the age of exploration: how europe came to dominate the world
TRANSCRIPT
The Age of Exploration: How Europe came to Dominate the
World
Earlier ExplorationsEarlier ExplorationsEarlier ExplorationsEarlier Explorations1. Islam & the Spice Trade
Malacca
2. A New Player Europe
Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271
Expansion becomes a state enterprise monarchs had the authority & the resources.
Better seaworthy ships.
3.Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet”
Europeans were not the first to explore the oceans in search of new trade routes
Islamic merchants explored the Indian Ocean & had dominated the Asian spice trade for centuries before European exploration
Early Exploration
From 1405 to 1433, Zheng He led the Chinese treasure fleet on 7 expeditions to SE Asia, India, & Africa during the Ming Dynasty
Admiral Zheng HeAdmiral Zheng HeAdmiral Zheng HeAdmiral Zheng He
1371-1435
Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide!
But in the late 1400s, the European sailors did what neither Muslim nor Chinese explorers could: Begin global (not regional) exploration & create colonies to increase their wealth & power
What leads up to Age of Exploration for Western Europe
• Most of the great early civilizations were in Asia and Africa
• Not much was happening in Europe, however close to Africa and Asia was Greece & then Rome
Ancient Greece
• Ancient Greece is seen to be the birthplace of European Civilization and Democracy
Ancient Rome
• After Greece there was Rome• Rome became a huge empire. • Toward the end Christianity become
intertwined with the Roman Empire• When the Roman Empire falls Christianity
becomes the only power in Europe which brings Europe to the Dark Ages
Crusades
• The Christians in Europe attempt to slaughter the Muslims in the Middle East to try to control the Holy Land (Jerusalem).
• BUT they lose
The Black Plague
• Between 75 and 200 million people died
Effects of Crusades and Black Plague
• People started to question Christianity• Trade developed between Europe and Asia• There was less starvation and more upper
mobility in Europe• This all led to the Renaissance and
Reformation
Go West !
• European Explorers traveled west.• Why?
This Way
This Way
Why did the Age of Exploration begin?
• European countries had a more difficult time getting spices and silks from Asia since the Mongols lost control of the Silk Road.
• New Technology- Europeans adopted the astrolabe from the Arabs. This device helped find latitudes. Also the Chinese invented a compass which helped navigators find magnetic north. Finally, triangular sails allowed ships to travel in a zigzag path.
• Kings and Queens made money by taxing trade and therefore could afford expensive explorations.
The Role of Maps • By the 1400s most Europeans
knew that the world was round, however there were no maps that expanded beyond the Mediterranean Sea.
• In 1406, the Europeans discovered a book Geography that contained hand drawn maps of the World by a Greek educated Egyptian scholar named Ptolemy.
Ptolemy• This book was mass produced
during the Renaissance and was a strong influence on mapmakers during this time period.
• Ptolemy basic system of latitude and longitude are still used today.
• However, Ptolemy also believed that Earth was the center of the universe..hmmm.
Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration
Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration
1. Crusades by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
2. Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples.
3. Reformation refugees & missionaries.
4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
5. Technological advances.
6. Fame and fortune.
Motives
• Search for new trade routes wanted to find a quicker way to Asia
• Desire for new products Crusades and travels of Marco Polo stimulated an interest in Asian goods
• Technology improved that allowed overseas exploration; gunpowder allowed Europeans to dominate
• Religion Christian rulers wanted to spread religion
From the 1400s to the 1700s, Europe experienced an “Age of Exploration”
As a result of exploration, European nations grew powerful & spread their influence throughout the world
The Renaissance encouraged curiosity & a desire for trade
MotivationsMotivations: Why did Europeans want to explore?
Portugal was the early leader in the Age of Exploration
In Portugal, Prince Henry the Navigator started a school of navigation to train sailorsHe brought in Europe’s best map-makers, ship-builders, & sailing instructorsHe wanted to discover new territories, find a quick trade route to Asia, & expand Portugal’s power
Prince Henry, the Prince Henry, the NavigatorNavigator
Prince Henry, the Prince Henry, the NavigatorNavigator
School for Navigation, 1419
Museum of Museum of NavigationNavigationin Lisbonin Lisbon
Museum of Museum of NavigationNavigationin Lisbonin Lisbon
New Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologiesNew Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologies
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532)
Better Maps [Portulan]
Sextant
Mariner’s Compass
NavigationTrade & cultural diffusion during the Renaissance introduced new navigation techniques to Europeans
Magnetic compass made sailing more accurate
Astrolabe used stars to show direction
Maps were more accurate and used longitude & latitude
New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology
New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology
European shipbuilders built a better ship; The caravel was a strong ship that could travel in the open seas & in shallow water
Caravels had triangular lateen sails that allowed ships to sail against the wind
A moveable rudder made the caravel more maneuverable
Cannons & rifles gave ships protection
Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire
Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire
1. Exploring the west coast of Africa.
2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.
3. Vasco da Gama, 1498.
Calicut.
4. Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).
Vasco da Gama
Vasco da GamaVasco da Gama was the 1st explorer to find a direct trade route to Asia by going around Africa to get to IndiaPortugal gained a sea route to Asia that brought them great wealth
Prince Henry’s navigation school & willingness to fund voyages led the Portuguese to be the 1st to explore the west coast of Africa
The da Gama Profile
• Origin: Portugal • Voyage: sailed across the Indian Ocean and
landed in India in 1498• Cargo: spices and jewels • Importance: overseas trade route from
Europe to India saved the Portuguese from having to deal with middlemen traders, goods could be carried more cheaply than by using overland routes
• Impact: Overseas trade promised wealth for merchants and sailors and goods for European markets
The Spanish government saw Portugal’s wealth & did not want to be left outMore than any other European monarch, Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain sponsored & supported overseas expeditions
Columbus reached the Bahamas in America but thought that he had reached islands off the coast of India
He made 4 trips to “India” never knowing he was in “America”
Like most educated men of the Renaissance, Columbus believed the world was round & thought he could reach Asia by sailing west
The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation
The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation
Christopher Columbus
The Columbus Profile
• Origin: Italy (sailed for King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain)
• Voyage: in 1492 made the 1st of 4 voyages to what he believed were islands off the coast of India, named the 1st island San Salvador (the Bahamas).
• Cargo: gold, “Indians”• Importance: his voyage marked the beginning
of the Columbian Exchange-the exchange of products, plants, animals, diseases between the Western and Eastern Hemispheres.
Colmubus Cont.’
• Impact: the gold and silver taken from south America helped make Spain a world power. The exchange of goods affected the way people in Europe and the Americas lived- potatoes, tomatoes, and corn were introduced to Europe and horses brought to the Americas changed the lifestyles of many Native Americans
Despite the fact that Columbus never found Asia, Ferdinand Magellan still thought he could reach Asia by sailing West
Magellan became the first explorer to circumnavigate the Earth (go all the way around)
During the Age of Exploration, Spain created colonies in North & South America
Spain sent explorers called conquistadors to the New World to find gold, claim land, & spread Christianity
Cortez conquered the Aztecs
Pizarro conquered the IncaThe influx of gold from
America made Spain the most powerful country in Europe during the early years of the Age of Exploration
Gold (Money)A desire for new sources of wealth was the main reason for European exploration
The Crusades & Renaissance stimulated European desires for exotic Asian luxury goods
Merchants began looking for quick, direct trade routes to Asia to avoid Muslim & Italian merchants & increase profits
GloryThe Renaissance inspired new possibilities for power & prestige
Exploration presented Europeans the opportunity to rise from poverty and gain fame, fortune, & status
Kings who sponsored voyages of exploration gained overseas colonies, new sources of wealth for their nation, & increased power
England, France, & the Netherlands became involved in overseas exploration & colonization as well
GodEuropean Christians, especially Catholics, wanted to stop the spread of Islam & convert non-Christians to the faith
Explorers were encouraged to spread Christianity or bring missionaries who would focus only on conversions
Ferdinand Magellan
The Magellan Profile
• Origin: Portugal (sailed for Spain)• Voyage: set sail from Spain in 1519, sailed west
across the ocean he would name (the Pacific). Magellan reached the Philippines in 1521 where he died in battle.
• Cargo: spices• Importance: 1st person to lead an expedition
across the pacific Ocean, his expedition was the 1st to circumnavigate the world.
• Impact: the expedition of Magellan proved that the earth was round
Hernan Cortes
The French explorer Samuel de Champlain searched Canada for a northwest passage to Asia
After failing to do so, Champlain founded the French colony of Quebec
The French would soon carve out a large colony along the Mississippi River from Canada to New Orleans
Unlike other European nations whose kings paid for colonies, the English colonies were paid for by citizens who formed joint-stock companies
English colonies formed along the Atlantic Coast of North America by colonists motivated either by religion or wealth
The English explorer James Cook was the first European to make contact with Australia, New Zealand, & Hawaii
Like England, the Netherlands (the Dutch) allowed private companies to fund exploration
The Dutch had colonies in America & Africa, but the Dutch East India Company dominated trade in Asia
The Cortes Profile
• Origin: Spain• Voyage: sailed from Spain to Hispaniola,
Cuba, and Mexico• Cargo: gold, silver• Importance: wealth from the Americas
made Spain wealthy• Impact: Cortes’ invasion of Mexico resulted
in the capture of Montezuma II and the destruction of Tenochtitlan (great Aztec city). Smallpox epidemic decimated the Aztecs
Francisco Pizarro
The Pizarro Profile
• Origin: Spain• Voyage: sailed from Spain, through the
Isthmus of Panama, to the capital of the Inca Empire in Peru
• Cargo: gold, silver• Importance: increased the wealth of the
Spanish treasury• Impact: In time Spain controlled the
West Indies, southern and west North America, Central America, and much of South America
Samuel de Champlain
The de Champlain Profile• Origin: France (known as “The Father of
New France”)• Voyage: sailed from France to North
America• Cargo: North American furs• Importance: founded the city of Quebec
and several other settlements in the St. Lawrence River Valley and the Great Lakes Region
• Impact: de Champlain was an integral part of a successful French fur trade industry in North America
James Cook
The Cook Profile
• Origin: Britain• Voyage: sailed from Britain and claimed the
eastern shore of Australia for Britain in 1770 (area now known as New South Wales)
• Importance: Australia initially used as a penal colony by British after American Revolution, Britain claimed entire continent of Australia in 1829
• Impact: Many Aborigines (original inhabitants of Australia) died from European diseases, suffered from brutal violence
Fernando CortezFernando CortezFernando CortezFernando Cortez
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs
Montezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma II
vsvs..
vsvs..
The Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma IIThe Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma II
Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortezCortez
Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortezCortez
Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:
The The IncasIncas
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:
The The IncasIncas
AtahualpaAtahualpa
vsvs..
Slaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar MillSlaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar Mill
The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”
The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet
Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple
Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization
Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization
Explorers Conquistadores
Mission
arie
s
PermanentSettlers
OfficialEuropeanColony!
TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!
TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade
The Slave TradeThe Slave TradeThe Slave TradeThe Slave Trade1. Existed in Africa before the
coming of the Europeans.
2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.
275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other countries.
3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.
Slave ShipSlave ShipSlave ShipSlave Ship
““Middle Passage”Middle Passage”
““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck
““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck
African CaptivesAfrican CaptivesThrown OverboardThrown OverboardAfrican CaptivesAfrican Captives
Thrown OverboardThrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave Sharks followed the slave ships!ships!
European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas
European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas
The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem
The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem
PeninsularPeninsulareses CreolesCreoles
MestizoMestizoss
MulattMulattosos
Native IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack Slaves
Administration of the Administration of the Spanish Empire in the Spanish Empire in the
New WorldNew World
Administration of the Administration of the Spanish Empire in the Spanish Empire in the
New WorldNew World1. Encomienda
or forced labor.
2. Council of the Indies.
Viceroy.
New Spain and Peru.
3. Papal agreement.
The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic
ChurchChurch
The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic
ChurchChurch
Guadalajara Guadalajara CathedralCathedral
Our Lady of Our Lady of GuadalupeGuadalupe
Spanish Spanish MissionMission
Father Bartolome de Father Bartolome de Las CasasLas Casas
Father Bartolome de Father Bartolome de Las CasasLas Casas
New Laws New Laws 1542 1542
New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals
1. Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
2. Spain in Asia consolidated its holdings in the Philippines.
3. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.
Surat in NW India in 1608.
4. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.
New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals
Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion
Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion1. Native populations ravaged
by disease.
2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”]
3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.
Effects
• Native American civilizations destroyed• European diseases killed millions of Native
Americans• European powers built extensive overseas
empires• Large numbers of Europeans moved to Americas• Native American crops (corn, potato, tomato)
brought to Europe [Colombian Exchange]
• Demand for African slaves increased• Capitalism expanded with growth of trade• Cultural exchanges occurred [cultural diffusion]
5. New Patterns of 5. New Patterns of World TradeWorld Trade
5. New Patterns of 5. New Patterns of World TradeWorld Trade