The Age of The Age of ImperialismImperialism

Chapter 27Chapter 27

1850-19141850-1914

What is imperialism?What is imperialism? The seizure (takeover) of a country or The seizure (takeover) of a country or

territory by a stronger countryterritory by a stronger country

What is Imperialism?What is Imperialism?

Why do Europeans do this?Why do Europeans do this? Industrialization sparks the need for: Industrialization sparks the need for:

Land perfect for establishing trading and Land perfect for establishing trading and military postsmilitary posts

Natural resources and raw materialsNatural resources and raw materials New markets for productsNew markets for products

Remember this?Remember this?

Well, they need thisWell, they need this

What is Imperialism?What is Imperialism?

Europeans want to control all Europeans want to control all aspects of their coloniesaspects of their colonies PoliticsPolitics SocietySociety EconomyEconomy Culture and customsCulture and customs

Types of ImperialismTypes of Imperialism

Methods of ManagementMethods of Management Direct ControlDirect Control

Paternalism – Europeans provide for local Paternalism – Europeans provide for local people but grant no rightspeople but grant no rights

Assimilation – adaptation of local people to Assimilation – adaptation of local people to ruling cultureruling culture

Indirect ControlIndirect Control Limited self-rule for local governmentsLimited self-rule for local governments Legislative body includes colonial & local Legislative body includes colonial & local

officialsofficials

Types of ImperialismTypes of Imperialism

Forms of ControlForms of Control ColonyColony

Governed by a foreign powerGoverned by a foreign power ProtectorateProtectorate

Governs itself, but under outside controlGoverns itself, but under outside control Sphere of InfluenceSphere of Influence

Outside power controls investments & Outside power controls investments & tradingtrading

Economic ImperialismEconomic Imperialism Private business interests assert controlPrivate business interests assert control

I. The Scramble for I. The Scramble for AfricaAfrica

Africa Before European DominationAfrica Before European Domination Divided into hundreds of ethnic groupsDivided into hundreds of ethnic groups Followed traditional beliefs, Islam or Followed traditional beliefs, Islam or

ChristianityChristianity Nations ranged from large empires to Nations ranged from large empires to

independent villagesindependent villages Africans controlled their own trade networksAfricans controlled their own trade networks Europeans only had contact on African Europeans only had contact on African

coastscoasts

The Scramble for Africa The Scramble for Africa (cont)(cont)

Nations compete for overseas Nations compete for overseas empiresempires Europeans wanted more landEuropeans wanted more land

Contained large amounts of gold, diamonds, and Contained large amounts of gold, diamonds, and rubberrubber

Africa was a mystery to manyAfrica was a mystery to many Europeans who penetrated Africa were:Europeans who penetrated Africa were:

Explorers – seeking wealth and notoriety Explorers – seeking wealth and notoriety Missionaries – trying to convert Africans to Missionaries – trying to convert Africans to

ChristianityChristianity Humanitarians – Humanitarians – ““westernizewesternize”” the the ““savagessavages””

How/Why Did It Begin?How/Why Did It Begin?

This is Belgium This is This is Belgium This is Congo (Africa)Congo (Africa)

How/Why Did It begin?How/Why Did It begin? Congo River Valley Chiefs signed Congo River Valley Chiefs signed

treaties that gave King Leopold II of treaties that gave King Leopold II of Belgium personal control of these landsBelgium personal control of these lands

Leopold claimed he planned on ending Leopold claimed he planned on ending the slave trade therethe slave trade there

He licensed companies that brutally He licensed companies that brutally exploited Africansexploited Africans

The Belgian Congo is 80 times larger The Belgian Congo is 80 times larger than Belgiumthan Belgium

This alarms other European countries, This alarms other European countries, who start claiming lands of their own who start claiming lands of their own all over Africaall over Africa

The Scramble for Africa The Scramble for Africa (cont)(cont)

Forces Driving ImperialismForces Driving Imperialism Belief in European superiorityBelief in European superiority

RacismRacism Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

Factors Promoting Imperialism in AfricaFactors Promoting Imperialism in Africa European technological superiorityEuropean technological superiority Europeans had means to controlEuropeans had means to control New medicines prevent diseasesNew medicines prevent diseases

The Division of AfricaThe Division of Africa

The Berlin Conference The Berlin Conference (1884)(1884) Europeans leaders divide Europeans leaders divide

AfricaAfrica No African ruler invitedNo African ruler invited Little or no thought about Little or no thought about

the complex differences in the complex differences in ethnic groupsethnic groups

By 1914 – Only independent By 1914 – Only independent nationsnations

LiberiaLiberia EthiopiaEthiopia

According to this cartoon, which European countries were fighting for a position in Africa?

How did the Berlin Conference lead to the situation shown in the cartoon?

South AfricaSouth Africa

Three Groups Clash for PowerThree Groups Clash for Power AfricansAfricans

Zulu nation, led by Shaka, fought the BritishZulu nation, led by Shaka, fought the British Zulu nation lost to British in 1887Zulu nation lost to British in 1887

BoersBoers Dutch settlers that had controlled South Africa since Dutch settlers that had controlled South Africa since

the mid 1600sthe mid 1600s Also known as AfrikanersAlso known as Afrikaners

BritishBritish Gained control of South Africa after the Berlin Gained control of South Africa after the Berlin

ConferenceConference

Boer WarBoer War Fought between the Boers and the Fought between the Boers and the

BritishBritish Many Africans fought with the BoersMany Africans fought with the Boers First example of First example of ““total wartotal war”” British win in 1910British win in 1910

Established the Union of South Africa (British Established the Union of South Africa (British Rule)Rule)

Effects of European Imperialism in Africa

II. Case Study: NigeriaII. Case Study: Nigeria

BritainBritain’’s control of Nigerias control of Nigeria Britain takes control by diplomacy & Britain takes control by diplomacy &

forceforce All of Nigeria claimed as a colony in 1914All of Nigeria claimed as a colony in 1914

Nigeria very culturally diverseNigeria very culturally diverse 250 ethnic groups250 ethnic groups

British utilize indirect ruleBritish utilize indirect rule Local chiefs resent limits on their ruleLocal chiefs resent limits on their rule

African ResistanceAfrican Resistance Africans Confront ImperialismAfricans Confront Imperialism

Broad resistance, but Europeans have superior Broad resistance, but Europeans have superior weaponsweapons

Unsuccessful MovementsUnsuccessful Movements Algeria fights the French for 50 yearsAlgeria fights the French for 50 years German East Africa resistance results in 75,000 German East Africa resistance results in 75,000

deathsdeaths Successful MovementsSuccessful Movements

Ethiopia under Emperor Menelik IIEthiopia under Emperor Menelik II Plays Europeans against each otherPlays Europeans against each other Stockpiles modern weaponsStockpiles modern weapons Defeats Italy and remains independentDefeats Italy and remains independent

Legacy of ImperialismLegacy of Imperialism Negative EffectsNegative Effects

Africans lose land and independenceAfricans lose land and independence Many lives are lostMany lives are lost Traditional cultures breakdownTraditional cultures breakdown Division of Africa creates problems that continue Division of Africa creates problems that continue

todaytoday Positive EffectsPositive Effects

Reduces local fightingReduces local fighting Sanitation improvesSanitation improves Hospitals and schools createdHospitals and schools created Technology brings economic growthTechnology brings economic growthhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OJe1W_HIWmA

III. Europeans Claim III. Europeans Claim Muslim LandsMuslim Lands

The Ottoman Empire Loses PowerThe Ottoman Empire Loses Power Empire begins to decline in 1566 Empire begins to decline in 1566

Death of Suleiman IDeath of Suleiman I Modernization movements are Modernization movements are

unsuccessfulunsuccessful Greece and Serbia gain independenceGreece and Serbia gain independence European Powers look to gain Ottoman European Powers look to gain Ottoman

landslands

Downfall of the Ottoman Empire

Crimean War (1853)Crimean War (1853) Crimean War – Crimean War –

Russia vs. Ottoman Russia vs. Ottoman EmpireEmpire Russia seeks Russia seeks

Ottoman landOttoman land Access to a warm-Access to a warm-

water portwater port Russia loses warRussia loses war

Ottomans are shown Ottomans are shown to be weak to be weak

Russia still is able to Russia still is able to take landtake land

Crimean WarCrimean War

First war to be covered by First war to be covered by newspapernewspaper

First to have army nurses (led by First to have army nurses (led by Florence Nightingale) Florence Nightingale)

Article from the ChristianArticle from the Christian

Weekly News February 5,Weekly News February 5,

18561856

Europeans Grab Europeans Grab TerritoryTerritory

England gains control of:England gains control of: India – natural resourcesIndia – natural resources Suez Canal – international trade Suez Canal – international trade Persia – oil and tobaccoPersia – oil and tobacco

Russia gains control of:Russia gains control of: Persia – oil, tobacco, & access to Indian Persia – oil, tobacco, & access to Indian

OceanOcean Afghanistan – oil Afghanistan – oil

Egypt and the Suez CanalEgypt and the Suez Canal Muhammad, ruler of Egypt- started reforms in Muhammad, ruler of Egypt- started reforms in

government and economygovernment and economy Grandson IsmaGrandson Isma’’il continued modernizing by il continued modernizing by

supporting construction of Suez Canal- man supporting construction of Suez Canal- man made waterway connecting Red Sea to made waterway connecting Red Sea to Mediterranean Mediterranean

Built with French money and Egyptian laborBuilt with French money and Egyptian labor Opened in 1869 with big international Opened in 1869 with big international

celebrationcelebration Modernization too expensive, Egypt couldnModernization too expensive, Egypt couldn ’’t t

pay back loans to European bankerspay back loans to European bankers Britain insists on taking financial control of Britain insists on taking financial control of

canal and in 1882, British occupy Egyptcanal and in 1882, British occupy Egypt Considered Considered ““lifelinelifeline”” of the empire of the empire

The Suez Canal

IV. British Imperialism IV. British Imperialism in Indiain India

British Expand Control over British Expand Control over IndiaIndia East India CompanyEast India Company

Controls India thru economic Controls India thru economic imperialismimperialism

Company uses an army including Company uses an army including Indian soldiers known as Indian soldiers known as ““sepoyssepoys””

India was seen as the most India was seen as the most important colonyimportant colony

Due to its production of raw materialsDue to its production of raw materials Known as the Known as the ““Jewel in the CrownJewel in the Crown””

Effects of British RuleEffects of British Rule

Impact of ColonialismImpact of Colonialism Railroads move cash crops and goods Railroads move cash crops and goods

fasterfaster British control political and economic British control political and economic

powerpower Cash crops resulted in loss of self-Cash crops resulted in loss of self-

sufficiency and caused faminesufficiency and caused famine Indian culture is disrupted due to racism Indian culture is disrupted due to racism

and missionariesand missionaries Britain sought to Britain sought to ““modernizemodernize”” India India

The Sepoy RebellionThe Sepoy Rebellion

Indians RebelIndians Rebel Sepoys refuse to use cartridges due to Sepoys refuse to use cartridges due to

religious reasons religious reasons They had to bite them open – greased with pork fat They had to bite them open – greased with pork fat Considered unclean by MuslimsConsidered unclean by Muslims

Many sepoys were jailed, others rebelledMany sepoys were jailed, others rebelled British put down the rebellionBritish put down the rebellion

ResultsResults Britain takes direct control of IndiaBritain takes direct control of India Increased distrust between Indians and BritishIncreased distrust between Indians and British

Nationalism in IndiaNationalism in India

Call for reformsCall for reforms India adopts modernization movementsIndia adopts modernization movements Many Indians adopt western waysMany Indians adopt western ways

Religious Issues RemainReligious Issues Remain Formation of the Indian National Congress Formation of the Indian National Congress

(1885)(1885) Called for independence from BritainCalled for independence from Britain

Formation of the Muslim League (1906)Formation of the Muslim League (1906) Many Muslims did not trust Hindus within Many Muslims did not trust Hindus within

IndiaIndia

Imperialism in Southeast Imperialism in Southeast AsiaAsia

European Powers Invade the European Powers Invade the ““Pacific Pacific RimRim”” Lands of Southeast Asia that border the Lands of Southeast Asia that border the

Pacific OceanPacific Ocean Britain – Malaysia, Burmia, and SingaporeBritain – Malaysia, Burmia, and Singapore Netherlands – Indonesia Netherlands – Indonesia France – Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia)France – Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia)

Why?Why? Land perfect for establishing trading and Land perfect for establishing trading and

military postsmilitary posts Excellent for plantation agricultureExcellent for plantation agriculture

Imperialism in Southeast Imperialism in Southeast Asia Asia

ResultsResults Modernization helps the European Modernization helps the European

businessesbusinesses Education, health, and sanitation Education, health, and sanitation

improvesimproves Millions migrate to find workMillions migrate to find work Racial and religious clashes increaseRacial and religious clashes increase

England’s Empire Grows

V. Imperialism in China and V. Imperialism in China and JapanJapan

China vs. The WestChina vs. The West China was self-sufficient – no need for tradeChina was self-sufficient – no need for trade China kept a favorable balance of tradeChina kept a favorable balance of trade Europeans were able to shift the balanceEuropeans were able to shift the balance

Sale of Opium – addictive drug from poppy plantSale of Opium – addictive drug from poppy plant Opium War (1839-1842)– China vs. BritainOpium War (1839-1842)– China vs. Britain

China loses – signs Treaty of NanjingChina loses – signs Treaty of Nanjing Extraterritoriality – foreigners were not subject to Extraterritoriality – foreigners were not subject to

Chinese lawsChinese laws Chinese power over the West endsChinese power over the West ends

China vs. The WestChina vs. The West

Foreign Influence GrowsForeign Influence Grows Growing Spheres of InfluenceGrowing Spheres of Influence

A Surge in Chinese NationalismA Surge in Chinese Nationalism Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion

Poor peasants and workers who resented Poor peasants and workers who resented foreign privilegeforeign privilege

Beginnings of ReformBeginnings of Reform China tried to become more westernChina tried to become more western Further added to internal problemsFurther added to internal problems

Imperialism in China

Imperialism in JapanImperialism in Japan

Japan remained isolated from Japan remained isolated from western world for centuries – only western world for centuries – only traded mainly with Chinatraded mainly with China Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) – ends JapaTreaty of Kanagawa (1854) – ends Japa

nn ’’s isolations isolation Meiji Reform – Japan begins to Meiji Reform – Japan begins to

modernize beginning in 1867modernize beginning in 1867 Japan was competitive with the west in Japan was competitive with the west in

many modern industriesmany modern industries

Imperialism in JapanImperialism in Japan

Russo-Japanese War (1904)Russo-Japanese War (1904) Treaty of PortsmouthTreaty of Portsmouth

Japan gained Russian territoryJapan gained Russian territory Russia forced out of KoreaRussia forced out of Korea

Japan Controls KoreaJapan Controls Korea Takes control of the peninsula in 1910Takes control of the peninsula in 1910 Begins a period of extreme oppression Begins a period of extreme oppression

THE END