The Age of AnxietyThe Age of Anxiety

1919-19391919-1939

New Cultural FrontiersNew Cultural Frontiers• Postwar PessimismPostwar Pessimism

– Anti-war sentimentAnti-war sentiment• The "lost generation“The "lost generation“

– Term used by Gertrude Stein to label American Term used by Gertrude Stein to label American intellectuals and authors in Paris.intellectuals and authors in Paris. Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, etc.Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, etc.

• Postwar writers expressed their disillusion and Postwar writers expressed their disillusion and revulsion in poetry and fiction. revulsion in poetry and fiction.

– Attacks on progressAttacks on progress• Science and democracy became fallen idols Science and democracy became fallen idols

The Great Depression The Great Depression • A global depression.A global depression.

– The weakness of global economy. The weakness of global economy.

• The complicated financial relationships The complicated financial relationships among the Allies, Germany-Austria, and among the Allies, Germany-Austria, and U.S. U.S.

• As United States lenders withdrew As United States lenders withdrew capital from Europe (1928), the financial capital from Europe (1928), the financial system strained.system strained.

– U.S. was becoming more and more isolated. U.S. was becoming more and more isolated.

• Industrial innovations reduced demand Industrial innovations reduced demand for raw materials such as rubber, coal, for raw materials such as rubber, coal, and cotton. and cotton.

The Crash of 1929The Crash of 1929• United States economic boom prompted United States economic boom prompted

many to invest in speculative ventures. many to invest in speculative ventures.

• On Oct. 29, 1929 stock prices On Oct. 29, 1929 stock prices plummeted, investors lost life savings.plummeted, investors lost life savings.

– Otherwise know as Black Tuesday. Otherwise know as Black Tuesday.

• Lenders called in loans, forcing investors Lenders called in loans, forcing investors to sell their securities at any price. to sell their securities at any price.

Economic Contraction Economic Contraction SpreadsSpreads

• Financial chaos led to reduced Financial chaos led to reduced consumer demand and business failure.consumer demand and business failure.

• By 1932, the United States industrial By 1932, the United States industrial production and national income dropped production and national income dropped by half. by half.

• Tightening of United States economy Tightening of United States economy created a ripple effect that circled the created a ripple effect that circled the globe. globe.

• Industrial economies of Germany and Industrial economies of Germany and Japan suffered the most. Japan suffered the most.

Personal SufferingPersonal Suffering• Millions of people struggled for food, Millions of people struggled for food,

clothing, and shelter. clothing, and shelter.

• Anguish and despair led to social Anguish and despair led to social divisions and class hatreds. divisions and class hatreds.

• Writers criticized social and political Writers criticized social and political order, calling for a just society.order, calling for a just society.

Global Depression Global Depression • Economic ExperimentationEconomic Experimentation

– John Maynard Keynes theories of John Maynard Keynes theories of economics.economics.• Keynesian economics.Keynesian economics.

• Governments should play an active role in Governments should play an active role in stimulating economy and consumer demand. stimulating economy and consumer demand.

– The New DealThe New Deal• Roosevelt protected banking system, provided Roosevelt protected banking system, provided

jobs and farm subsidies, legislation on minimum jobs and farm subsidies, legislation on minimum wage, social security, and workers' unions. wage, social security, and workers' unions.

• But it was the military spending of WW II that But it was the military spending of WW II that ended the depression in the United States. ended the depression in the United States.

Global Depression Global Depression • Japanese approaches. Japanese approaches.

– Japan came out of the depression by 1931 Japan came out of the depression by 1931 through government measures at expense through government measures at expense of workers' interests. of workers' interests.

• German approaches. German approaches. – Germany recovered by the mid-1930s Germany recovered by the mid-1930s

through public works, deficit spending, and through public works, deficit spending, and military preparation.military preparation.

Global Depression Global Depression • From Lenin to Stalin.From Lenin to Stalin.

– The Great PurgeThe Great Purge• Disaster of collectivization generated controversy Disaster of collectivization generated controversy

and doubt concerning Stalin's administrationand doubt concerning Stalin's administration

• Stalin purged 2/3 of Central Committee Stalin purged 2/3 of Central Committee members and more than 1/2 of the army's members and more than 1/2 of the army's high-ranking officers from 1935-38.high-ranking officers from 1935-38.

• By 1939, 8 million people were in labor By 1939, 8 million people were in labor camps and 3 million died during ethnic camps and 3 million died during ethnic cleansing. cleansing.

• The world watched the Soviet Union with The world watched the Soviet Union with contempt and fear.contempt and fear.

Socialism in One CountrySocialism in One Country• Stalin favored "socialism in one Stalin favored "socialism in one

country“. country“.

• He established dictatorship through He established dictatorship through murders and purges in 1928. murders and purges in 1928.

• Replaced Lenin's NEP with the First Five-Replaced Lenin's NEP with the First Five-Year Plan in 1929. Year Plan in 1929.

New Leaders and New New Leaders and New IdeasIdeasin Europe during the in Europe during the 1930s1930s

AP World HistoryAP World History

Unit 5Unit 5

Nazism

FascismCommunism

Totalitarianism

How did Totalitarianism come How did Totalitarianism come about?about?

• Step 1 – Treaty of Versailles.Step 1 – Treaty of Versailles.

• Step 2 – Stock Market Crash of 1929.Step 2 – Stock Market Crash of 1929.

• Step 3 – Great Depression of the 1930s.Step 3 – Great Depression of the 1930s.

• Step 4 – Increased influence from new Step 4 – Increased influence from new political parties that emphasized political parties that emphasized government control.government control.

• Step 5 – Total control of the government Step 5 – Total control of the government by a dictator.by a dictator.

Characteristics of Characteristics of TotalitarianismTotalitarianism• Government establishes complete Government establishes complete

control of all aspects of the state.control of all aspects of the state.– Political, military, economy, social, and Political, military, economy, social, and

cultural.cultural.• Highly nationalistic.Highly nationalistic.

– Flags, salutes, rallies, and uniforms.Flags, salutes, rallies, and uniforms.• Strict controls and laws. Strict controls and laws. • Military state.Military state.

– Secret police, army, and navy.Secret police, army, and navy.

Characteristics of Characteristics of TotalitarianismTotalitarianism• Censorship.Censorship.

– Opposing literature and ideas.Opposing literature and ideas.• PropagandaPropaganda

– MediaMedia•Radio, newspapers, and posters. Radio, newspapers, and posters.

• One leaderOne leader– A charismatic dictator. A charismatic dictator.

• Total conformity of people to ideas Total conformity of people to ideas and the leader.and the leader.

• Terror and Fear. Terror and Fear.

Soviet CommunismSoviet Communism

• Also known as “Stalinism”.Also known as “Stalinism”.– Stalin was the leader of the Soviet Union Stalin was the leader of the Soviet Union

from 1922-1953.from 1922-1953.

• Combines elements of communism Combines elements of communism with a totalitarian and military state.with a totalitarian and military state.

FascismFascism

• Fascism’s name comes from the “fasces”. Fascism’s name comes from the “fasces”. – An ancient Roman symbol of authority.An ancient Roman symbol of authority.

• Intense nationalism and elitists mindset.Intense nationalism and elitists mindset.

• Totalitarian controlTotalitarian control

• Interests of the state more important than Interests of the state more important than individual rights.individual rights.

• Maintains class system and private ownership.Maintains class system and private ownership.

• Most well known example is in Italy.Most well known example is in Italy.– Lead by Benito Mussolini from 1922-1943.Lead by Benito Mussolini from 1922-1943.

NazismNazism

• Extreme form of Fascism, Nationalism, and Totalitarianism.Extreme form of Fascism, Nationalism, and Totalitarianism.

• Based on the beliefs of the National Socialist German Based on the beliefs of the National Socialist German Workers Party.Workers Party.

• Belief in a superior race.Belief in a superior race.– The Aryan or “master race”.The Aryan or “master race”.

• Belief that all Germans should have a Belief that all Germans should have a

““living space” in Europe.living space” in Europe.

• Violent hatred of Jews.Violent hatred of Jews.– Belief that Jews were the cause of all of Belief that Jews were the cause of all of

Germany’s problems.Germany’s problems.

• Led by Adolf Hitler from 1933-1945.Led by Adolf Hitler from 1933-1945.