the age of jackson election of 1824 “ the corrupt bargain ” reference to the election of 1824...
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The Age of Jackson
ELECTION OF 1824
“The Corrupt Bargain” Reference to the
election of 1824 This election was
particularly nasty--a smear campaign
Despite losing the popular and the electoral vote J. Q. Adams is president
Breakdown-Electoral College
Election BreakdownVote in House
Of Representatives
KEY PLAYERS:
JACKSONADAMS
CRAWFORD
The Election of 1824:The Election of 1824:The The ““Corrupt BargainCorrupt Bargain””
Candidate Popular VoteElectoral
Vote
Andrew Jackson
43% 99
J.Q. Adams 31% 32
William Crawford
13% 41
Henry Clay 13% 37
JQA as President Highly qualified
worked for father Secretary of state under
Monroe Intelligent, spoke s
number of languages Plenty of foreign policy
experience
But… Referred to as “a chip
off the old iceberg” Advocates strong
central government Unpopular Indian
Policies Unsuccessful in
obtaining Texas “America Plan” seen as
bias by south
ELECTION 1828
Key Issue-1828
Rachel Jackson
Final Divorce Decree
Presidential Election of 1828 (with electoral vote by state)
Jackson swept the South and West, whereas Adams retained the old Federalist stronghold of the Northeast. Yet Jackson’s inroads in the Northeast were decisive. He won twenty of New York’s electoral votes and all twenty-eight of Pennsylvania’s. If those votes had gone the other way, Adams would have been victorious—by a margin of one vote.
Reshaping the Presidency
Andrew Jackson
The Spoils System
“To the Victor belongs the Spoils”Positions for Jackson supportersMany men from positions of wealth
NULLIFICATION CRISIS.
The America System Created for trade between the North and South
and expanding buildling infrastructure in the West As well as:
a high protective tariff to promote industry the sale of public lands at low prices to encourage western
settlement federally financed transportation improvements expanded markets for western grain and southern cotton a strong national bank to regulate the economy
So where is the problem? “Tariff of Abomination”-1828 Tariff supposed to promote growth in all parts of the country. infuriated Southerners who believed that it
favored Northeastern industrial interests at their region’s expense
Why? it raised the cost of manufactured goods, which
they did not produce
ConsequencesNullification Crisis John C. Calhoun-V.P. Maintains that a state might overrule or “nullify” a federal law within its own territory, until three-quarters
of the states had upheld the law as constitutional.
Nullification Crisis Tariff of 1832, Jackson passes in an
attempt to ease tension Still viewed as oppressive to the South and
South Carolina declares the Tariff of 1828 and the Tariff of 1832 null and void To defend nullification the state legislature
agrees to raise an army
Nullification Crisis-Response Jackson declares nullification illegal
Asked congress to use force to execute the federal law=the Force Act
Jackson promises to “hang every leader….of that infatuated people, sir, by martial law, irrespective of his name or political or social position.”
Sends 8 ships and 5,000 muskets to Fort Pickney in Charleston Harbor
Nullification Crisis-Response Clay “great compromiser” persuades
Congress to pass a tariff with lower protectionist levels
South Carolina backs down, but passes a state law that permits nullification
Nullification Crisis I consider the Tariff, but as the occasion, rather than the real cause
of the present unhappy state of things. The truth can no longer be disguised, that the peculiar domestick institution of the Southern States, and the consequent direction, which that and her soil and climate have given to her industry, have placed them in regard to taxation and appropriations in opposite relation to the majority of the Union; against the danger of which, if there be no protective power in the reserved rights of the States, they must in the end be forced to rebel, or submit to have their permanent interests sacraficed, their domestick institutions subverted by Colonization and other schemes, and themselves & children reduced to wretchedness. Thus situated, the denial of the right of the State to interfere constitutionally in the last resort, more alarms the thinking, than all other causes. –John C. Calhoun
Rationale against Nullification Daniel Webster (MA): declared that states
who disagreed with action of the federal government had the right to sue or amend the Constitution, but no right to nullify the federal Law
“Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable.”
WAR ON THE BANK OF THE UNITED STATES
War on the Bank Had been rechartered in 1816 had been blamed for the Panic of 1819 People resented its political influence Private banks resented its privileged
position in the banking industry
War on the BUS During 1832-Henry Clay, Daniel Webster
and other Jackson opponents made the BUS a political issue for the campaign
Congress rechartered the Bank –but WHY? Wanted to force Jackson to either sign the bill for
the recharter or ostracize voters who favored the bank
Result Jackson VETOES the recharter of the BUS.
Clay and Webster had underestimated the peoples opinion of the Bank and Jackson easily sweeps the election of 1832-defeating Clay 219 votes to 49.
Symptoms of a Locked Jaw
An outraged and outmaneuvered Henry Clay vainly tries to “muzzle” Andrew Jackson after Jackson’s stinging message vetoing the bill to recharter the Bank of the United States.
Jackson’s view on the BUS attacked the bank as an agency through
which speculators, monopolists, and other seekers after economic privilege cheated honest farmers and mechanics.
Opposition to the 2Opposition to the 2ndnd B.U.S. B.U.S.
Soft (paper) $ V. state bankers feltstate bankers feltit restrained theirit restrained theirbanks from issuingbanks from issuingbank notes freely.bank notes freely.
supported rapid supported rapid economic growth economic growth & speculation.& speculation.
• felt that coin was felt that coin was the only safethe only safecurrency.currency.
• didndidn’’t like any bankt like any bankthat issued bankthat issued banknotes.notes.
• suspicious of suspicious of expansion &expansion &speculation.speculation.
Hard $
Jackson’s Response September 1833, Jackson ordered his
Treasury secretary to divert federal revenues from the Bank of the United States to selected state banks, which came to be known as Pet Banks
Jackson and Native Americans
Jackson and Native Americans 1830 1830 Indian Removal ActIndian Removal Act
Cherokee Nation v. GACherokee Nation v. GA (1831)(1831)
““domestic dependent nationdomestic dependent nation””
Worcester v. GAWorcester v. GA (1832)(1832)
Jackson:Jackson: John Marshall has made his John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce decision, now let him enforce it! it!
The Cherokee Nation
The Cherokee Nation Constitution WE, THE REPRESENTATIVES of the people of the
CHEROKEE NATION, in Convention assembled, in order to establish justice, ensure tranquility, promote our common welfare, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of liberty; acknowledging with humility and gratitude the goodness of the sovereign Ruler of the Universe, in offering us an opportunity so favorable to the design, and imploring his aid and direction in its accomplishment, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the Government of the Cherokee Nation.
The Cherokee Nation Constitution THE POWER of this Government shall be divided into three
distinct departments;—the Legislative, the Executive, and the Judicial.
Sec. 14. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have the right of being heard, of demanding the nature and cause of the accusation against him…a speedy public trial by an impartial jury of the vicinage; nor shall he be compelled to give evidence against himself.
Sec. 3. The free exercise of religious worship, and serving God without distinction, shall forever be allowed within this Nation…
Sec. 9. The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate. http://www.pbs.org/kcet/andrewjackson/edu/constitutionofcherokeenation.pdf
Indian Removal
Trail of Tears
Jackson the “Great Father”
An anonymous cartoonist satirizes Jackson’s alleged compassion for the Indians, but in fact his feelings toward Native Americans were complicated. He made ruthless war on the Creeks as a soldier, but he also adopted a Creek Indian son (who died of tuberculosis at the age of sixteen). At least in part, his motives for pursuing Indian removal stemmed from his concern that if the Indians were not removed from contact with the whites, they would face certain annihilation.
Andrew Jackson-1844
The 1836 Election The 1836 Election ResultsResults
Martin Van Buren
“Old Kinderhook”[O. K.]
The Panic of 1837 Spreads The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!Quickly!