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The Age of ReasonEnlightenment& American Revolution1Ch 18: The Enlightenment and the American RevolutionSection 1: Philosophy in the Age of Reason.Do Now: 1. Copy Topic and Objective:Topic: The EnlightenmentObjective: SWBAT explain how enlightenment thinkers applied reason and laws of nature to human society.2. Answer in notebook: Do you have the right to say whatever you want to say? What gives you that right?21. Enlightenment= Age of Reason (1700s) People are talking, talking, talking .. Aboutideas of the Scientific Revolution (1500s-1700s)HUMAN REASON used to understand science (physical laws)HUMAN REASON can be used to understand NATURAL LAWS: laws that govern human natureNatural laws can be studied to understand human behavior, society and governments.

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2. SOCIAL CONTRACTTHOMAS HOBBESWrote LevithanPeople cruel, greedy, selfishLife in state of nature = brutishPeople enter a SOCIAL CONTRACT: give up state of nature for an orderly society Govt needed to control evil behaviorGovernment: absolute monarchy to impose order and obedience

JOHN LOCKEPeople reasonable & moralHave NATURAL RIGHTS: from birth and cannot be taken awayLife, liberty, propertyWrote Two Treatises on GovernmentPeople form govts to protect natural rightsBest govt = limited powerPeople can abolish govt if it does not fulfill its obligation to protect their natural rights43. MONTESQUIEU, France (1700s)Studied governments, criticized absolute monarchiesWhen the legislative and executive are united in the same person, there is no libertyWrote The Spirit of the LawsAdmired Britains limited monarchy = protection against tyrannySEPARATION OF POWERS = best way to protect libertyDQ: Is there a separation of powers in our government?54. The Philosophes = ThinkersFranceApply laws of science to understand and improve societyUse reason to reform government, law, societyFrancois-Marie ArouetDenis DiderotJean-Jacques Rousseau64. The Philosophes: VOLTAIREMy trade is to say what I thinkI disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.Freedom of Speech; criticizes govt, corrptionOpposes slave trade Believes in religious tolerance Books burned, Voltaire exhiled

It does not require great art, or magnificently trained eloquence, to prove that Christians should tolerate each other. I, however, am going further: I say that we should regard all men as our brothers. What? The Turk my brother? The Chinaman my brother? The Jew? The Siam? Yes, without doubt; are we not all children of the same father and creatures of the same God?

What does Voltaire say about religion?74. The Philosophes: Diderot28-volume EncyclopediaWhy? To change the general way of thinkingIncluded articles by Montesquieu, VoltaireDenounces slavery, praises freedom of expressionR.C Church threatens excommunication for those who buy or read the book20, 000 copies printed and translated

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4. The Philosophes: RousseauComes from a poor familyPeople, in natural state, basically goodPeople corrupted by societys evils, such as unequal wealth distributionThe Social Contract (1762)Govt is a contract between people and rulersOnly minimal controls/ limitations need to be placed on peopleGOVERNMENTS should be freely ELECTEDGood of COMMUNITY MORE IMPORTANT than individual interests

DQ: Is this true today? Do people become corrupted due to societys evils?

DQ: Agree? Disagree? What is more important? Good of the community or individual interests?

Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains.

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5. WOMENPhilosophes: Womens natural rights limited to home and familyWomens protests ridiculed and condemnedMary Wollstonecraft . Womens first duty = motherhoodBUT a woman should make own decisions A Vindication of the Rights of WomenCalls for equal education for girls and boysEducation = tools for women to participate equally with menDQ: How can education provide one with tools for political participation?

Mary Wollstonecraft: Taught from infancy that beauty is womans scepter, the mind shapes itself to the body, and roaming round its gild cage, only seeks to adorn its prison.106. Physiocrats: focus on economic reformUse natural laws to define a rational economic systemLAIZZES FAIRE economic policy: Business to operate with little or NO govt interferenceReal wealth in land (mining, agriculture) NOT gold/ silverSupport free trade (no tariffs)ADAM SMITH:The Wealth of NationsFree market to regulate business activityLaw of supply and demand

What is the cartoonist saying about laissez-faire? Do you think a laissez-faire policy is a good one?

11HOMEWORK1. Section Review, Page 450 (1-6).2. Journal: Which Enlightenment thinker do you most agree with and why? Explain how his or her ideas can be used to improve todays society? Answer on loose paper. Assignment will be collected tomorrow.

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Ch 18, Section 2: Enlightenment Ideas Spread

Enlightenment ideas . about peoples rights, government, and social justice spread from France to the rest of Europe.13

Ch 18, Section 2: Enlightenment Ideas SpreadObjective: SWBAT explain how enlightenment ideas spread throughout Europe, and how it influenced reform. What roles did censorship and salons play in the spread of new ideas?

2. How did philosophes influence enlightened despots? AND What reforms did Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, and Joseph II make?

3. How did Enlightenment affect arts and literature?

4. Why were the lives of the majority unaffected?

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Ch 18, Section 2: Enlightenment Ideas Spread 1. What roles did censorship and salons play in the spread of new ideas?CensorshipGovernment & church authorities want to protect the old orderMonarchies and divine-right ruleStrict class systemsRestrict access to ideas and informationWriters disguise their ideas via works of fictionSalonsInformal social gatheringsArts, science, literature. IDEAS discussed thereAttended by philosophes, writers, artists, middle class and nobility

15How did philosophes influence enlightened despots? AND What reforms did Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, and Joseph II make?Enlightened despots: absolute monarchs who brought political and social change BUT retained their power

Frederick the Great (Prussia)Prussian academy of scienceHelps peasantsDrains swamps, peasants grow potatoDistributes seeds and toolsImproves governmentReligious toleranceSimplifies lawsReforms civil service system

Catherine the Great (Russia) Charter of rights for noblesCriticized serfdom BUT did nothing about it

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17Austria

18How did philosophes influence enlightened despots? AND What reforms did Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, and Joseph II make?

Joseph II (Austria)

The Peasant EmperorDisguised as a peasant, travels amonghis subjects

Religious Toleration Toward Jews, Protestants

Ended Censorship

Church ReformSold church properties, build hospitals

193. Arts and LiteratureArtModeled on Greek & Roman traditions1600s (Renaissance) - Baroque paintings: huge, colorful, lively, glorify historic battles1700s - Rococo style in architecture and art: personal, elegant, charming, delicate designsMiddle-class: portraits of family, realistic scenesMusic: ballets and operas; ordered, structuredJ.S. Bach, G.F. Handel, W.A. MozartLiterature: straightforward prose for middle-classRobinson Crusoe

BachMozart

20Majority = PeasantsLive in small villagesOld traditionsWest: peasants work on their OWN land or work for pay for the landownersEast: serfdom peasants work on lords landLate 1700s: radical enlightenment ideas reach villages.. Unrest ensues.3. Lives of the Majority

21HOMEWORK JOURNALS (4th Entry): IF YOU COULD HAVE A SALON-STYLE MEETING WITH ANY 3 THINKERS, SCIENTISTS OR POLITICIANS, WHO WOULD YOU INVITE AND WHY? What reforms do you think these people could help you with? Explain.22DO NOW: Copy Topic & ObjectivesTopic: (1700s) Britain at Mid-Century (Ch 18.3) Objectives: SWBAT explain why Britain became a global power.SWBAT explain the structure of constitutional government.SWBAT explain how George III reasserted power.231. Britains Rise to Global PowerGeography & TradeBritain controls trade during 1500s-1600sOutposts in West Indies, India and North AmericaOutposts became COLONIESPolicy of mercantilism (OPPOSITE of laizzes faire)BUT less govt interference than in other countries

WarsNova Scotia & Newfoundland from FranceTreaty of Paris 1763 ends French Indian War and gives the British French CanadaNavy protects empire24

NJAppalachian MountainsOhio CountryPA25

Prior to the French and Indian WarAfter the French and Indian War261. Britains Rise to Global PowerExpansion at HomeScotland: 1707 Act of Union results in the United Kingdom of Great BritainResults in economic growth & prosperity1715 & 1745: failed Scottish RebellionsIreland: controlled since 1100s1600s English & Scottish Protestants settle in IrelandSettlers get title to Irish Catholics landsCatholics: forbidden to own weapons, marry non-Catholics and teachResult: Uprisings. Tension remains until current day

272. Constitutional Government1. Constitutional Government:A government whose power is defined and limited by lawActs of Parliament, Magna Carta, Bill of RightsPolitical parties, cabinet, prime minister2. Political PartiesTories- landowning aristocrats; to preserve old traditions, Anglican Church, favor the crownWhigs urban business interests, support religious toleration, favor Parliament282. Constitutional Government3. The Cabinet SystemDeveloped during 1700s under George ICabinet: a group of parliamentary advisors to the kingMade up of leaders of majority party in ParliamentCabinets decisions approved by House of Commons 4. Prime MinisterHeads the CabinetLeader of majority party in ParliamentChief official of British government29303. OligarchyOligarchy a government in which the ruling power belongs to few peopleBritain rich landowners and wealthy business leaders control elections to House of CommonsVOTES limited to few male property ownersMost British excluded from power: poor, make living off land many families are removed from their land as landowners buy up farms and take over common landsPoor move to the towns/ citiesA merchant middle class emerges

31HOMEWORKFor TomorrowCOMPLETE Chapter 18 Section 3 SECTION REVIEW (ALL QUESTIONS).

32DO NOW:1.Copy topic & objectives Topic: The American Revolution: Ideas &Issues (CH 18.4)Objectives: SWBAT explain the causes and effects of the American Revolution. SWBAT identify and discuss Enlightenment ideas that influenced the American Revolution.331. Issues: 342. IDEAS:Europe: Enlightenment IdeasThe Colonies: 1776 Common Sense by Thomas Paine

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American Revolution:

BritishLoyalists support King Professional armyWell equipped, wealthy

Patriots (colonists)Patriots Support Independencehome court advantageInitially losing most battlesVS.1777 = turning point in warFrance joins PatriotsSupplies, soldiers, warshipsSpain, Netherlands also joinBattle of Yorktown 1781Treaty of Paris 1783

36Constitution establishes a Federal RepublicConstitution plan for governmentInfluenced by Enlightenment ideasSeparation of powers: 3 branches of government Federalism: power divided between federal and state governments Bill of Rights: lists citizens rights and freedoms (in reality, not all citizens were granted these rights)3738HOMEWORK

Due TUESDAY: COMPLETE CH. 18.3 & 18.4 SECTION REVIEWS

Due WEDNESDAY: CHAPTER REVIEW STUDY GUIDE (POSTED ON WWW.MRSKHISTORYGHS.WIKISPACES.COM)

YOUR TEST IS ON THURSDAY!!!

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