The Age of Discovery

Reasons for European ExplorationGLORY – European countries wanting to expand their territory

GOLD - Europeans want to get rich by:

1.Getting gold and new natural resources from new lands they discovered

2.Trading spices

GOD - Europeans wanted to spread Christianity

Technological Improvements

Astrolabe – used to determine latitude at sea

Caravel – mast ship that was larger, faster, and more maneuverable

Mercator projection – good map for sailing b/c it shows true direction

Astrolabe

(Muslims)

Allowed sailors to determine how far north or south of the equator they were based on the stars

Caravel

Mutliple masts and a new kind of rudder in the rear enabled sailors to steer into the wind

Mercator Projection (1569)

Portuguese Explorers

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese Exploration

Organized a school of exploration - new technology & mapping info.Created a navigation school where mapmakers, shipbuilders, scientists and captains could exchange informationSent expeditions to explore coast of West Africa to create ports of trade & eventually reach India

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese Exploration

1487-Sailing for India, Dias is caught in an awful storm.Gets to southern tip of Africa first – he named it “Cape of Good Hope”Out of food and resources, decides to return home

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese Exploration

Sailed around Africa to western coast of India

Dangerous but highly profitable voyage

Buys spices and sells for 4,000x original price

Spanish Explorers

Spanish Exploration

Christopher ColumbusWanted to find trade route to India but instead landed in West Indies – thought he was in INDIA!http://www.brainpop.com/socialstudies/famoushistoricalfigures/christophercolumbus/

Spanish Exploration http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pM-igYjn6E4&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

Ferdinand Magellan

First expedition to circumnavigate (circle) the globe

Claimed Philippines for Spain

French and English:

Jacques Cartier – French explorer claimed Canada for France First encountered the St. Lawrence River

Sir Francis Drake – He is famous for leading the first English circumnavigation of the world, from 1577 to 1580. Friend of Elizabeth I – defeated Spanish Armada

Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494Agreement between Spain & PortugalLine of Demarcation divides “New” World”Portugal gets Brazil & East IndiesSpain gets Central America, most of Caribbean & So. America

Conquistadors and Consequences of

Exploration

http://www.brainpop.com/socialstudies/worldhistory/

conquistadors/

Spanish Exploration

Hernan Cortes - conquistador who arrived in Mexico in 1519Aztecs believed he was a GodDefeated Aztecs by: http://www.brainpop.com/socialstudies/worldhistory/azteccivilization/

• Superior weapons• Used enemies to help• Disease

Cortes and Montezuma

Aztec Empireps: forest.ms un: bedford

http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=355d6188-7549-46da-aa73-75ffdeb2e528&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

Spanish Exploration

Francisco Pizarro

Conquistador who arrived in Peru in 1523

Captured Atahualpa, Inca EmperorSpanish eventually conquered Incan Empire, taking over lands from Ecuador to Chile http://www.brainpop.com/socialstudies/worldhistory/incacivilization/

Pizarro and Atahualpa

Inca Empire

Reasons for Conquistadors’ Success

1. Epidemics of disease led to a decline in population2. Alliances w/other tribes that resented Aztec or Inca power3. Superior military technology4. Religious fears5. Horses (new to warfare)

Europeans R.A.C.E.D to conquer the Americas

R – rigid class system and dictatorships in

Latin Am. A – Africans brought as slaves

C – colonies imitate culture of parent country

E – Europeans immigrate to Americas

D – diseases killed native peoples

Impact of Explorationon Indigenous (Native) People

90% of indigenous (native) population died b/c of enslavement, overwork, or diseases:

SmallpoxMeaslesInfluenza

Labor intensive plantations

Encomienda system – right to demand labor from the natives living in a certain area African slavery – b/c most natives died under encomienda system- needed new workforce

Spanish Colonial Rule

Council of the Indies in Spain passed laws for colonies

Viceroy, or royal governor, administered strict control over natives & those living in colonies

Social Classes in Spanish America

Peninsulares – born in SpainCreoles – American-born descendents of Spanish settlersMestizos – Native & Spanish descentMulattoes – Spanish & African descentNative AmericansAfrican slaves

The Portuguese in Brazil

Cabral claimed Brazil for PortugalNobles given land grants; shared profits with king in PortugalTurned to plantation agriculture (esp. sugar) and livestock raising5 million + Africans brought into Brazil as slaves

Mercantilism

• Country’s Wealth is measured in gold & silver.• Aimed at strengthening economy of mother

country (MC) in Europe• MC wants to export more than it imports• Colonies exist to provide raw materials &

resources • Colonies must buy high-priced finished goods

when sold back to them from MC

New Ventures

• Overseas business ventures often too expensive for individual investors

• Investors began pooling money in joint-stock companies

A New Business Organization

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of plants, animals, and disease b/n the Western and Eastern Hemispheres

Impact of Columbian Exchange

The Introduction of New Diseases

• Native Americans had no natural resistance to European diseases

• Smallpox, measles, influenza, malaria killed millions

• Population of central Mexico may have decreased by more than 30 percent in the 10 years following first contact with Europeans

Different Foods

• Exchange of foods, animals had dramatic impact on later societies

• Over time crops native to Americas became staples in diets of Europeans

• Foods provided substantial nutrition, helped people live longer

Economics

• Activities like Texas cattle ranching, Brazilian coffee growing not possible without Columbian Exchange- because cows, coffee native to Old World

• Traditional cuisines changed because of Columbian Exchange

Columbian Exchange Led To:Transfer of plants, animals, and disease b/n the Western and Eastern Hemispheres

C

R

O

P

S

C. Cash crops grown in Americas

Europeans need lots of workers

R. Racial slavery (Africans)

Europeans used African slaves to work the lands

Q: Why couldn’t they use Native Americans?

O. Oh, cash crops

Tobacco

Coffee

And Sugar

P. Plantation system to grow cash crops

S. Slaves from Africa

Used the Middle Passage to transport slaves

Triangular Trade and The Middle Passage

Triangular Tradehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCHvD2DyWeY

Atlantic slave trade began in 1500s by Europeans, need labor force to work in Americas

Native in Americas were dying

Middle Passage was the horrible journey across the ocean where nearly half the slaves died

Triangular Trade

Means of Diffusion of ChristianityMigration of Europeans to coloniesInfluence of Catholics and Protestants who carried their faith, language, and cultures to “new” landsConversion of indigenous peoples: sometimes harsh & brutal; punished for practicing indigenous religion