the aapg century – giant fields through the decades ... · the aapg century – giant fields...

The AAPG Century – Giant Fields through the Decades*

Robert K. Merrill1 and Charles A. Sternbach

2

Search and Discovery Article #70267 (2017)** Posted June 19, 2017

*Adapted from oral presentation given at AAPG 2017 Annual Convention and Exhibition, Houston, Texas, April 2-5, 2017

**Datapages © 2017 Serial rights given by author. For all other rights contact author directly.

1Catheart Energy, Inc., Sugar Land, Texas, United States ([email protected]) 2Star Creek Energy, Katy, Texas, United States

Abstract

A giant oil field is generally estimated to contain in excess of 500 MMBOE estimated ultimate recovery. Since the late

nineteenth century, at least four factors seem to control the frequency of discovery of giant oil and gas fields. These factors

include concepts (e.g., geological models), technology, price, and access to drilling locations. The importance of understanding

these factors drove creativity in the exploration process. In our efforts to understand common petroleum system parameters in

these fields and, importantly, what is unusual about each field, leads to “Discovery Thinking” in our search for new oil and gas

fields. In the mid- to late-nineteenth century the recognition of seeps focused exploration efforts. This was followed by

recognizing the importance of anticlines. Petrophysical tools followed in the early 20th century as well as the application of

seismic as an exploration tool. These tools continued to be developed and improved with time and processing advances in the

1970's significantly improved our ability to image the subsurface and characterize the reservoir. Advances in drilling technology

have led us from the land to deep water. The integration of rock mechanics using geology, geophysics, and engineering in this

decade led to new workflows for geologists, geophysicists, and engineers to complete wells in reservoirs previously considered

too tight for economic production. This integration brought together intensive core analysis and new sample imaging techniques

to characterize the pores in low-permeability rocks that we now recognize as basin-wide “unconventional” fields. Traditional

roles in discovering giant fields over previous decades included the “rockers” (geologists well versed in reservoirs), the

“trappers” (geophysicists mapping the geometry of accumulations), and the “sealers and the sourcers” (explorers following

source rock and seals). More than ever, successful giant field discovery in the decade 2000 through 2010 was led by the

“integrators.” If you know how to hammer, every problem is a nail. The enhancement of the tools including Basin analysis,

mailto:[email protected]

geochemistry, cutting-edge seismic imaging, and rock mechanics have become critical additions to the explorer's skill set. The

ingenuity of combined disciplines continues to meet the demands of an energy hungry world. AAPG Memoir 113 documents the

fifth decade of the Giant Fields series.

Selected References

Gries, R.R., 2017, Anomalies: Pioneering Women in Petroleum Geology: 1917-2017: Jewel Publishing LLC, ISBN 978-1-

936499-09-0, 405 p.

Halbouty, M.T., 1970, Geology of Giant Petroleum Fields: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 14, 575 p.

Höök, M., B. Söderbergh, K. Jakobsson, and K. Aleklett, 2009, The Evolution of Giant Oil Field Production Behavior: Natural

Resources Research, v. 18/1, p. 39-56

Kelley, W.L., D.R. Harrell, R.S. Bishop, and K. Wells, 2009, Proposition: Global Effort to Model Largest Oil Fields: Oil and

Gas Journal, June 8, 2009, p. 20-25.

Robelius, F., 2007, Giant Oil Fields - The Highway to Oil: Giant Oil Fields and their Importance for Future Oil Production:

Ph.D. Thesis, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, 168 p.

Stone, D.S., 2006, Structures of the Rocky Mountain Foreland: Salt Creek Field, A Prototypical Basement-Involved Thrust-

Generated Fold: Mountain Geologist, v. 43/2, p. 145-156.

Tennyson, M.E., 2005, Growth History of Oil Reserves in Major California Oil Fields during the Twentieth Century: United

States Geological Survey Bulletin 2172-H, p.4.

Website Cited

https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/sedthick/sedthick.html. Website accessed May 2017.

https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/sedthick/sedthick.html

Giant Oil Fields Through the Decades

Houston ACE 2017

Houston ACE April 2, 2017

Robert K. Merrill and Charles A. Sternbach

The AAPG Century– Giant Fields through the Decades


Houston ACE 2017

Why Study Giant Fields? � Contribute prosperity and major wealth transfer for

nations � Provide significant infrastructure with economies of

scale for smaller discovery developments � Global supply tracks giant field output� Giants keep getting bigger� Provide insight into petroleum systems for

exploration and development programs

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Giant fields contribute 60% of Global Production since the 1960’s

6/4/2017

World Crm ie Oil PnxllUl;tiQ-n 1!Jl5-l005

&0 ,-----------------------------------------------------------------

70 +-------------------------------------------------------------~

~60 +---------------------------------------~ ~

~-.. 50

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20 +--------------------------

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o 1 925 1930 1935 1.94!) 194 5 t 950 195 1 Ii(] 1 6 1 -70 1975 1980 t 9&5 1990 19 5 200!) ?OOS

• Hlsrorlcill IProdLJCdon All Giant s • To 20 Glsnts

H glll"e 3.1 Wodd daily oil production sbol\ing th~ ,eolltJilb nOli of giaut fi~]d5 (K~IDl~y, et 3~_ .2009. Qft~!f Robfliu5, 200 ,and Ho()k, ~t ai, 2009).

World Crm ie Oil PnxllUl;tiQ-n 1!Jl5-l005

&0 ,-----------------------------------------------------------------

70 +-------------------------------------------------------------~

~60 +---------------------------------------~ ~

~-.. 50

t .. 1 40 +------------------, "CI. .. ': 30 Q

20 +--------------------------

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o 1 925 1930 1935 1.94!) 194 5 t 950 195 1 Ii(] 1 6 1 -70 1975 1980 t 9&5 1990 19 5 200!) ?OOS

• Hlsrorlcill IProdLJCdon All Giant s • To 20 Glsnts

H glll"e 3.1 Wodd daily oil production sbol\ing th~ ,eolltJilb nOli of giaut fi~]d5 (K~IDl~y, et 3~_ .2009. Qft~!f Robfliu5, 200 ,and Ho()k, ~t ai, 2009).


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Giants Keep Getting Bigger!

6/4/2017 From: Tennyson, M.E., 2005, Growth history of oil reserves in major California oil fields during the twentieth centrury; U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 2172-H, p.4

3,000,000

EXPLANATION Midway-Sunset ~ Buena Vista (1909) - Coalinga E Extension (1938)

2,500,000 - Coles Levee N (1938) - Cymric (1909) - ,- Edison (1928)

>' - Elk Hilis (1 919) "'", - Fruitvale (1928) w-,

- G,.eley (1936) >w 2 ,000,000 0", - Kern Front (1912) Ua:: - Kern River (1899) w «

"'OJ - Kettleman North Dome (1928) w,,- - Lost HHis (1910) !;:o - McKittrick (1896) :;;'" 1,500,000 - Midway-Sunset (1890) _0 ~z - Mount Poso (1926) Elk ::o;li - North Belrldge (1912) 0::0 - Rio Bravo (1937) w o

- Round Mountain (1927) !;:I :;;f- 1,000,000 - South Belridge (1911)

Coalinga _ z Yow)umne (1974) r-'--f- -' . Coalinga (1887) '" w

500,000

O~~~~~~~ 20 40 50 60 70

YEARS SINCE DISCOVERY

3,000,000

EXPLANATION Midway-Sunset ~ Buena Vista (1909) - Coalinga E Extension (1938)

2,500,000 - Coles Levee N (1938) - Cymric (1909) - ,- Edison (1928)

>' - Elk Hilis (1 919) "'", - Fruitvale (1928) w-,

- G,.eley (1936) >w 2 ,000,000 0", - Kern Front (1912) Ua:: - Kern River (1899) w «

"'OJ - Kettleman North Dome (1928) w,,- - Lost HHis (1910) !;:o - McKittrick (1896) :;;'" 1,500,000 - Midway-Sunset (1890) _0 ~z - Mount Poso (1926) Elk ::o;li - North Belrldge (1912) 0::0 - Rio Bravo (1937) w o

- Round Mountain (1927) !;:I :;;f- 1,000,000 - South Belridge (1911)

Coalinga _ z Yow)umne (1974) r-'--f- -' . Coalinga (1887) '" w

500,000

O~~~~~~~ 20 40 50 60 70

YEARS SINCE DISCOVERY


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What is a Giant Field? � Oil: Estimated Ultimate

Recovery (EUR) ≥ 500 MMBO

� Oil and Gas: EUR ≥ 500 MMBOE � Gas conversion = 6000

cu ft per barrel � Gas Field ≥ 3 tcf gas� Supergiant Fields ≥

5 Billion BOE � Megagiant Fields ≥

10 Billion BOE

6/4/2017

Courtesy of Dick Bishop, 2016

957 Giant Fields 97 Super-giant Fields

7 Mega-giant Fields


Houston ACE 2017

Future Giants Require � Open access to exploration in remote and challenging

areas � Historical Explorers – “Rockers”, “Trappers” and

“Sealers & Sourcers”� Technological integration: The ingenuity of the

combined disciplines � “Big Data” – Parallel processing & Neural networks � Understanding Reservoirs from the micro to macro scale � Mapping Traps and Migration paths � Geochemistry: Source Rock & HC Generation � Drilling and Completion practices

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� Database of 1,062 Giant Fields (Mike Horn) � IHS Support � AAPG Archives going back 100 years - Datapages � AAPG Giant Field Memoirs like the upcoming

release, Memoir 113

Source Material

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Mike Horn

2017

Memoir 14

Memoir 30

Memoir 54

Memoir 78

Memoir 113


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MIDDLE EAST ASIA AND OCEANA AFRICA

WESTERN EUROPE

US Dominated Exploration

Globalization/ Mergers

Emerging Countries

GlobalExpansion

Where and When were they Found?

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Post WWII Growth

OPEC/ Nationalization


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Oil Price and Number of Giant Discoveries

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OPEC/Nationalization


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6/4/2017

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1850

1900

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Resistivity Logs Archie’s Laws

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,

Giant Fields of the World Decade 1850 . 1900

11 Fields

Giant Oil Fields Through the Decades ----~

= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400

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,

Giant Fields of the World Decade 1850 . 1900

11 Fields


= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400

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,

Giant Fields of the World Decade 1901 ·1910

8 Fields


= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400

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,


8 Fields


= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400

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,

Giant Fields of the World Oecade 1911 - 1920

15 Fields


= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400

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,

Giant Fields of the World Oecade 1911 - 1920

15 Fields


= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400

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,

Giant Fields of the World Decade 1921 - 1930

31 Fields


= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400

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,


31 Fields


= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400

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,

Giant Fields of the World Oecade 1931 · 1940

48 Fields


= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400

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,

Giant Fields of the World Oecade 1931 · 1940

48 Fields


= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400

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,


39 Fields


= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400

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39 Fields


= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400

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99 Fields


= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400

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99 Fields


= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400

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Giant Fields of the World Decade 1961 -1970

227 Fields


= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400

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Giant Fields of the World Decade 1961 -1970

227 Fields


= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400

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219 Fields


= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400

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219 Fields


= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400

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Giant Fields of the World Decade 1981 • 1990

94 Fields


= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400

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Giant Fields of the World Decade 1981 • 1990

94 Fields


= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400

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,

= .. :::::~ -Giant Fields of the World Decade 1991 · 2000 " "",:-;"";

105 Fields

o 1 00 200 3011 400

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= .. :::::~ -Giant Fields of the World Decade 1991 · 2000 " "",:-;"";

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128 Fields


= .. :::::~ -o 1 00 200 3011 400

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128 Fields


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US Dominated Exploration 1856 – 1925

6/4/2017


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;.. Prior to 1900 v' Emerging concept of where to

drill- Seeps and Anticlines

;.. 1900 - 1925 v' Surface mapping of Anticlines v' 1914 First 1 D seismic v'

v' First resistivity log

v' 1919 Cementing casing v' Rotary Drilling

6/13/2017 Houston ACE 2017

Courtesy Robbie Gri es, 2016


Houston ACE 2017

Salt Creek, Field, Wyoming, USA

Adapted from: Stone, D.S., 2006

6/4/2017

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Houston ACE 2017

Global Expansion 1926 – 1945

6/4/2017

Global Expansion

Giant Oil Fields Through the Decades ---

Global Expansion

~ 1926 - 1935 " 1928 Reflection seismic " 1930 Stratigraphic traps

~ 1935-1945 " 1938 First offshore drilling " Evolution of petrophysical logs

" 1941 Archie 's laws

" Three cone roller bit " 1941 Diamond bit " Multiple bullet-shot casing

perforator

" Texas RRC - Controlled & cooperative development

6/1312011 Houston ACE 2017

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6/13/2017 HoustonACE2017


Post WWII Growth ~ 1945 - 1960

" Petrophysical logs evolve " 1947 - Kermac#16 drilled 10 miles

offshore Louisiana

" 1949 -Hydraulic Fracturing license to Haliburton issued by Stanolind

" 1954 Jackup drilling

~ 1961 - 1970 " Digital computers enable 2D seismic,

log analysis, & data management

" 1965 "BrightSpots" " Semisubmersible drilling rig

" Measurement while drilling

~ 1970 - First Giant Fields Memoir 14

6/1312011 Houston ACE 2017

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6/13/2017 HoustonACE2017


Houston ACE 2017

OPEC & Nationalization � Arab Oil Embargo � Seismic technology evolves

� Seismic data in color � Seismic response & interval

attributes � Seismic stratigraphy � 3D seismic emerges

� Petrophysics � 1977 first logging truck equipped

with a computer � 1978 Digital sonic tool (SDT)

� Geochemistry � Directional Drilling � 1980 - Giant Fields Memoir 30

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Houston ACE 2017

Globalization & Mergers 1988 – 2005

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Globalization/Mergers

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Houston ACE 2017

Globalization & Mergers � Seismic attribute analysis

matures � Horizontal drilling & Staged

hydraulic fracturing � First subsalt discovery � 1999 – First dual activity drill

ship � Deep water drilling matures � Giant Fields Memoir 54 – 1992� Giant Fields Memoir 78 – 2003

6/4/2017

Discover Enterrprise from: 1999 Oil & Gas Journal

From: Rigzone


Houston ACE 2017

Emerging Countries 2006 – Present

6/4/2017

Emerging Countries

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Emerging Countries :.- Seismic technology

" Processing algorithms evolve " Multi-attribute analysis matures

" Spectral decomposition and elastic inversion

:.- Subsalt drilling becomes common

:.- New turbidite plays

:.- Source Rocks become reservoir targets " Horizontal drilling " Multi-stagefracs

" M icroseismic

:.- Giant Fields Memoir 113 6/1312011 Houston ACE 2017

Ffom,RoMevil<,ln Q'lISS

From: ZagorSki,ln press


Houston ACE 2017

The Usual, and the Unusual “As we make it a point to learn how these giant fields formed, we should study the modes of occurrence of theaccumulations, the types of trap, how each trap formed and how it was found, the age of the reservoir and the age, or ages, of the sediments in which the petroleum generated and from which it was expelled and migrated to the trap. We should ask ourselves: first, what is usual about each of these accumulations? Andsecond, what is unusual? Then we must concentrate on the unusual, for commonly it isthat unusual aspect which is the key toaccumulation. Prejudiced ideas should be discarded, for it is these old, ingrained, hard-nosed prejudices which also stifle exploration; old prejudices must not be tolerated in our thinking of the future.”

6/4/2017


Houston ACE 2017

Where We Have Been

6/4/2017

Sediment Thickness in meters

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The Journey Continues

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6/1312011 HoustonACE2017

the aapg century – giant fields through the decades ... · the aapg century – giant fields...

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