture and identity. We will use Isfahan as a case study to apply our findings. The

reason for our selection is that Isfahan is a UNESCO world heritage city, with three world

historical heritage sites registered in UNESCO in addition to many other well-known historical

sites, which Causes Isfahan to be an important historical centre for different groups of tourists

in the domestic and international world [6]. While some of the sites are open to visitors during

day time, many others have the potential to be used in at night time. Most of these sites are

located in the city centre with shopping areas open till midnight, thus they form an important

visual part of the city too.

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In recent years many attempts have been made to install lightings in some of the main streets

and historical sites in various parts of Isfahan. However, due to absence of appropriate study

and design, the cultural and aesthetical aspects of these sites are highly neglected in these

projects. Hence due to the importance of the city’s cultural and historical heritage and the lack

of knowledge and experience in the field, it makes Isfahan a suitable case study for our

research.

This research is timely and beneficial as it will offer insights into the worldwide knowledge of

lighting design and historical sites and offer an adaption of findings to fit one of the most

important historic cities in the world. Hence the results of this research can be used as the

basis for further principal design in other parts of the world.

References 1. Casciani, Daria, and Maurizio Rossi. "An applied research to assess the experience of the colour of urban lighting: a pilot study in Milano downtown." JAIC-Journal of the International Colour Association 13, 2014. 2. “Lighting Master-plan for Athens”, Urban Light-Scapes , available at [ http://www.urbanlightscapes.net/lighting-masterplan-for-athens/] 3. Schlesinger, P. “Media, State and Nation”, Political Violence and Collective Identities. London: Sage Publications, 1991. 4. Relph, E. “Place and Placelessness”. London, 1976. 5. Halonen, L., Elno Tetri, and P. Bhusal. "Guidebook on energy efficient electric lighting for buildings." Aalto University, School of Science and Technology, Department of Electronics, Lighting Unit, Espoo2010. 6. UNESCO World Heritage Sites, available at: [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/]

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Impact of architectural building parameters on the extent of biological darkness in indoor environments with concurrent evaluation of daylight glare Jaka Potočnik University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering jaka.potocnik@fgg.uni-lj.si Abstract

Visual environment represents a crucial element for a healthy, comfortable and

stimulating built environment. Until recent daylight in indoor environment was still evaluated

just in terms of visual comfort expressed as a static parameter through either daylight factors

or illuminance. However since the discovery of the novel photoreceptors, the ipRGCs

(intrinsically photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells) the awareness of the non-visual impact of

daylight had risen. The ipRGCs are photoreceptors connected with the superchiasmatic nuclei

(SCN), which controls the human circadian system (daily biorhythm). The ipRGCs contain a

photo-pigment termed Melanopsin [1,2] which produces Melatonin – “the sleep hormone”.

Melanopsin’s maximum sensitivity to light peaks in the blue spectrum [3–6], with respect to

lens transmittance and other fotoreceptors’ contribution, the circadian system’s response

peaks at around 484 nm [7]. Hence not only the vertical illuminance at the cornea but also the

spectral composition of received light is crucial for proper circadian activation. Due to human

adaptation and synchronisation with the Sun’s cycle the circadian system’s nature is dynamic,

periodical (approx. 24.2 h cycle) [8] and strongly time-dependant. Larger doses of light are

needed in the morning for circadian resetting, correspondingly avoiding substantial light

exposure in the late evening is essential to prevent circadian shifts. Proper biological

attunement with the astronomical clock is crucial, since circadian misalignment can lead to

many chronical physiological or psychological disease, contrarily appropriate light entrainment

improves cognitive functions, mood, alertness etc. [9]. As mentioned above, adequate

illuminance is essential for healthy indoor environments, however it is not clear whether

sufficiently illuminated areas also coincide with adequately non-visually lit spaces (areas

without biological darkness). For better understanding of the correlation between architectural

elements (e.g. window size, glazing properties, materiality of surface, view direction etc.) of

the built environment and the occurrence of biological darkness the impact of the former must

be examined.

Thus the primary objective of the proposed doctoral thesis will be the identification of key

architectural parameters that have substantial effect on the occurrence of biologically dark

zones in built environment. Simultaneously to the incidence of biological darkness, also visual

discomfort will be studied, through a two-stage analysis. First stage will incorporate an

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experiment in which exposure to the parameters of indoor luminous environment in two

selected rooms will be measured (different WWR, orientation and room dimensions). The

analysis will be made with the help of an “artificial eye” which will be composed of: a

Spectrometer (380nm – 730 nm), a photographic camera with a 180° viewing angle and a lux

meter which will measure the illumination on the horizontal plane. The experiment will derive

real-world data, which will be essential for determination of biological effects and potential

occurrence of the biological darkness. The obtained results will be interpreted using methods

presented in [10,11] . Second stage of the study will represent a numerical analysis with the

use of tools for simulating non-visual impact of daylight (Alpha, Lark) and visual comfort

(Honeybee, Diva) in a generic office environment. A parametric simulation study will evaluate

the correlation between the non-visual impacts, visual comfort and the potentially influencing

architectural parameters. The simulated results will then be compared to and validated by the

experimental part of research.

Results of the thesis will enable the determination of architectural parameters, which

impact on the occurrence of biological darkness, while also evaluating the potential for visual

discomfort in buildings. Results could be used for the identification of biologically dark zones

in buildings and will be particularly useful adaption of established daylighting practices if

proven insufficient.

References [1] Provencio I, Jiang G, De Grip WJ, Hayes WP, Rollag MD. Melanopsin: An opsin in melanophores, brain, and eye. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:340–5. [2] Provencio I, Rodriguez IR, Jiang G, Hayes WP, Moreira EF, Rollag MD. A novel human opsin in the inner retina. J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci 2000;20:600–5. [3] Berson DM, Dunn FA, Takao M. Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock. Science 2002;295:1070–3. doi:10.1126/science.1067262. [4] Hattar S, Liao HW, Takao M, Berson DM, Yau KW. Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity. Science 2002;295:1065–70. doi:10.1126/science.1069609. [5] Brainard GC, Sliney D, Hanifin JP, Glickman G, Byrne B, Greeson JM, et al. Sensitivity of the Human Circadian System to Short-Wavelength (420-nm) Light. J Biol Rhythms 2008;23:379–86. doi:10.1177/0748730408323089. [6] Thapan K, Arendt J, Skene DJ. An action spectrum for melatonin suppression: evidence for a novel non-rod, non-cone photoreceptor system in humans. J Physiol 2001;535:261–7. [7] Rea M, Figueiro M, Bierman A, Hamner R. Modelling the spectral sensitivity of the human circadian system. Light Res Technol 2012;44:386–96. doi:10.1177/1477153511430474. [8] Czeisler CA, Gooley JJ. Sleep and Circadian Rhythms in Humans. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 2007;72:579–97. doi:10.1101/sqb.2007.72.064. [9] Westland S, Pan Q, Lee S. A review of the effects of colour and light on non-image function in humans. Color Technol 2017;133:349–61. doi:10.1111/cote.12289. [10] Konis K. Field evaluation of the circadian stimulus potential of daylit and non-daylit spaces in dementia care facilities. Build Environ 2018;135:112–23. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.03.007. [11] Nowozin C, Wahnschaffe A, Rodenbeck A, de Zeeuw J, Hädel S, Kozakov R, et al. Applying Melanopic Lux to Measure Biological Light Effects on Melatonin Suppression and Subjective Sleepiness. Curr Alzheimer Res 2017;14:1042–52. doi:10.2174/1567205014666170523094526.

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Façade Impulse: stretching the envelope beyond human comfort Alessandra Luna-Navarro University of Cambridge Al786@cam.ac.uk Abstract Highly-performance façades have a prominent role in achieving resource-efficient buildings

[1], [2] and they are primarily indoor climate modifiers, strongly affecting occupant satisfaction

and productivity in the workplaces [3]. In particular, Intelligent façades have a large

unexploited potential to provide optimal environmental conditions whilst minimising resource

consumption, since they can adapt and vary their properties according to changing outdoor

conditions and indoor demands. The combination of current façade technologies with accurate

control strategies and artificial intelligence provides unprecedented opportunities to create

optimal human-centred façades that can adapt in time and tailor their performance to match

occupant preferences. However, the façade properties and interaction strategies that satisfy

occupant demand for a favourable environment are yet to be defined and, often, occupants

are unsatisfied with their workplaces [4]. This is partly due to the complexity of simultaneously

capturing the transient and multisensorial effects of facades on occupants [5], which includes

the holistic monitoring of occupant response in terms of visual, thermal, acoustic, air quality

and interaction satisfaction with facades.

“Façade Impulse” [6], a joint multi-disciplinary research project between the University

of Cambridge (the Departments of Engineering and Psychology), Arup and Permasteelisa,

aims to capture the holistic and transient effect of intelligent façades on occupant comfort,

satisfaction and productivity. The final objective of this research is the development of a

methodology to assess and predict the transient and holistic effects of façades on occupant

comfort and productivity. This will help to understand: 1) which are the façade properties /

characteristics that trigger occupant environmental satisfaction in the workplace; 2) how to

dynamically control intelligent facades to meet environmental occupant preferences.

Data collection on holistic and transient occupant response to different façade

technologies is performed in two different work environments (Figure 1): three real office

environments in London and North of Italy, and in MATELab (Mobile Adaptive Technologies

Experimental Lab), a novel bespoke experimental facility, which represents an intermediate

stage between lab controlled environments and field work. All these office spaces are

mechanically ventilated and monitored regarding all environmental domains. However, special

focus is put on façade performance in terms of occupant thermal and visual satisfaction,

including glare, daylight levels and view.

40

The experiments are performed in parallel and the same façade technologies of the

real offices are installed in MATELab in order to cross-validate results. Results are collected

for different seasons and time of the year. The principal novelty of these experimental

methodologies is the special focus on capturing subjective, transient and local occupant

response in holistic terms whilst developing non-intrusive methods of data collection in

collaboration with the Department of Psychology and the User interface group in Arup.

Correlations are identified by means of statistical or machine learning analysis. The research

is currently in the process of starting the main data collection stage that will last until December

2019.

Figure 4 Experimental setup in MATELab and real office environments

References [1] F. Favoino, Q. Jin, and M. Overend, “Towards an ideal adaptive glazed façade for

office buildings,” in Energy Procedia, 2014, vol. 62, pp. 289–298. [2] IEA, “World energy outlook 2013, International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris.,” 2013. [3] D. Clements-Croome, “Why does the Environment matter?,” in Beyond Environmental

comfort, Boon Lay Ong, New York: Routledge, 2013, pp. 139–160. [4] M. Frontczak, S. Schiavon, J. Goins, E. Arens, H. Zhang, and P. Wargocki,

“Quantitative relationships between occupant satisfaction and satisfaction aspects of indoor environmental quality and building design,” Indoor Air, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 119–131, 2012.

[5] S. Gilani and W. O’Brien, “Review of current methods, opportunities, and challenges for in-situ monitoring to support occupant modelling in office spaces,” J. Build. Perform. Simul., vol. 1493, no. December, pp. 1–27, 2016.

[6] A. Luna-Navarro, M. Meizoso, H. DeBleecker, Y. Verhoeven, M. Donato, and M. Overend, “Façade impulse : experimental methods for stretching the envelope beyond human comfort,” in VIII International Congress on Architectural Envelopes, 2018.

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Development of a New Measurement Method to Determine Reflective Characteristics of Road Surfaces Sandy Buschmann Chair of Lighting Technology, Technische Universität Berlin sandy.buschmann@tu-berlin.de Introduction The knowledge of reflective characteristics is urgently needed for calculations of luminance values and visual safety criteria on roads. There are standard r-tables [1] representing angle dependent luminance coefficients for the standard observer. But they are not valid for all road types which leads to uncalculable luminance levels and distributions. Instead of using them, luminance coefficients can be measured in a laboratory or in situ. In the laboratory, a goniophotometer is used in a standardized measurement setup for evaluating a surface sample [1]. The corresponding r-table is very exact, but it cannot describe local changes in reflective properties caused by wear and design type of the road surface. Other non-destructive methods evaluate reflective properties directly on the road. The results are given as very exact in the literature, but the methods haven’t asserted themselves in practice. They all measure with luminance meters or room angle delimiting illuminance meters.

Research aims The main goal of the presented research work is to develop a measurement method using a luminance image camera. It is suggested that the image-resolved luminance measurement can represent reflective properties of road surfaces including local changes and different observer and light incident angles. It is being tested how high the deviations compared to other measurement methods can be and how they can be decreased by optimizing geometries, lighting sources, and calculation algorithms.

Method In general, the luminance coefficient is defined as 𝑞𝑞 = 𝐿𝐿/𝐸𝐸. The values and angles in road lighting conditions can be visualized as shown in Figure 1.

For simplification, the reduced luminance coefficient r for road luminance calculations with a constant observer angle α = 1° is defined as shown in equation (1). Using the inverse square law and cosine law, the formula is simplified to equation (2).

Figure 5: Values and angles in road lighting conditions

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𝑟𝑟(𝛾𝛾,𝛽𝛽) = 𝑞𝑞(𝛾𝛾,𝛽𝛽) ∗ cos3 𝛾𝛾 ∗ 10−4 =𝐿𝐿(𝛾𝛾,𝛽𝛽)𝐸𝐸ℎ

∗ cos3 𝛾𝛾 ∗ 10−4 (1)

𝑟𝑟(𝛾𝛾,𝛽𝛽) =𝐿𝐿(𝛾𝛾,𝛽𝛽) ∗ ℎ2

𝐼𝐼(𝛾𝛾,𝐶𝐶) ∗ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝛾𝛾 ∗ cos2 𝛾𝛾∗ cos3 𝛾𝛾 ∗ 10−4 =

𝐿𝐿(𝛾𝛾,𝛽𝛽) ∗ ℎ2

𝐼𝐼(𝛾𝛾,𝐶𝐶)∗ 10−4 (2)

In the presented method, the luminance is measured with the help of a luminance image CCD camera. The luminance intensity curve (LIDC) of the street lighting luminaire(s) has been measured in the laboratory. Knowing the exact height and position of the street lighting luminaire(s), all angles can be calculated. To prevent overlapping luminance intensities, measurements have been made with only one luminaire turned on. To cover pro- and counter-beam light incident intensities, two luminance image measurements are made.

Results The r-values for all pixels of the relevant measurement field in the luminance image have been calculated, interpolated to the standard r-table format according to [1] and compared to laboratory measurement results of two samples. The deviations have a range from 1 to 200 % at some angle combinations. With the help of the calculated r-table, there have been made simulations of the same road in Radiance which have been compared to a measurement. The deviation ranges up to 70 %.

Outlook The next steps are the further development and optimization of the method. On the one hand, the simplifications, inter- and extrapolations in the calculation process will be analyzed and optimized with the help of systematic comparisons. This includes the overthinking the standard r-table format and replacement with the actual angles on the road lighting scenes. This would take local changes of the reflective properties into account and reduce interpolations. On the other hand, the measurement uncertainties shall be evaluated and reduced as much as possible. This includes the evaluation of the measurement system by repeating and reproducing it on other roads as well as to analyze the measurement uncertainties of the LIDCs and the luminance camera itself. References [1] CIE Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, CIE 66:1984 Road Surfaces and Lighting,

Wien: CIE Central Bureau, 1984.

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Integration of Non-Image-Forming (NIF) effects of light in venetian blinds and electric lighting control Marta Benedetti École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) marta.benedetti@epfl.ch Abstract Motivation and objective Light has an impact not only on our visual comfort and visual capabilities, but also on our

behaviour and physiology: it is shown that exposure to light can directly boost alertness,

cognitive performance, and improve mood. These non-visual effects of light are also called

“Non-Image Forming” (NIF) effects. NIF effects of light are currently not sufficiently considered

in lighting of indoor work environments due to the lack of knowledge and proper technology.

However, taking those effects into account in the design of dynamic lighting systems is

important to improve health and productivity of the users. Nowadays, people spend 90% of

their time inside of buildings [1], where they very likely receive an insufficient amount of light

during daytime and too much light in the evening, which can likely lead to circadian rhythm

misalignment [2]–[4]. For office workers, this may result in poor task performance. At the same

time, visual comfort of the occupants and energy saving are very important factors to be

considered in lighting for buildings. The objective of this study is to investigate the biological

effects of a dynamic control of daylight and artificial lighting on office users. A smart controller

for venetian blinds and artificial lighting was designed, aimed to optimize NIF effects of light

such as alertness and cognitive performance of occupants, while preserving visual comfort

and low electrical energy consumption. The goal is to show that an optimal dynamic lighting

control integrating both natural and artificial light has beneficial effects on the human

physiology and psychology, with respect to a conventional control system.

Methods The study is carried out in two identical office rooms in the LESO solar experimental building

in EPFL. The rooms are south-oriented and occupied by a single user. An advanced controller

for venetian blinds and electric lighting designed to simulate outdoor light patterns, i.e. to follow

the daylight course throughout the day in terms of lighting levels, is implemented in the first

office (test room). In the second office (reference room), a controller designed to keep static

lighting conditions for only visual requirements is applied. The assessment of the photometric

variables is performed by High Dynamic Range vision sensors placed close to the

workstations. The sensors continuously capture luminance maps, from which the pupillary

vertical illuminance and the glare index “Daylight Glare Probability” (DGP) are extracted.

Thirty-four subjects are going to take part in the experiment in a cross-over-within-subjects

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design. Each subject is going to spend one week in the test room and one in the reference

room, with at least 7 days of break between the two sessions. During the time spent in the

offices - i.e. in the normal working hours, between 8h00 and 18h00 - subjects will carry out

their normal work and regularly perform some cognitive tests and complete questionnaires

throughout the day to evaluate their cognitive performance, alertness, mood and visual

comfort. Saliva samples will be regularly taken for the assessment of their cortisol

concentrations, and skin temperature in 5 different spots on the body will be continuously

recorded by means of small sensors of the size of a coin. Lastly, their activity and sleep/wake

patterns will be monitored by means of actigraphy watches for the entire duration of the study.

Results A preliminary experiment was performed in the two offices during 13 days in winter in order to

assess the performance of the advanced controller for venetian blinds and electric lighting.

The novel smart controller demonstrated its capabilities in terms of glare protection and

daylight sufficiency, as both the glare index and vertical illuminance were kept in the desired

ranges. In addition, more variable vertical illuminance levels and high glare index values were

registered in the reference room, indicating that the visual comfort would not be optimal for an

occupant at this time of day/year. The field study involving human subjects will allow to

investigate the impact of the novel controller also on NIF functions.

Conclusions This study will allow to investigate the effects of a dynamic office lighting control on humans’

circadian system and visual comfort. Preliminary tests of the controller showed its

effectiveness in keeping target indoor luminous conditions. The novel smart controller is

expected to improve the alertness, cognitive performance and visual comfort of office users.

At the same time, the energy consumption due to electric lighting in the test office is expected

not to be considerably higher than the energy consumption in the reference scenario. The field

study is going to show the effectiveness of the control system in pursuing the mentioned goals.

The results will bring new scientific and practical insights to building automation for

personalized lighting at workspaces.

References [1] N. E. Klepeis, W. C. Nelson, W. R. Ott, J. P. Robinson, and P. Switzer, “The National Human

Activity Pattern Survey ( NHAPS ) A Resource for Assessing Exposure to Environmental Pollutants,” 2001.

[2] C. Cajochen, S. L. Chellappa, and C. Schmidt, “Circadian and Light Effects on Human Sleepiness–Alertness,” Sleepiness Hum. Impact Asessment, pp. 9–23, 2014.

[3] M. Münch, F. Linhart, A. Borisuit, S. M. Jaeggi, and J.-L. Scartezzini, “Effects of prior light exposure on early evening performance, subjective sleepiness, and hormonal secretion.,” Behav. Neurosci., vol. 126, no. 1, pp. 196–203, 2012.

[4] M. Münch et al., “Bright light delights: effects of daily light exposure on emotions, rest-activity cycles, sleep and melatonin secretion in severely demented patients,” Curr. Alzheimer Res., vol. 14, pp. 1–13, 2017.

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Light Pollution – legal requirements for the use of artificial light and multidimensional conflicts of use Benedikt Huggins Institute for Environmental and Planning Law – University of Münster huggins@uni-muenster.de Abstract

The use of artificial light at night (ALAN) is increasing tremendously. Between 2012 and

2016 the world wide lit outdoor area grew by 2 % per year (Kyba et al., 2017a, 2). This does

not only effect developing countries but also ‘brighter’ states as for example Germany (Kyba

et at., 2017, 115). It is likely that this development will continue due to the shift of lighting

technologies. LED can be produced cost efficient and have significant lower energy

consumption, reducing operational costs. It is very likely that these cost reductions will cause

a rebound effect which increases ALAN even further.

At the same time, ALAN can cause severe adverse environmental effects. Affected by

artificial lighting are especially animals. Illuminated buildings attract birds and increase the risk

of bird strikes (Herrmann et al., 2006, 115). Artificial light emitted by outdoor lighting attract

insects which perish at the light source due to exhaustion, heat or exposure to predators

(MacGregor, 2015, 191). By attracting insects outdoor lighting might also hinder insect

migration, particularly in the case of street lamps along a road (Eisenbeis, 2013, 53).

Additionally, outdoor lighting can affect certain bat species that avoid lit areas forcing them to

change their flight and foraging patterns (Stone et al., 2015, 214). Furthermore, ALAN can

change conditions in natural habitats as well as influence human health causing

consequences yet to be determined.

While climate, landscapes and other factors have changed over time, the day/night cycle

(photoperiod) is from a geological perspective constant. Therefore, all life forms have adapted

to it, using photoperiods as an information source or critical habitat element (e.g. bats). If

illuminance constantly increases in the future, one can expect a shift in natural habitats similar

to the conversion of natural areas into cultivated landscapes. Legal instruments to regulate

and govern this development seem to be missing. Protection, conservation and Planning Law

approaches use spatial instruments by allowing and prohibiting specific land-uses in

designated areas. Those instruments have limited problem-solving capabilities, since the

adverse effects of artificial light are best understood as a spatiotemporal issue: The effects

depend on the spatial distribution of artificial light during night times. Furthermore, regulations

that govern spatial legal issues relate to the intended land-use and building uses. Both criteria

have limited steering effects, since light pollution is an issue of facility design and usage

behaviour and is only indirect defined by the type of use or building.

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The PhD-project attempts to examine how existing Conservation and Planning Law can

be applied to effectively regulate the use of artificial light at night and determine whether

protection gaps persist. As far as Planning Law is concerned, the question arises, how the

adverse effects of artificial light are evaluated in the multidimensional conflict of use.

Considering the protection from light pollution, i.e. distribution of artificial light without intended

purpose, reveals another critical legal issue. Germany’s legal system, as many others, offers

only limited options to take legal actions on behalf of somebody else. Therefore, taking action

often, not always, requires an individual infringement. Adverse effects of artificial light raise

two concerns: One, artificial light has due to its spatial distribution consequences for conflicting

use-interests which can only be partially solved in a two-dimensional litigation process. Two,

most adverse effects of artificial light affect animals and ecological systems, both unable to

advocate themselves for their well-being.

Regarding the LumeNet PhD-working group I am interested to discuss the following:

- What are the relevant (meta)studies on adverse effects of artificial light at night?

- What is the best way to research artificial light induced human health and ecological

impacts issues?

- What are the relevant sources (i.e. journals) that publish relevant artificial light related

research?

- Which legal questions arose or might arise in other fields (architecture, biology,

physics) that need to be answered?

References Eisenbeis, G (2013) Lichtverschmutzung und die Folgen für nachtaktive Insekten, in: Schutz der Nacht, 52-56 Falchi, F, Cinzano P et al. The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness. Sciences Advances, 2(6), DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600377 Herrmann, C, Baier, H, Bosecke, T (2006) Flackernde Lichtspiele am nächtlichen Himmel, NuL 38(4): 115-119 Kyba, CCM, Kuester, T, Kuechly HU, (2017) Changes in outdoor lighting in Germany from 2012-2016, IJSL 2017, S. 112–123. Kyba, CCM, Kuester, T, Sánchez de Miguel, A, Baugh, K, Jechow, A, Hölker, F, Bennie, J, Elvidge, CD, Gaston, KJ, Guanter, L (2017a) Artificially lit surface of Earth at night increasing in radiance and extent. Sciences Advances, 3(11), DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701528 MacGregor, CJ, Pocock, MJO, Fox, R, Evans, DM, (2015) Pollination by nocturnal Lepidoptera, and the effects of light pollution: a review, Ecological Entomology 40(3): 187–198 Stone, EL, Harris, S, Jones, G (2015) Impacts of artificial lighting on bats: a review of challenges and solutions. Mammalian Biology 80: 213-219

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A BEAUTIFUL LIGHT: Fascination against depletion Martina Frattura IADE Creative University martina.frattura@gmail.com Abstract A BEAUTIFUL LIGHT is the name of a commitment to use artificial lighting in its highest potential, through a research that will go beyond the wall of studios, offices or universities, to get closer to people, for a real human centred project. The project aim is to create spaces/environment where to experience personal improvement and self-awareness. General objectives:

Go1. to gather both quantitative and qualitative data to map the direct attention level at different stages..

Go2. to give evidence of the positive impact of the light in improving attention performance . - Background

According to the Attention Restoration Theory (ART) (Kaplan 1995, 2001), it is necessary to seek out environments that require little of this finite resource or that use other means of maintaining mental focus. ART suggests that recovery can be achieved by pursuing activities that rely on fascination, which is experienced when, out of innate interest or curiosity, certain objects or processes effortlessly engage our attention: moment of instinctively attraction by something without a specific reason. The idea of beauty is subjective and is what the first part of the A BEAUTIFUL LIGHT research investigates with a non-climate or cultural based journey around Europe and beyond. The goal is to look for a trend in the physiological response of people to beauty, in order to identify a partly common ground on subjective feeling of pleasantness and effortlessly engagement, that could be later used for deeper restoration. The proposed method to go beyond the individuality is to cross-reference several disciplines with the lighting design practice: Neuroscience; Environmental Psychology. The research will run through different latitudes to play with inter subjectivity. Go1. For gathering quantitative data, an EEG instrument to monitor the brain electrical activity is required, as well as a skin conductance one (EDA). Participants will be asked to look at a screen showing 2 different images, each of the time for 30 seconds. These will be chosen according to the IAPS database, showing respectively a neutral and a positive image. Participants will be also asked to carry with them a symbol of their own idea of beauty (e.g. An object, a picture of a person, a postcard of a town, etc.). The picture of the object will be the third image shown and they will be asked to be focused on it for five minutes. The last moment of the experiment will be a memory test: ten letters will appear on the screen in a fast way and, once they stopped flashing, participants are asked to type the ones they recall. Go2. While analysing the data, a trend in the physiological response of people to beauty will be searched. The most recurrent EEG and EDA outcome will be taken as meter. By working on the wavelength, intensity, direction and CCT, different light stimuli will be proposed to participants, while still wearing the investigation instruments, in order to check if it possible to achieve the same restoration body output combination (EEG + EDA).

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Personal idea of beauty is equally restorative as being outdoor. By tracking the physiological response of this restoration, the same effects will be then aimed to be reproduces to a light stimuli, in order to be able in the close future to design indoor spaces against burn out. References Bargh J.A., Morsella E.(2008), The Unconscious Mind, Perspectives on Psychological Science,Vol. 3, No. 1, from Philosophical Thinking to Psychological Empiricism, Part I, pp. 73-79 Baron R.A., Rea M.S., Daniels S.G. (1992), Effects of Indoor Lighting (Illuminance and Spectral Distribution) on the Performance of Cognitive Tasks and Interpersonal Behaviors: The Potential Mediating Role of Positive Affect 1, Motivation and Emotion, Vol. 16, No. L Bell P. A., Greene, T. C., Fisher, J. D., & Baum, A. (2001). Environmental Psychology (fifth edition). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Group/Thomson Learning. de Kort Y.A.W., Veitch J.A. (2014), From blind spot into the spotlight Introduction to the special issue ‘Light, lighting, and human behaviour’, Journal of Environmental Psychology 39, 1e4 Flynn, J. E., Spencer, T. J., Martyniuk, O., & Hendrick, C. (1973). Interim study of procedures for investigating the effect of light on impression and behavior. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society, 3, 87-94 Fredrickson, B.L. (2004), The broaden-and-built theory of positive emotions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 359, 1367-1377 Bell, P. A., Greene, T. C., Fisher, J. D., & Baum, A. (2001). Environmental Psychology (fifth edition). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Group/Thomson Learning. Hartig T., Evans G.W., Jamner L.D., Davis D.S., Garling T., (2003), Tracking restoration in natural and urban field settings, Journal of Environmental Psychology Vol 23, 2,109–123 Kaplan S., (1987), Aesthetics affect and cognition Aesthetics, Affect, and Cognition: Environmental Preference from an Evolutionary Perspective, Environment and Behavior January , 19, 3-32 Kaplan, S., & Berman, M.G. (2010), Directed Attention as a common resource for executive functioning and self-regulation. Perspective on Psychological Science, 5, 43-57 Muraven M., Gagne´ M., Rosman H. (2008), Helpful self-control: Autonomy support, vitality, and depletion, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 44, 573–585 Partonen T., Lonnqvist J. (2000), Bright light improves vitality and alleviates distress in healthy people, Journal of Affective Disorders 57, 55–61 Staats K., Kieviet A., Hartig T. (2003), Where to recover from attentional fatigue:An expectancy-value analysis of environmental preference, Journal of Environmental Psychology 23, 147–157 Vandewalle G., Maquet P., Dijk D.J., Light as a modulator of cognitive brain function, Trends in Cognitive Sciences Vol.13 No.10 van Esch M. (2012), Veitch J.A., (1996), Assessing Beliefs about Lighting Effects on Health, Performance, Mood, and Social Behavior, Environment and Behavior, 28, 446-470

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Implementing ocular signals in the visual and non-visual effects of daylight in VDT workstations Merve Öner University of Pisa – Dept. of Energy, Systems, Territory and Construction Engineering (DESTeC), Lighting and Acoustic Laboratory mervener@gmail.com

Abstract The interaction between the visual ergonomics of VDT workstations and the office

workers’ appraisal has intensified to such an extent that the lighting conditions mean much

further than visibility which also stands for a broader context including individual well-being

considerations [1]. Accordingly, a special emphasis is nowadays being placed on human

needs particularly in VDT workstations due to spending a substantial amount of time working

on a computer for various tasks requiring visual and cognitive efficiency. Past studies on the

preference of lighting conditions as by far the most single criterion of VDT users show a good

agreement with the concern of ensuring improved quality of lighting in office environments [2].

At this stage, light perceived by the eyes gains a greater importance in order to increase its

impact on both visual and non-visual processes. Lighting recommendations for office

environments have so far been introduced in standards and guidelines for specifying photopic

requirements for visual tasks, necessarily neglecting the non-visual stimulation due to the

dynamic behavior of daylight [3]. Therefore, providing adequate lighting for VDT users still

remains as a challenge to be achieved, and this lack results in limited understanding of the

lighting conditions required to provide the best performance for visual functions while

maintaining the non-visual stimulation.

The starting assumption of this study is that ocular variables are indicators of not only

visual, but also biological and psychological processing in VDT users during performing tasks.

They can function as bridges between the objective and subjective indices, allowing for a

better understanding on how visual and non-visual effects of light and how they are correlated

with the VDT workstation design parameters. Quality and quantity of light received by the eyes

have an influence on mood, health and vigilance, which potentially impair or facilitate visual

and cognitive performance during VDT work. Based on the previous studies indicating the

relationship between eye movements and human factors issues, it is expected that ocular

variables in response to characteristics of daylight entering the space are correlated in a

statistically significant way with the visual and non-visual functions of VDT users. By this way,

the findings of this study will provide pertinent insights in how measure of ocular signals is

related with the psychophysiological and behavioural responses, and its implementation as a

lighting design criteria for providing healthy working environments for VDT users.

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Until now, a pilot study was conducted to estimate the potential relationship between

ocular variables (i.e. blink rate, eye closure time, eye aspect ratio, PERCLOS value) recorded

using camera and lighting level at the eye while performing multiple tasks. During the

experimental analysis, objective measure were also supported by the subjective data, i.e.

KSS, GSV, subjective task performance (STP), obtained through questionnaires. The

procedure of one full experimental flux for two experimental sessions is depicted in Figure 1.

The tasks were repeated twice during one experimental flux, once for each solar shading

position: (i) where the shading system was completely inactivated and (ii) where the slats were

tilted 5° towards the interior of the experimental space. The sequence of the shading positions

was randomized in order to avoid any order effects.

Figure 1. Time schedule of the experimental procedure

Previous studies have demonstrated that higher illuminance levels lead to better visual

and cognitive performance [4, 5]. However, one should keep in mind that it can be

accompanied by visual discomfort among VDT users. Depending on the preliminary results,

we expect to further investigate the other health-related lighting quality aspects as

determinants of ocular behavior under various VDT workstation design strategies. The general

approach in this study is that each task requires different light properties for both visual and

cognitive performance; therefore, a road map covering the optimal quality and quantity of

daylight required by VDT users, which responds several aspects of VDT tasks needs to be

established.

References [1] Veitch, J. A., Newsham, G. R. (1998). Determinants of lighting quality I: State of the science. Journal

of the Illuminating Engineering Society, 27, 92 ‐106. [2] Osterhaus, W., Hemphälä, H., Nylén, P. (2015). Lighting at computer workstations. Work, 52, 315–

328. [3] Altomonte, S. (2009). Daylight and the occupant visual and physio-psychological well-being in built

environments. PLEA2009 - 26th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, 22-24 June.

[4] M. Rüger, M.C.M. Gordijn, D.G.M. Beersma, B. de Vries, S. Daan (2006). Time-of-day-dependent effects of bright light exposure on human psychophysiology: comparison of daytime and nighttime exposure, Am. J. Phys.Regul. Integr. Comp. Phys. 290, 1413–1420.

[5] Smolders KCHJ, Yaw DK, Cluitmans PJM. (2012). A higher illuminance induces alertness even during office hours: Findings on subjective measures, task performance and heart rate measures. Physiol Behav. 107:7–16.

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Discomfort Glare in outdoor lighting Joffrey Girard IFSTTAR/COSYS/LEPSIS and Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée

joffrey.girard@ifsttar.fr

Abstract The LED technology is nowadays used to create light sources with many advantages

compared to previous ones, such as for instance a higher luminous efficiency and a longer

operating life. This technology is more and more employed in most lighting applications and

especially in outdoor lighting. These light sources are however likely to cause some

disturbances on the road-users (pedestrians and/or motorists), and particularly the glare. Two

aspects of glare are usually considered (Vos, 2003): disability and discomfort glare. The

disability glare has a known optical basis (light diffusion in the eyeball causing veiling

luminance) which causes a decrease in visual performance. Today, it is well known and a CIE

mathematical model allows to calculate this veiling luminance. The discomfort glare is a

psychologic phenomenon defined by the feeling of discomfort felt by an observer due to very

bright sources in his field of view. Many models of discomfort glare have been developed but

the mechanisms are still not known, and no consensus emerged so far with respect to

computing a general formula for all experimental conditions.

The models of discomfort glare developed in the literature predict a mean level of discomfort

glare calculated from geometric and photometric characteristics of the visual scene. Although

the models’ details are all different, a consensus on the parameters which have an effect on

discomfort glare emerged: the luminance of the source, the solid angle of the source, the

position of the source in the visual field and the background luminance of the scene

(Hopkinson, 1940; Schmidt-Clausen & Bindels, 1974; CIE, 1995; Lin et al., 2014). The majority

of these models are valid for one source in the visual field and are only built for static situations.

However, in outdoor at night, the road-user is moving relative to numerous light sources

around him. In this context, the aim of my PhD is to build a model of discomfort glare capable

of predicting a mean level of discomfort in outdoor lighting when the observer is moving

relative to several light sources.

To that purpose, from a methodological point of view, I need to collect assessments of

discomfort glare from panels of observers due to various visual stimuli. I decided to collect

data through laboratory experiments, in which the characteristics of the stimuli are in

accordance with outdoor lighting visual scene.

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In my PhD, I first address the “multiple sources” issue, i.e. when several sources are

simultaneously present in the observer’s visual field, in a static situation. I wanted to identify

and predict the characteristics of an equivalent light source which generates the same level of

discomfort glare than several sources simultaneously switched on (the idea was inspired by

Luckiesh & Guth’s work, 1949). Two laboratory experiments have been designed to collect

the data and establish a formula at a constant level of discomfort glare. To this end, a specific

criterion was selected: the Borderline between Comfort and Discomfort (BCD). Each

participant was asked to do a matching task by adjusting the brightness of the stimuli in order

to feel the same level of discomfort than a reference stimulus (which is one static source)

initially set at the observer’s level of BCD.

Experimental time is limited, and choices were needed. Thus, the formula is only valid for the

BCD level and one background luminance value: 1 cd/m² (representative of outdoor road

lighting). A new experiment is planned in order to investigate how the formula can be

generalized to other levels of discomfort glare and other background luminance values. This

experiment will also allow to investigate the validity of the formula based on new data on the

same stimuli as in the previous experiments.

References

Vos JJ. Reflections on glare. Lighting Research and Technology 2003; 35(2):163-176. Hopkinson RG. Discomfort Glare in lighted streets. Lighting Research& Technology, 1940; 5: 1-24. Schmidt-Clausen H & Bindels J. Assessment of discomfort glare in motor vehicle lighting. Lighting Research and Technology, 1974; 6(2):79-88. Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage. CIE 117-1995: Discomfort glare in interior lighting. Vienna: CIE, 1995. Lin Y, Liu Y, Sun Y, Zhu X, Lai J, Heynderickx I. Model predicting discomfort glare caused by LED road lights: Optics express, 2014; 22(15):18056-18071. Luckiesh M and Guth SK. Brightnesses in visual field at Borderline between Comfort and Discomfort (BCD). Illuminating Engineering, 1949; 44:650-670.

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Exitance-based Lighting Design Metrics Antonello Durante Dublin Institute of Technology antonello.durante@dit.ie

Since 2010, an alternative lighting design methodology to current lighting design

practice has been developed in order to obtain better quality lighting.[1] It focuses on

exitance-based metrics that are considered more closely related to the perception of

adequately lit spaces than horizontal illuminance, on which the current practice is mainly

based. Perceived Adequacy of Illumination (PAI) and Illumination Hierarchy (IH) are the

criteria behind this proposed methodology. There are two parameters associated with these

criteria that are introduced to quantify PAI and IH. They are respectively: Mean Room

Surface Exitance (MRSE) and Target-Ambient Illuminance Ratio (TAIR).[2]

The initial research focused on establishing the suitability of the exitance-based

approach for lighting interiors compared to the horizontal illuminance-based approach.[2][3] In

Duff’s work[3], the reliability of MRSE formula has been evaluated as well as the possibility of

measuring and calculating MRSE through ray tracing software. Within scenes which

contained broadly uniform light distributions, a simplistic linear relationship was found

between level of MRSE and PAI. Within scenes which contain extreme non-uniform light

distributions, the level of MRSE did not have a significant impact on the reported PAI. A

simplistic linear relationship was found between level of MRSE and surrounding brightness,

regardless of changes in room surface reflectance or shifts in light distribution.[3][4] Some

unsolved matters and limitations of this research introduce further analysis for actual

research: 1) The scale definition given to participants for brightness assessment influenced

their decision. 2) Although MRSE has been reported to have a significant impact on spatial

brightness regardless of surface reflectance, the magnitude of impact that room surfaces

reflectance or patterns produce on assessments of spatial brightness has not been

analysed.

Planned research: The actual research aims to further develop on MRSE considering

limitations of previous experiments. TAIR is considered as one of the necessary metrics to

assess and design lighting distribution within the lighting design methodology advocated by

Cuttle.[2] A further aim of this research is to explore and evaluate TAIR and visual emphasis

as no scientific-based research exists on it.

Initial studies on MRSE confirmed the PAI/MRSE relationship so far analysed and

estimated a tentative MRSE value for office installations in the range of 75-100 lm/m2. Pilot

studies on TAIR aiming to define a scale of TAIR values for visual emphasis have been

conducted but more work on that is needed.

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Experiment 1: Brightness, MRSE and PAI The objective is to establish surrounding brightness / MRSE functional relationships for

an enlarged range of MRSE values than the ones from previous research.[4] The hypothesis

is that enlarging the MRSE range to be assessed, a non-linear relationship exists between

surrounding brightness and MRSE. A uniformly lit small office will be used. Only one

reflectance value will be considered. Seven lighting scenes will be tested. Surrounding

brightness rating will be assessed on a seven-point scale. A scale with neutral scale

definition will be given to participants to avoid any influence in the decision.

Experiment 2: Eh, brightness, MRSE, reflectance patterns and PAI This experiment will test for difference between horizontal illuminance and MRSE for

brightness and adequacy for office work as well as the sensitivity of MRSE to reflectance

patterns. The hypothesis is that MRSE is more closely related to PAI than horizontal

illuminance for a small office. The experiment will be conducted in a real environment fixing

the illuminance on the desk at 500 lx. Lighting distribution and surface reflectances will be

adjusted to create three MRSE values and create the reflectances by two different patterns

(uniform and stripped) with similar overall reflectance. Questionnaires presented to

participants will examine all the aspects concerning adequacy of lighting for office work.

Experiment 3: TAIR and visual emphasis The objective is to analyse the relationship between TAIR and visual emphasis. Cuttle’s

tentative TAIR / visual emphasis relationship[2] will be tested. The hypothesis is that TAIR

relates proportionally to visual emphasis. The experiment will consist to lit paintings hung on

a wall. Two painting will be used: a low reflectance and a high reflectance paintings. Both will

be differently lit from the rest of the room to provide emphasis. Two types of measurements

will be made. In one TAIR levels are fixed and the subject is asked to rate the level of

emphasis given by the lighting. In the other, the subject controls the emphasis lighting and it

asked to adjust it to set points of emphasis. For this latter measurement, a wide range of

TAIR will be used to minimize the risk of range effects. By comparing the results of the two

different reflectances should be demonstrated which TAIR formula, between Cuttle’s and an

alternative proposed formula, is more closely related to perception of lighting emphasis.

References [1] C. Cuttle, “Towards the third stage of the lighting profession,” Light. Res. Technol., vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 73–93, 2010.

[2] C. Cuttle, Lighting Design, a Perception Based Approach. UK & NY, 2015.

[3] J. Duff, “On a new method for interior lighting design,” Dublin Institute of technology, 2015.

[4] J. Duff, K. Kelly, and C. Cuttle, “Perceived adequacy of illumination, spatial brightness, horizontal illuminance and

mean room surface exitance in a small office,” Light. Res. Technol., vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 133–146, 2017.

55

Daylight and Sunlight in Healthcare Facilities for better health and well-being - Does the improvement of daylight conditions and access to sunlight have an impact on peoples' health and wellbeing during their stay in healthcare centers? Englezou Maria Department of Architecture, University of Cyprus Email: maria.englezou92@gmail.com, mengle01@ucy.ac.cy Abstract

A building should be designed with consideration to how it will affect occupant’s health

and wellbeing. Research has shown that access to daylight can have a positive impact on

peoples’ health and wellness, like improved productivity, boosted mood, increased energy,

better sleep-awake cycle and more.(WorldGBC, 2014) However, most of this research was

focused on case studies of retail, office buildings and homes. (WorldGBC, 2014; WorldGBC,

2016; UK-GBC, 2016).

Florence Nightingale, suggested 150 years ago that ‘’Direct sunlight, not only daylight, is

necessary for speedy recovery.’’ (Nightingale F., 1863). There is some evidence that

sunlight exposure reduces the length of stay of patients in hospitals (Beauchemin and Hays,

1996). Furthermore, research on bipolar patients studied the impact of morning and

afternoon sunlight. The findings showed that patients in rooms with direct morning sunlight

had shorter length of stay in the hospital (Benedetti et. al., 2000). More research has been

done to correlate daylight with patients’ length of stay, analgesic medication used and pain

medication cost (Joarder and Price, 2012; Walch et. al., 2005).

Patients in hospitals are physically and psychologically stressed therefore daylight

access could play a vital role to their stay. However, much work needs to be done in order to

find out the optimal lighting conditions for healthcare facilities. The main aim of this research

will be to collect evidence of current daylighting and sunlight provision in hospitals and any

associations with patients’ recovery and wellness. It will criticize the existing literature and

daylight measurement metrics (Illuminance, Daylight Factor, Useful Daylight Illuminance,

Daylight Autonomy, Annual Sunlight Exposure) used on researches studying the length of

stay of patients in hospitals and what daylight guidelines were proposed as best.

More specifically, it will strengthen the standpoint that daylight and sunlight could reduce the

length of stay of patients in hospitals and any associations to health improvement.

Methodology The proposed research follows the workflow of medical research models. This would be

based on statistical methods such as multiple linear regression model. The initial step would

56

be the definition of the study by identifying the input (demographic, room, daylight

parameters) and output parameters (length of stay and health improvement) and then the

research will focus on data collection, data analysis, validation of data and finally

dissemination.

The study will correlate various metrics of daylight against length of stay for beds having

different values of these metrics. The proposed work considers a great range of metrics

(Daylight Factor, Illuminance levels, Useful Daylight Illuminance, Annual Sunlight Exposure),

and specifically by considering sunlight exposure metrics in addition to those for daylight.

Daylight and sunlight metrics will be established by building CAD models of patient rooms

and using simulation, light sensors and data loggers to determine the metrics for each bed.

This study will identify different typologies of hospitals and what a typical healthcare

room looks like, by researching and/or surveying many case studies, in order to be able to

use the findings from this study in broader cases of the healthcare sector.

Furthermore, the study will include questioners for the doctors and/or patients (if it is

possible), while also interviews of medical staff working in the chosen case studies.

References

Beauchemin K., Hays P. (1996). Sunny hospital rooms expedite recovery from severe and refractory depressions. Alberta: Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre

Benedetti F., Colombo C., Barbini B., Campori E., Smeraldi., (2000). Morning sunlight reduces length of hospitalization in bipolar depression. Milan: Istituto Scientifico Ospedale San Raffaele

Joarder AR., Price ADF. (2012). Impact of daylight illumination on reducing patient length of stay in hospital after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Loughborough: CIBSE.

Nightingale, F. (1863). Notes on Hospitals. 3rd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.

UK-GBC, (2016) “Daylighting and Sunlight”, Health and Well-being in Homes, pp. 18-23.

Walch J.M., Rabin B.S., Day R., Williams J.N., Choi K., Kang J.D. (2005). The effect of sunlight on postoperative analgesic medication use: A prospective study of patients undergoing spinal surgery. Pittsburg: Psychosomatic Medecine.

WorldGBC, (2014) “Daylighting & Lighting”,Health, Wellbeing & Productivity in Offices, pp. 28-31.

WorldGBC, (2016), Health, Well-being & Productivity in Retail: The impact of green buildings on people and profit, WorldGBC.

57

Light as a building material Maria Hadjivasili University of Cyprus maria_hadjivasili@hotmail.com Abstract Light enables human beings to experience space. It allows us to see objects around us and

also unveils how those objects are shaped. In what direction they are facing towards, their

depth of field and relation to their surroundings. This proportional and dynamic process

emerges from the physical properties of light.

Thus, this thesis examines the presence or the absence of light, as a ‘building material’, in the

formation and manipulation of space and form. A number of architectural projects and art

installations in which light is an essential element, is studied and recorded by the use of a

template. This template examines a spectrum of case studies. Some of these case studies

are the following:

Val Τhermal Bath (Peter Zumthor 1996), Bruder Klaus Field Chapel (Peter Zumthor 2007),

Pantheon (125 AD), Blur Building (Diller Scofidio& Renfro 2002), Couvent Sainte Marie de La

Tourette (Le Corbusier 1957), Periscope Window (James Carpenter 1997), Maison de Verre

(Pierre Chareau 1932), Hagia Sofia (Anthemios&Isidoros 537 ΑD), The Colour Inside (James

Turrell 2013), In Afrum (James Turrell 1967), Beaty (Olafur Eliason 1993), Space light

modulator (Laszlo Moholy Nagy 1930), Fotogramm (Laszlo Moholy Nagy 1926), The Polytope

de Cluny (Iannis Xenakis 1978) etc.

Each template is parametrized by seven main categories and several subcategories:

1. ''Llight source'' .This parameter can be natural or artificial, single or numerous, static or in

motion.

2. ''Time'', the changes of sun movement during the day (daytime) and the duration of

illumination by artificial light.

3. ''Environmental conditions'' as is the case of the light source, these conditions could be

natural (cloudy, clear skies, rain, mist, snow) or artificial (mist, water curtain). Single or

numerous, static or in motion, of equal or varying intensity, of one-time occurrence or periodic.

4. ''The medium/ receiver. Different types of openings, surfaces or structures that permit light

to travel through one side to the other.

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5. ''The projection surfaces''. Surfaces where light phenomena occur. For instance shadows

and reflections.

6. ''The resulting light phenomena'' Includes properties like reflection, refraction, diffraction of

light and also the different types of shadows.

7. ''The observer position'' which could be fixed or moving as well as the observers distance

from where the light phenomena take place horizontally or vertically into the space.

The information obtained from each template is used to create an infographic. This info graphic

allows the different elements selected from the case studies to be seen collectively. Its

purpose is not only to identify similarities and differences between the case studies but, more

importantly, to facilitate the creation of subcategories for each light phenomenon analyzed.

The objective could be described as an attempt to plot the “terrain” of light performance into

the space.The light mechanism is composed as a type of a “gear system”. There are three

main gears, the light mechanism, the observer position and the experience. Every gear is

divided by numerous “gear rings” which can move separately. Conversely, their movements

influence the motion of the system all together.

Based on the case studies analysis and the info graphic performance, experiments will test

different combinations of surfaces, openings geometries and observation positions. An early

stage of the experimental part aims to investigate essential characteristics of natural light

through physical and visual models. The goal of those exercises is to find out durable relations

between the testing conditions that will be used for the final design. Potentially, at this latter

stage of the research, an architectural 3d dimensional spatial body will be build for free

observation, human interaction and visual experience.

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Dynamic lighting and indoor climate in offices Maaike Kompier Eindhoven University of Technology m.e.kompier@tue.nl Abstract

This project is a part of a multidisciplinary project named DYNKA, of which the overall aim

is to realize an optimal indoor climate in offices through a combination of dynamic lighting and

dynamic indoor temperature throughout the day that ensures a healthy and productive office

environment and also realizes energy savings. In my project, I will first focus on the effects of

dynamic lighting on human well-being, performance and both visual and thermal comfort.

One of the environmental factors in offices that can influence health and comfort is light.

First of all, light enables us to perceive our environment through the image forming (IF)

pathway of light. This pathway affects how well we can see colors and contrasts, but also how

we experience our environment. Furthermore, there is a non-image forming (NIF) pathway

through which light can impact alertness, performance, physiology and sleep amongst others.

This occurs both via entrainment of circadian rhythms and acute effects in the brain [1].

Another relevant environmental factor in offices is ambient temperature. Currently, most

office buildings keep a constant temperature regime while occupants are present. Although

this is generally associated with a high comfort experience, it results in a higher energy

consumption than necessary. Furthermore, large individual variation in comfort sensation exist

and moreover, comfort and health are not synonymous. Recent research has shown that

temporary exposure to mild cold can activate brown fat and improve the sugar balance of

people [2]. Based on this research, it is hypothesized that dynamic ambient temperature

scenarios that include mild cold have beneficial effects for human health. However, discomfort

may be induced by such a temperature regime. Lighting may be able to compensate for this

as recent research has shown that lighting is also able to influence core body and skin

temperatures [3], and thereby thermal comfort. Thus, application of dynamic LED lighting and

a dynamic indoor climate in an office environment may be able to facilitate positive effects on

comfort, while also accomplishing health, well-being, and performance benefits for employees.

Before dynamic lighting scenarios can be applied in office environments, it is important to

establish their consequences. Various companies claim that dynamic lighting has positive

effects (e.g. Signify or OSRAM), however, scientific studies researching the effects of these

dynamic scenarios are scarce. Consequently, little knowledge exists on what type of dynamic

pattern would be favorable On the one hand, imitation of the daylight curve over the day is

attractive from an evolutionary perspective [4] and is what these companies mostly focus

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upon. On the other hand, stimulation of the circadian rhythm theoretically could have a positive

effect on well-being and performance [5] and is more often applied in scientific studies [6].

To design a dynamic pattern that is able to positively influence health, well-being,

performance and comfort, it is important to start from the beginning by looking at the potential

effects of transitions in lighting on these factors. My first study will focus on the short-term

effects of increasing and decreasing light intensity and correlated color temperature (CCT) in

a laboratory environment. More specifically, we will test the effects of transitions in illuminance

(dim vs. bright light) and spectrum (high vs. low CCT) on subjective experiences (visual and

thermal comfort; subjective sleepiness) and objective measures of alertness and arousal

(performance on psychomotor vigilance task; electroencephalography and heart rate

measurements) as well as thermoregulation (core body and skin temperature).

From the data gathered in this study, first conclusions can be drawn on whether – and in

which direction – an abrupt increase or decrease in light intensity and/or CCT affects health,

well-being, performance and comfort. Based on this, next steps can be taken in the process

of designing and testing dynamic lighting scenarios that are optimal for employees in terms of

IF and NIF effects, as well as thermal comfort. The interaction effects between dynamic

lighting and dynamic temperature regimes will be further explored in laboratory studies.

Subsequently, such lighting and temperature scenarios will be tested in large-scale field

studies, employing prolonged monitoring and quantification of users’ experiences,

performance and comfort and their 24/7 light exposure and temperature patterns.

References [1] Y. A. W. de Kort and J. A. Veitch, “From blind spot into the spotlight,” J. Environ.

Psychol., vol. 39, pp. 1–4, 2014. [2] W. D. van Marken Lichtenbelt, M. Hanssen, H. Pallubinsky, B. Kingma, and L.

Schellen, “Healthy excursions outside the thermal comfort zone,” Build. Res. Inf., vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 819–827, 2017.

[3] M. te Kulve, L. J. M. Schlangen, L. Schellen, A. J. H. Frijns, and W. D. van Marken Lichtenbelt, “The impact of morning light intensity and environmental temperature on body temperatures and alertness,” Physiol. Behav., vol. 175, no. March, pp. 72–81, 2017.

[4] C. C. Gomes and S. Preto, “Should the Light be Static or Dynamic?,” Procedia Manuf., vol. 3, no. Ahfe, pp. 4635–4642, 2015.

[5] W. J. M. van Bommel, “Non-visual biological effect of lighting and the practical meaning for lighting for work,” Appl. Ergon., vol. 37, no. 4 SPEC. ISS., pp. 461–466, 2006.

[6] Y. A. W. de Kort and K. C. H. J. Smolders, “Effects of dynamic lighting on office workers: First results of a field study with monthly alternating settings,” Light. Res. Technol., vol. 42, pp. 345–360, 2010.

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New Framework for Quantifying Outer Luminous Variation through Dynamic Methods Francisca Rodriguez Queensland University of Technology francisca.rodriguez@hdr.qut.edu.au Abstract

Developing methods for evaluating health and wellbeing is one of the major interests

of researchers in the daylighting field, as time spent indoors increases while the exposure to

direct sunlight and environmental variables decreases [1]. Along with daylight, providing

access to a view out is one of the most important factors for ensuring healthy living conditions

in indoor spaces [2], to the point that relevant authors suggest that having a view out might be

even more important than letting daylight in [3]. Outer view establishes a sense of

connectedness to the outer environment that stimulates general wellbeing in the long term [4].

It also provides cues for estimating relevant contextual information through constant changes

in luminous conditions. Nevertheless, there are currently no procedures for capturing these

environmental luminous variations in outer view, which limits the ability to examine the impact

of such variation on health and wellbeing. The lack of a validated framework for evaluating the

dynamic character of the outer environment constitutes a major gap in research, especially

when compared to the well-established dynamic daylight evaluation methods, currently in use

[5-6].

Implemented by computer vision, digital image-processing techniques have developed

dramatically in recent years [7], being capitalised by researchers from different fields. As an

example, researchers in building sciences recently started utilising such methods for depicting

luminous information in indoor environments from HDR imagery, both from naturalistic

photographs and simulated-environment renderings [8-11]. The employment of new

techniques refreshes the existing toolkit available for dynamic representation of static scenes,

as is the case of time-lapse photography. Enabling an accurate depiction of variability over

time, time-lapse photography is a technique consistently used for the study of movement in

cinematography and visual arts [12].

In search of new methodologies for examining environmental variation, the present

study proposes a method for the dynamic evaluation of outer luminous variations, using HDR

time-lapse photography and applying digital image-processing techniques. This technique will

be used to create a framework for quantifying outer luminous variations in view scenes over

time. This approach could be used to assess how outer view can contribute to health and

wellbeing in building occupants in future experiments and field studies. As an example, virtual

62

reality settings could be settled for examining visual interest and visual response towards

different conditions of luminous variability over time.

By implementing a protocol for data collection of HDR time-lapse photography over

time, to be tested through digital image-processing techniques, this research aims to explore

ways to illustrate, describe and analyse outer luminous variability conditions across the day.

In particular, this research aims to delve into different types of luminous variability with the

potential to influence visual response over time, by establishing preliminary thresholds within

prospective categories. Finally, this research aims to infer view scene characteristics that

might influence luminous variability in future experiments, by comparing outcomes between

time series.

References 1. Nylén, P., Favero, F., Glimne, S., Teär Fahnehjelm, K., & Eklund, J. (2014). Vision, light and aging: A literature overview on older-age workers. Work, 47(3), 399-412. 2. Kaplan, R. (2001). The nature of the view from home: Psychological benefits. Environ Behav, 33(4), 507-542. 3. Boyce, P., Hunter, C., & Howlett, O. (2003). The benefits of daylight through windows. New York: LRC. 4. Granzier, J. J., & Valsecchi, M. (2014). Variations in daylight as a contextual cue for estimating season, time of day, and weather conditions. J Vision, 14(1), 22-22. 5. Reinhart, C. F., Mardaljevic, J., & Rogers, Z. (2006). Dynamic daylight performance metrics for sustainable building design. Leukos, 3(1), 7-31. 6. Andersen, M. (2015). Unweaving the human response in daylighting design. Build Environ, 91, 101-117. 7. Gonzalez, R. C., Woods, R. E., & Eddins, S. L. (2009). Digital Image Processing Using MATLAB®: Gatesmark Publishing. 8. Sadeghi Nahrkhalaji, R. (2017). Study of Building Surrounding Luminous Environment using High Dynamic Range Image-Based Lighting Model. Doctoral dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University. 9. Rockcastle, S., & Andersen, M. (2014). Measuring the dynamics of contrast & daylight variability in architecture: A proof-of-concept methodology. Building and Environment, 81, 320-333. 10. Jakubiec, J. A., Van Den Wymelenberg, K., Inanici, M., & Mahic, A. (2016). Improving the accuracy of measurements in daylit interior scenes using high dynamic range photography. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 32nd PLEA Conference, Los Angeles, CA, USA. 11. Cauwerts, C., & Piderit, M. B. (2018). Application of High-Dynamic Range Imaging Techniques in Architecture: A Step toward High-Quality Daylit Interiors? Journal of Imaging, 4(1), 19. 12. Deleuze, G. (1986). Cinema 1: the movement-image, trans. Hugh Tomlinson and Barbara Habberjam. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Originally published as Cinéma, 1.

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Natural lighting in the Space Design of Art Museums JING SUN Politecnico di Milano jing.sun@polimi.it Abstract

This Ph.D. proposal intends to explore which parameter in the space design of art

museums is the most crucial for daylight distribution with Analytic hierarchy process (AHP)

scientific method. The development of the architecture space design for museums was

influenced by specific illumination criteria. The initial criteria for these spaces were based on

meeting the requirements of exhibits while minimizing the need for windows which reduced

valuable display space and produced reflected glare. Top lighting and Side lighting are two

main strategies of natural lighting in museums.1 Several cases were studied to find out how

different lighting strategies and architectural form affects the illuminance distributions,

luminance ration and brightness ratio in museums. Then, combining section analysis to find

the relationship between architecture and daylight distribution in the exhibition space through

computer simulation and data analysis then propose natural lighting design strategies

according to the relationship.

With this framework to organize this proposal, the Ph.D. proposal consists of 3 parts. Part

1 is explored with making a general thought of natural lighting from the brief history of lighting

in museums, history of natural lighting in architectures, the particularity of natural light and

some related basic concepts of natural lighting point of view, as well as discussing the impact

of natural light on humans, from the physiological and psychological aspects, and sorting out

and summarize the simple perceptions of the exhibition space, lighting environment in the

museum. Among them, the visual attributes of the exhibition space and the exhibits are visual

characteristics, appearance patterns, and the physical characteristics of the materials; the

visual properties of the exhibition space include light levels, light contrast, light gradients, light

colors, light sharpness, and lighting direction, which builds a theoretical platform for the design

and research of museum space lighting environment, then, discussing the need for lighting

different exhibits in art museums. This section will form the most important foundation for the

study.

Based on the contents of Part 1, the more specific focus of the parameter problems needs

to be clearly presented in the following contents. Therefore, Several cases were studied to

find out how different lighting strategies and architectural form affects the illuminance

distributions, luminance ration and brightness ratio in museums. Because the development of

the architecture space design for museums was influenced by specific illumination criteria.

The initial criteria for these spaces were based on meeting the requirements of exhibits while

64

minimizing the need for windows which reduced valuable display space and produced

reflected glare. Top lighting and Side lighting are two main strategies of natural lighting in

museums. So the cases section will be decided from the two main strategies of natural lighting

in museums.

This Ph.D. proposal conducts a comprehensive investigation of the present natural

lighting in the space design of art museum, through various methodologies such as inspection

and analysis of existing texts, in-situ survey campaign, analytic hierarchy process and

computer simulation, and many practical natural lighting in the space design for art museums

are analysis, including which parameter is critical for daylight distribution in art museums.

Ultimately in the last part of the proposal, the proposal of natural lighting in the space

design of art museums is attempted to put forward for enhancement of the atmosphere of all

kinds of spaces of exhibits for art museums, and explore the possibility to apply to the strategy

of other "architecture". Combining section analysis to propose a new lighting pattern research

methods.

References 1. Tregenza, Peter, and Michael Wilson. Daylighting: architecture and lighting design. Routledge, 2013.

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Correlation between exposure to varying daylight and change to building occupants’ subjective sense of wellbeing Allen Lo Swinburne University of Technology alo@swin.edu.au Abstract The aim of this research project is to investigate whether there is a direct correlation and

quantifiable relationship between differing levels of daylight exposure and the changes in the

building occupants’ sense of wellbeing. Further, whether the inclusion of a green view would

solicit an incremental increase in sense of wellbeing for a given daylight level will also be

studied.

This research will be conducted in two phases: Phase 1 – Young healthy adults and Phase 2

– Older Adults (65+) cohorts. The rationale for this approach is by testing the responses and

analysing the data from both age extremes, one may be able to draw some useful inference

on how the population between these age groups may respond to the varying daylight, or

daylight with a green view. Phase 1 will be the baseline response derived from a sample

where ocular system deterioration due to aging is yet to manifest.

The experiment consists of three stages: 1) baseline, 2) daylight or daylight with a view

exposure and 3) final subjective response measurements. Stage 1 – Baseline is to establish

the participants’ initial psychological (sense of wellbeing) and physiological (cortisol and

Heart Rate Variation) state prior to the prescribed daylight exposure. The sense of wellbeing

test is a self-reporting questionnaire based on Thayer’s Activation and Deactivation Checklist

(ADACL); and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS). The reliability of both have been tested

(Thayer, 1986; Nordin et al., 2013) and have been used by a number of researchers. As for

the physiological response, the participants’ cortisol level, taken from saliva samples, and

cardiac information, logged by a heart rate monitor, will be the indicators. It is expected that

the salivary cortisol (Hsiao et al., 2012) would be lower and the variability of the heart rate

would change when the parasympathetic nervous system is activated as the participants’

sense of wellbeing increases. The experiment will also include a set of cognitive

performance tasks (n-back, Forward Digit Span and Backward Digit Span Test), modelled on

Münch et al’s., (2012) study of the effects of prior light exposure in early evening

performance. The objective of these tasks is to ascertain whether daylight and/or daylight

with a green view has any effects on the participants’ cognitive performance. The

participants will either be exposed to the daylight only or daylight with a green view in Stage

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2 of the experiment. Approximately one hour is allocated to acclimatising the participants to

the new environment at the test location. They will then repeat the saliva sampling, self-

reporting questionnaire and cognitive performance test activities to determine whether there

are any post exposure effects. On conclusion, they will complete the last set of questions

concerning their subjective reactions to the test environment; subjective reactions which

could potentially be confounds that influence the experiment outcomes. Other potential

confounds such as spectral distribution, correlated colour temperature, reflectance of the

contents of the room, temperature, relative humidity and noise level will also be recorded.

Phase 1’s experiment protocol will be repeated in Phase 2 for the older adult cohort. The

correlation, and the strength of the correlation, between the psychological response (sense

of wellbeing) and daylighting levels will be determined using multivariate statistical method,

and similarly for the daylight with a green view condition.

The experiment has yet to commence and the experiment protocol is still being evaluated by

the university Ethics Committee at the time of the writing of this abstract.

References: Hsiao, F. H. Yang, T. T. Ho, R. T. Jow, G. M. Ng, S. M. Chan, C. L. Lai, Y. M. Chen, Y. T and Wang, K. C 2010, 'The self-perceived symptom distress and health-related conditions associated with morning to evening diurnal cortisol patterns in outpatients with major depressive disorder', Psychoneuroendocrinology, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 503-515.

Münch, M. Linhart, F. Borisuit, A. Jaeggi, S. M and Scartezzini, J. L 2012, 'Effects of prior light exposure on early evening performance, subjective sleepiness, and hormonal secretion', Behavioral Neuroscience, vol. 126, no. 1, pp. 196-203.

Nordin, M. Åkerstedt, T and Nordin, S 2013, 'Psychometric evaluation and normative data for the Karolinska Sleep Questionnaire', Sleep & Biological Rhythms, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 216-226.

Thayer, R. E 1986, 'Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List: Current Overview and Structural Analysis', Psychological Reports, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 607-614.

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Media Architecture and Narratives for Public Spaces towards Urban Storytelling Anke von der Heide TU Berlin, Institute for Architecture anke.vdh@gmail.com Abstract

In an effort to sustain XXIst century cities, technologies are given a significant role to

compose a novel urban environment. Today’s smart city approaches, driven by technology

and information, are considered to be the answer for the transformation of a noxious milieu

into a habitable ideal environment. Unfortunately, in an attempt to achieve such high-level

goals, technologies are often put into the urban environment in an uncontrolled manner

[Greenfield and Shepard 2007]. In many cases, ad-hoc deployed technological applications

are detached from public activities. For instance, apps on mobile devices often do not

consider local conditions, information displays with standard proportions (like 16:9) re-format

the image of the city outside any architectural concept, and city authorities lack regulations

for media and lighting content in urban spaces.

To understand such phenomena, researchers of various fields are forming interdisciplinary

groups. In Media-Architecture and Urban-Design studies, groups, or events such as

UrbanIxD in Aarhus, Denmark, MediaCity in Weimar, Germany, or Media Architecture

Biennale, architects mingle with computer scientists, city planners with sociologists or media

designers. Out of this interdisciplinary work new domains evolve, and media architecture is

one of them. As with many other appearing fields, not much is known about the changes this

brings to urban environments and our daily life. These groups have started to go beyond the

naïve digital-, intelligent-, or smart-city idea, which is that designers and planners simply

have to incorporate technology to provide the best city planning strategies.

However, light planners, designers or technical experts are often not involved in the design

and development processes, but consulted for the implementation at the end. For a holistic

and democratic approach in urban media planning, everybody involved in “city lighting”,

public, private, commercial, need to negotiate design, light emission and health aspects for a

collective care process. One objective of this thesis is therefore, to close the gap between

the disciplines and to create a toolbox for designers considering all aspects of media

architecture, including its main material light, light color and lighting technologies.

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Additionally, this tool-box offers recommendations for “meaningful” media architecture.

Several experimental and artistic urban interventions are created to develop and iterate this

tool-box, in order to reflect on how space is used, what the space is and how it might be in

the future. These mainly interactive interventions create spaces of possibilities and engage

people in various ways. In addition to the design tool-box, new and experimental evaluation

methods are conceived and revised. To conceptualize this tool-box the hypothesis is, that

design and realization strategies, as well as regulations of all evolved disciplines can be

applicable to media architecture or adjusted towards a complex integrative design strategy.

But what does “meaningful” mean? When thinking of media for urban spaces, we first need

to ask questions such as which stories do we want to tell and how these narratives have to

be designed? Classical design, architecture, or urban planning rules can provide a

fundament to create urban storytelling. But how can these classical rules be combined with

rules covering moving images or software-controlled architectural elements? Which set of

rules will provide the best impact for telling stories in an urban environment? The ultimate

research question should ask, how to add value through media and architecture to the urban

environment in order to enrich everyday life and do we need a light and media agenda for

the city at night? Are we creating new job descriptions like light-content-creator or

communal-urban-media-curator?

References Anon. Columbia Digital Storytelling Lab – exploring the future of storytelling. Stephen Carr ed. 1992. Public space, Cambridge [England] ; New York, NY, USA: Cambridge

University Press. Peter Dalsgaard and Kim Halskov. 2010. Designing Urban Media FaçAdes: Cases and Challenges. In

Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI ’10. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2277–2286. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1753326.1753670

Laurent Devisme. 2005. La ville décentrée: figures centrales à l’épreuve des dynamiques urbaines, Paris: L’Harmattan.

Adam Greenfield and Mark Shepard. 2007. Urban Computing and its Discontents, Anke v.d.Heide and Heinrich Hussmann. 2017. Media Facades and Narratives for Public Spaces. In

A.Wiethoff and H. Hussmann (Eds.) Media Architecture – Using Information and Media as Construction Material. (pp 175-196). Berlin/Boston. De Gruyter

M. van Hulst. 2012. Storytelling, a model of and a model for planning. Plan. Theory 11, 3 (August 2012), 299–318. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473095212440425

Erick Van Egeraat. 2014. Towering Inferno. Mondo Arc Mag. October/November (2014), 77–79. Patrick Tobias Fischer et al. 2015. Castle-Sized Interfaces: An Interactive FaÇAde Mapping. In

Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Pervasive Displays. PerDis ’15. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 91–97. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2757710.2757715

Jan Gehl. 2011. Life between buildings: using public space, Washington, DC: Island Press. Marius Hoggenmüller and Alexander Wiethoff. 2014. LightSet: enabling urban prototyping of

interactive media façades. In ACM Press, 925–934. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2598510.2598551

David Ruland.(2015) Wirken Lichtfarben und Körperfarben unterschiedlich? In Lux Junior 2015, 11. International Forum für den lichttechnischen Nachwuchs, HAWK Hildesheim.

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The impact of lighting technology on public lighting policies for informal settlements in the Global South David M. Kretzer ETH Zürich, Institute of Science, Technology and Policy david.kretzer@istp.ethz.ch Abstract

Public space lighting in informal settlements tends to be characterised by fragmentation,

which means an inconsistent distribution of light due to missing luminaires or due to

luminaires provided by the authorities that fail to adapt to the informal context. Such

fragmentation can be regarded as one element that contributes to socio-spatial inequality.

The aim of this baseline study is to contribute to a reduction of socio-spatial inequality in

contemporary urban environments by developing a luminaire family based on state-of-the-art

lighting technology that considers the special lighting application requirements of the

informal urban fabric in cities of the Global South, as well as the social structure of the

residents living within it. In doing so, it is believed that informal settlement communities

provide clues to their own improvement and that the cultural adaptations and survival

strategies found there can guide future interventions. Furthermore, the aim is to define the

content of a policy required for the implementation of such lighting technology. This has led

to the following research question:

How can lighting technology and design improve policies reducing fragmented public space

lighting in informal settlements?

The research question addresses informal settlements generically, with the city of Bogotá

being used as a case study. The research design consist of a transdisciplinary multi-method

approach that includes four main steps. In the first step, the current socio-spatial and socio-

technical luminaire system of Bogotá’s informal settlements will be analysed in three

different cases. In the second step, a technology brief for public space luminaires is going to

be derived from the results of the first step, and luminaire prototypes are going to be built

accordingly. In the third step, these prototypes will be tested and refined by a participatory

on-site quasi-experiment conducted in the three previously analysed case areas. In the final

step, the mature lighting technology solution as well as related policy recommendations are

going to be presented to policy-makers and elaborated on. The questioning of formal lighting

practices in informal environments, the collection of both quantitative and qualitative

empirical data, combined lighting technology and lighting policy development, as well as

calculation-based design evaluation are regarded as the mayor contribution of this research.

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The topic of this dissertation is embedded in the research focus on informal urbanism of the

ETH Chair of Architecture and Urban Design. The PhD student is part of the transdisciplinary

Urban Research Incubator group at the ETH ISTP (Institute of Science, Technology and

Policy), that is focussing on the topics inequality & informality, public infrastructure and

security & safety in urban environments.

References Banerjee, B. et al. 2012. Streets as tools for urban transformation in slums: A Street-Led Approach to Citywide Slum Upgrading. Nairobi: UN-Habitat.

Beardsley, J., Werthmann, C. 2008. Improving Informal Settlements: Ideas from Latin America. Harvard Design Magazine, 28, pp. 1-3.

Bodenhaupt, F. 2015. The right luminaires for our streets. In F. Bodenhaupt, F. Lindenmuth, eds. Technical guide for streetlights and outdoor lighting. Frankfurt am Main / Berlin / Essen: EW Medien und Kongresse, pp. 19-27

Boyce, P. R., Gutkowski, J. M. 1995. The if, why and what of street lighting and street crime: A review. Lighting Research & Technology, 27 (2), pp. 103-112.

Brillembourg, A., Klumpner, H. 2005 b. The simple and complex. In: A. Brillembourg, & K. Feireiss, & H. Klumpner, eds. Informal City: Caracas Case. Munich / Berlin / London / New York: Prestel, pp. 216-226

Cranz, G. 2016. Ethnography for Designers. Abingdon / New York: Routledge.

Davis, M. 2007. Planet of Slums. London / New York: Verso.

Fisher, B. S., Nasar, J. L. 1992, Fear of Crime in Relation to Three Exterior Site Features: Prospect, Refuge, and Escape. Environment and Behavior, 24 (1), pp. 35-65

Fotios, S., Unwin, J., Farrall, S. 2015. Road lighting and pedestrian reassurance after dark: A review. Lighting Research & Technology, 47 (4), pp. 449-469

Fotios, S., Uttley, J. 2016. Illuminance required to detect a pavement obstacle of critical size. Lighting Research & Technology [online], pp. 1-15. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/ [Accessed 2 November 2017].

Gehl, J., Svarre, B. 2013. How to study public life. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

Hernández-García, J. 2013. Public Space in Informal Settlements: The Barrios of Bogotá. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholar Publishing.

Prevost, F. 2011. Eclairage artificiel des Favelas: Paramètres nécessaires à une ambiance lumineuse vivante et sûre en millieu urban informel. Thesis (MA), Université de Mons / Universidade de São Paulo.