the 2007/2008 increase in crude oil prices can be fundamentals

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The 2007/2008 Increase in Crude Oil Prices Can Be Explained by FundamentalsPhilip K. Verleger, Jr. David Mitchell EnCana Professor Haskayne School of Business, University of Calgary

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Page 1: The 2007/2008 Increase in Crude Oil Prices Can Be Fundamentals

The 2007/2008 Increase inCrude Oil Prices Can Be

Explained by “Fundamentals”

Philip K. Verleger, Jr.David Mitchell EnCana Professor

Haskayne School of Business, University of Calgary

Page 2: The 2007/2008 Increase in Crude Oil Prices Can Be Fundamentals

If there is a shortage of supply capable of being remedied insix months but not at once, then the spot price can rise above theforward price to an extent which is only limited by the unwillingnessof the buyer to pay the higher spot price rather than postponethe date of his purchase.

J.M. Keynes, A Treatise on Money

Page 3: The 2007/2008 Increase in Crude Oil Prices Can Be Fundamentals

The world experienced a shortageof light sweet crude in 2007/2008.

• All crude oils are not identical.

• Heavy sour crude oils such as those produced by Saudi Arabia cannot be processed into transportation fuels meeting EU/US standards when capacity to remove sulfur from crude and products is exhausted.

• The shortage was anticipated in late 2005 and the increase in price predicted in The International Economy.

• Evidence of the shortage is found in the rise of diesel fuel relative to gasoline.

• In a bubble, all product prices would have increased at the same rate.

Page 4: The 2007/2008 Increase in Crude Oil Prices Can Be Fundamentals

Exhaustion of desulfurization capacity leavesthe world with four, not three hydrocarbons.

• Coal

• Natural Gas

• Sour Crude Oil

• Sweet Crude Oil

Page 5: The 2007/2008 Increase in Crude Oil Prices Can Be Fundamentals

Sweet crude oil makes up less than

25 percent of world supply.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Sulfur Content (%)

Mill

ion

Bar

rels

per

Day

Source: PKVerleger LLC.

Cumulative World Oil ProductionSorted by Sulfur Content

Page 6: The 2007/2008 Increase in Crude Oil Prices Can Be Fundamentals

Nigeria accounts for a large share ofthe world’s sweet crude supply.

In good times, when production is not disrupted,

Nigeria dominates the sweet crude market, producing

• 20% of crude with 0.1% sulfur or less

• 25% of crude with 0.2% sulfur or less

• 19% of crude with 0.5% sulfur or less

Page 7: The 2007/2008 Increase in Crude Oil Prices Can Be Fundamentals

Sweet crude is valuable because it has avery high yield of low‐sulfur diesel fuel.

0.1427.244.8

2.9417.418.5

Crude Sulfur Content (%)Volume of Gasoline  (%)Volume of Diesel (%)

Bonny Light(Nigeria)

Arab Heavy (Saudi Arabia)

Product Distillation Yields from a Standard Complex Refinery

Source: EIG.

Page 8: The 2007/2008 Increase in Crude Oil Prices Can Be Fundamentals

Much less sulfur must be removedto produce diesel from Nigerian crude

• 3.5 kilograms of sulfur must be removed to make one metric ton of low‐sulfur diesel from Nigerian crude.

• 180 kilograms of sulfur must  be removed to make one metric ton of low‐sulfur diesel from Arab Heavy crude.

• Refiner capacity to remove sulfur from crude is limited.

Page 9: The 2007/2008 Increase in Crude Oil Prices Can Be Fundamentals

Nigerian crude production hasbeen disrupted by civil war.

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Mill

ion

Bar

rels

per

Day

Source: PKVerleger LLC.

Nigerian Monthly Crude Output, 1999-2009

Page 10: The 2007/2008 Increase in Crude Oil Prices Can Be Fundamentals

Regulations limiting sulfur content ofdiesel boosted demand for sweet crude.

• US regulations requiring 10 ppm (parts per million) took effect in 2006.

• European rules requiring 10 ppm took effect in 2009 with transition in 2008.

• The European shift created a squeeze on light sweet crude.

Page 11: The 2007/2008 Increase in Crude Oil Prices Can Be Fundamentals

Evidence for the squeeze is found in therise of diesel price relative to gasoline.

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

Jan‐06 Jul‐06 Jan‐07 Jul‐07 Jan‐08 Jul‐08 Jan‐09 Jul‐09

Euros pe

r Liter

Source: PKVerleger LLC.

Monthly Diesel and Unleaded GasolineRetail Prices in Germany, 2006-2009

Gasoline

Diesel

Page 12: The 2007/2008 Increase in Crude Oil Prices Can Be Fundamentals

In Germany, diesel prices rose to paritywith gasoline at retail during the squeeze.

0.70

0.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05

1.10

Jan‐06 Jul‐06 Jan‐07 Jul‐07 Jan‐08 Jul‐08 Jan‐09 Jul‐09

Ratio

Source: PKVerleger LLC.

Ratio of German Retail Diesel Price toGerman Retail Gasoline Price, 2006-2009

Page 13: The 2007/2008 Increase in Crude Oil Prices Can Be Fundamentals

The US became an exporter of diesel, furtherconfirming that diesel led the shortage.

The evidence of the sweet crude squeeze is clear.

• If the increase in crude prices was caused by a bubble, not a squeeze, all product prices would have increased in parallel. The German (and all European) data show this did not happen.

• If the increase was caused by a bubble, not a squeeze, trade patterns would not have changed. Instead, the US became a major exporter of diesel. The exports went to Europe.

Page 14: The 2007/2008 Increase in Crude Oil Prices Can Be Fundamentals

Monthly Net Distillate Imports/Exportsto/from U.S. January 1990‐October 2008

-800-600-400-200

0200400600800

1000

1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008

Impo

rts/

Expo

rts

(Tho

usan

d B

arre

ls p

er D

ay)

Source: U.S. DOE.

Exports

Imports

Page 15: The 2007/2008 Increase in Crude Oil Prices Can Be Fundamentals

Saudi Arabia forced high‐sulfur crudeprices to follow those of sweet crude.

Saudi Arabia administers the sour crude market bysetting differentials 30 days in advance of liftings.

• Refiners are advised of the differentials that will apply, just as customers of DeBeers were once advised of diamond prices.

• Refiners nominate amounts to be lifted.• It seems to be an efficient way of running the cartel.• There is a high correlation between OPEC liftings and the 

differentials announced one month in advance.• In 2008, Saudi Arabia cut differentials even as crude prices 

rose. Sour crude sat unsold on ships.

Page 16: The 2007/2008 Increase in Crude Oil Prices Can Be Fundamentals

Discount to Brent Bwave of Arab Heavy Cargoes Delivered to Western Europe, January 2003‐June 2009

-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-20

Jan-

03

Jul-0

3

Jan-

04

Jul-0

4

Jan-

05

Jul-0

5

Jan-

06

Jul-0

6

Jan-

07

Jul-0

7

Jan-

08

Jul-0

8

Jan-

09

Dol

lars

per

Bar

rel

Source: PKVerleger LLC.

Page 17: The 2007/2008 Increase in Crude Oil Prices Can Be Fundamentals

Price Spread Set by Saudi Arabia for Arab HeavyDelivered to Europe vs. Adjusted OPEC Output, 2002‐2009

23242526272829303132

-16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0

Price Spread Set by Saudis for Arab Heavy ($/bbl)

OPE

C P

rodu

ctio

n ex

clud

ing

Gab

on a

nd E

cuad

or(M

illio

n B

arre

ls p

er D

ay)

Source: PKVerleger LLC.

RecentObservations

Page 18: The 2007/2008 Increase in Crude Oil Prices Can Be Fundamentals

The US government contributed to the squeeze.

The US government started taking sweet crude from the market

in August 2007 for storage in the Strategic Petroleum Reserve.

• The cuts amounted to 50,000 barrels per day.

• The cuts lasted until June 2008 when Congress ordered the DOE to stop filling the SPR.

• The oil price increase began when the filling started and ended when the filling stopped. Perhaps this was coincidental.

Page 19: The 2007/2008 Increase in Crude Oil Prices Can Be Fundamentals

Oil buyers recognized that thesqueeze would not last indefinitely.

• By the summer of 2008, several refiners had changed catalysts to cut gasoline production and boost diesel output. (It took many months for this transition.) Other changes in refineries were made as well.

• As a consequence, the forward price of WTI did not reflect the rise in cash prices.– The best indicator of expectations is the BP Prudhoe Bay 

Royalty Trust (NYSE symbol BPT) created by John Browne, later CEO of BP, in 1989.

– The instrument is tied directly to WTI prices. Only changes in expectations for WTI prices move share prices.

Page 20: The 2007/2008 Increase in Crude Oil Prices Can Be Fundamentals

Spot WTI Price vs. BPT Share Price, 1997‐2009

Source: PKVerleger LLC.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Dollars per Barrel/Share

WTI BPT

Page 21: The 2007/2008 Increase in Crude Oil Prices Can Be Fundamentals

Passive investor buying ofoil futures is countercyclical.

• Empirical data show that investors sell futures when oil prices rise.

• Empirical data show that investors buy futures when oil prices fall.

• These results suggest that investors are a stabilizing force.

Page 22: The 2007/2008 Increase in Crude Oil Prices Can Be Fundamentals

Limited data from CFTC show a negativecorrelation between price levels and positions.

340

360

380

400

420

440

460

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Spot Crude Price ($/bbl)

Investor Position

(Tho

usan

d Co

ntracts)

End-Quarter InvestorPositions in WTI Futuresas Reported by CFTC

Page 23: The 2007/2008 Increase in Crude Oil Prices Can Be Fundamentals

Proprietary data developed from CFTC data for2006‐2009 also show a negative relationship.

-20-15-10-505

10152025

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

% Change in WTI Price

% C

hang

e in

Ope

n In

tere

st

Source: PKVerleger LLC.

Page 24: The 2007/2008 Increase in Crude Oil Prices Can Be Fundamentals

Conclusion: The hard data confirm priceincrease was caused by fundamentals.

• The price increase was predicted in late 2005.

• New EU environmental regulations created a demand for low‐sulfur crude.

• Supplies of low‐sulfur crude were reduced by war in Nigeria and by the US DOE.

• The rise in diesel prices relative to gasoline confirms the nature of the squeeze on crude supply.

• Buyers of crude recognized the situation to be temporary. Long‐term prices did not rise.

• CFTC data show that investor purchases of futures moderated the price increase.

Page 25: The 2007/2008 Increase in Crude Oil Prices Can Be Fundamentals

The International Economy, Winter 2006

Page 26: The 2007/2008 Increase in Crude Oil Prices Can Be Fundamentals

Proprietary data developed from CFTC data for2006‐2009 also show a negative relationship.

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

-20 -10 0 10 20 30

% Change in Open Interest

% C

hang

e in

WTI

Pric

e

Source: PKVerleger LLC.