the abcs of using social network approaches to design and evaluate health & development programs...
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The ABCs of using social network approaches to design and evaluate health & development programs
Harnessing the Potential of Social Networks
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Overview
1. What is social network analysis (SNA)?
2. SNA and intervention design
3. SNA-based intervention planning
4. SNA and monitoring & evaluation
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A theoretical perspective applied to research and programs
• Recognizes that individuals interact with, learn from, and get information from other people
• Focuses on relationships, not individuals
Social network analysis: What is it?
“Who delivers the message, and in what interpersonal context, may be just as, if no more important, than the message itself, and may result in better, more relevant, and perhaps more effective programs.”
- Valente & Fosados, 2006
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Social Network Analysis: Theory and Methods
• Views world as nodes and connectors
• Key technique in sociology, anthropology, biology, communications, information science
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Network grid
For women, probe on: husband, mother, mother-in-law, co-wives
For men, probe on: co-wives, father, male relatives
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Entire social network in one village in Bandiagara: Influence
WomensMensNominated
Size = Influence
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Distinguishing characteristics of SNA
Network Analysis Traditional Analysis
Unit of analysis
Structure of ties affects individuals and their relationships
Individuals and their attributes
Determinants of behavior
Structure and composition of ties
Socialization into norms
Metrics Betweeness, centrality, cohesion, density
Characteristics, attitudes, behaviors
Presentation/analysis
Visual representation Tables/graphs
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Why a social network focus?
• Women and men make decisions not as individuals but as actors in a social system.
• Social structures are resources to diffuse and support innovations SOCIETY
COMMUNITY
RELATIONSHIPS
INDIVIDUAL
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How do networks support diffusion?
Social Influence
Social Learning
Social Support
Single innovator
More innovators
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Social networks influence diffusion through….
Social learning Network members exchange ideas and information; and evaluate the relative benefits of innovation
Social influenceNetwork members follow norms of gatekeepers to gain approval and avoid conflict.
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Networks and Adoption
Adoption is higher when an individual is:
- Highly interconnected- Centrally located in their
network- In a network with others
who support and practice the innovation
- In an open network that supports exposure to new ideas
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Overview
1. What is social network analysis (SNA)?
2. SNA and intervention design
3. SNA-based intervention planning
4. SNA and monitoring & evaluation
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How do SN interventions differ from conventional outreach approaches?
• Focused on changing flow of information and social influence, rather than on individual behavior
• Address social norms rather than practices
• Work through informal as well as formal leaders to diffuse change through networks
• Use influencers/connectors to inform, facilitate comparison, filter conflicting information and model attitudes/behaviors
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Using social networks for learning and influence
1. Opinion Leaders / Leaders Influents
2. Strategically Targeted Groups / Groupes Stratégiquement Ciblé
3. Leaders of Established Groups / Leaders des groupes établis
4. Snowball Approach / Chacun invite trois
5. Bridges and Connectors / Liaison & connecteurs
6. Rewiring linkages, ties / Reconfiguration de liens
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1. Engaging Opinion Leaders
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1. Engaging Opinion Leaders
What it is:• Working with individuals who have formal
power (religious leaders, clan leaders, elected officials)
• Work with supporters or transform negative opinions into positive ones
Considerations:• Legitimizes innovation• Role models• Addressing norms leads to sustainable change
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2. Working with strategically selected groups
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2. Strategically Targeted Groups
What it is:• Designing an intervention to be implemented
by or within the group• Example: Field workers lead FP discussions
during water and sanitation committee meetings
Considerations:• Information travels easily throughout group• Builds on existing connections• Reinforce/support new behaviors• Changing group norms reduces individual risk
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3. Working with Leaders of Established Groups
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3. Leaders of Established Groups
What it is:• Work with leader of group, who in turn,
coordinates/leads the group intervention• Example: Leaders of women’s savings and
loans associations trained in FP and asked to discuss during group meetings
Considerations:• Depends on leader’s persuasiveness• Leader may not wish to be “positive deviant”
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4. Snowball Approach
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4. Snowball Approach
What it is:• One individual informs/influences/invites two
friends. Those two individuals reach their friends and so on.
• Example: Chacun invite trois , peer educators
Considerations:• Effective in reaching “hard-to-reach” groups• Participants “own” intervention• Model positive “deviant” behavior
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5. Activating & Supporting Bridges and ConnectorsWhat it is:• Intervene through individuals who interact
with two or more unconnected groups • Create or break bridge ties to strengthen or
weaken information diffusion • Example: CBD workers bridges clinics and
clients, mothers-in-law bridge FP information to daughter-in-law
Considerations:• Can diffuse information between groups• Bridge persons can be bottlenecks
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6. Rewiring Linkages or Ties
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6. Rewiring Linkages or Ties
What it is:• Purposely connecting individuals who would
otherwise not interact with each other• Example: creating elder learning groups to
connect women elders; connecting MOH staff in different technical areas by rearranging office space
Considerations:• Strengthens communication flow• Difficult to purposively change current
network
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Application of SNA: Study and Plan
Assess Determine who has most risk Learn who is marginalized and how to reach them
Program design: Who
Identify leaders, alternative role models. advocates
Identify who people feel comfortable talking with Identify cliques
Program design: What
Identify information sources and flow Assess quality of communication
Program Monitoring
Assess how information flows Map community changes Track coverage
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Application of SNA: Act
Strengthen relationships and communication
• Map networks and create linkages to services
• Develop referral systems
Build community support • Build support for and incorporate marginalized
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Social Networks in Action: Youth Peer Program
Provide multiple role models and ensure diffusion throughout the network
Selection of peer leaders − with highest # of nomination− who represent cliques − who are bridges
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Social Networks in Action:NGO/AIDS and Youth Networks
Map NGOs• who they reach, services, activities
Assessment• Reliance on central coordinating bodies • Need to decentralize to smaller sub-networks• Few youth/minority serving organizations
Strategy:• Build networks of youth organizations beyond NGO/AIDS • Pull from periphery to greater influence
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Overview
1. What is social network analysis (SNA)?
2. SNA and intervention design
3. SNA-based intervention planning
4. SNA and monitoring & evaluation
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Project TJ Example: Process for designing SN interventions
1. Formative research identifies structure of social networks and FP attitudes of network members
2. Visioning exercise
3. Define intervention goals and objectives
How will the community be different as a result of this
program?
What will you see and hear as you walk through the community in five years?
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Design Process (cont.)
4. Develop criteria for selecting SN intervention• Example: scalable, build on existing networks, gender
perspective, potential for sustained change
5. Brainstorm interventions (using resources such as research results, selection criteria, taxonomy of SN approaches)
• Identify problem to address (e.g. male opposition)• Brainstorm SN intervention approaches• Prioritize/select intervention(s)
6. Obtain input from broader group of stakeholders
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Tool: Social Network Design Grid
Who will influence?
Who will be influenced?
What activities? SN approach(es)
Mothers-in-law
• Daughters-in-law
• Sons
Teas with mothers-in-laws
Activity-based discussions facilitated by animators
MILs talk with others
Snowball
Grin members via social leader
• Grin members
• Their wives• Other male
friends
Animators catalyze reflective dialogs with grin leaders
Request to talk with others
Informal leaders of groups
Snowball
MOH supervisors and CHWs
• Male social groups
CHWs visit grins and give clinic tour
Reconfiguring networks
Problem: FP use among newly married couples considered unacceptable
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Overview
1. What is social network analysis (SNA)?
2. SNA and intervention design
3. SNA-based intervention planning
4. SNA and monitoring & evaluation
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Theoretical considerations for measuring innovation diffusion
• Need to monitor implementation and change at multiple levels
• Theory of change draws from:• Individual behavior change models
(Health Belief Model, Trans-theoretical)
• Ecological models
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Social network approaches to monitoring and evaluation
Monitoring
Include process indicators related to networks
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Methods
• Ego-centric mapping conducted with a representative sample generalizable to entire population
• Measure changes in network structure and member attitudes
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Socio-centric network mapping
1. Explains how information and influence diffuse through entire network
2. Guides development of interventions to harness social learning and influence
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Ego-centered network mapping
1. Measures the effect of interventions on individual knowledge, attitudes and practices
2. Identifies changes in the way information and influence diffuse
3. representative sample generalizable to entire population
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Network properties
Flow of fertility/FP info
through network partners
Mean/% of network
Size and composition of
women’s network
% who report network partners
use FP
Social factors
Perception that husband and
network partners support FP
Couple communication (index score)
Woman/couple efficacy for FP
use
Community catalyzing capacity
Ownership/ participation
among members to interventions
% of members with favorable
attitudes
Cohesive social network
supporting FP use
Individual changes
Use of FP services
Men/women with unmet need
Proportion of segments p/year
with met need for effective FP
Method continuation
Illustrative Outcome Indicators