The 196osBy: Aatish, Arjun, Parth and Nikhil

1960 Presidential Election

John F. Kennedy (Massachusetts Senator and Catholic)

Richard Nixon (Eisenhower’s Vice-President)

Kennedy used power of television to gain support

Largest television audience: 70 million families, tuned to watch the intense debate.

A.N.

://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGcU5U2xUPE&feature=related

A.N.

The Results

Kennedy: 303

Nixon: 219 Race very close,

Nixon demanded recount but to no prevail

Controversies: Illinois and Texas

14 Unpledged Electors!

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Ernesto Che Guevara

Born in Rosario Argentina, 1928 Worked as a doctor until in

1954, he witnessed an American backed coup to overthrow President Jacobo Arbenz

As a result he joined Fidel Castro

1956, Castro Guevara and 80 other men and women arrived in Cuba hoping to overthrow American backed dictator Fulgencio Batista

July 26 Movement N.B

The Cuban Revolution

Castro and Guevara tried to set up base in Sierra Maestra Mountains

Ambushed by gov. troops and ended up with only 16 men once they reached their destination

Castro’s forces raided gov. barracks and gained weapons

Took land from government and returned to peasants: gained support of the poor

1958, 45 organizations signed a letter saying they supported the July 26 Movement

Castro and Guevara were gaining curcial middle class support

N.B

Overthrowing the Cuban Government Batista sent 10,000 men after

Castro and Guevara’s 300 man force

Despite U.S support, Batista still was losing the fight

In an effort to save leadership, Batista held elections. Almost 75% of people did not vote

Quickly losing popularity, Batista fled the country

January 9, 1959 Castro marched into Havana, taking control of Cuba

Guevara went on to become guerilla leader in Bolivia. Killed October 1967

N.B

Bay of Pigs April 14-19, 1961

http://www.5min.com/Video/The-Bay-of-Pigs-Invasion-119994500

N.B

Bay of Pigs

Intended to incite rebellion against Castro

Plan was started under Eisenhower

Had to appear as if America was not involved

Attempts to cover up involvement failed Cuba had presented evidence to UN that America was hiring/training mercenaries

N.B

The Invasion

Invasion force set out from Nicaragua April 14

American-backed Cuban rebels set off bombs in Bay of Pigs and Zapata Swamp

Disguised airplanes to look like Cuban aircraft

Invasion failed due to lack of air support

Invaders surrender at noon April 19

Defeat

Over 200 killed, 1,197 captured

Invaders sentenced to 30 years in prison. Released early due to payment of $53 million in food and medicine from U.S

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A.B.

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Cuban Missile Crisis

U.S. refused to trade with Cuba: hurt their economy

Castro was under much pressure: Russian Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev took opportunity to gain foothold in “America’s backyard” began to help Castro

Building Bases

October 22, 1962, JFK receives intel that U.S.S.R. built missile bases in Cuba

JFK ordered naval blockade of Cuba to prevent the Soviets’ from sending supplies to Cuba

Khrushchev ordered his men to launch nukes if U.S. invaded

A Nuclear Staring Contest

JFK and Khrushchev remained deadlocked until October 28

Think of Dr. Seuss episode Khrushchev gave into JFK’s

demands and pulled Soviet missiles from Cuba

The Berlin Wall

- Germany is split into East and West Germany after WWII. Berlin is also split.

- Tensions arise between the Soviets and the other Allied Powers. This results in events like the Berlin Airlifts.

- West Germany is a socialist, democratic country. East Germany is a communist republic. East Germans face bad conditions due to the Soviet’s lack of involvement.

- Berlin Wall is formed in the night between August 12 and 13, 1961. Its purpose is to prevent emigration – still, it symbolically resembles the Iron Curtain.

- More walls are formed throughout Germany, thus, completely isolating East Germany. This prevents the reunification of Germany as originally promised.

- Families are split and East Germans are forced to endure a tough lifestyle.

- The Berlin Wall is initially 96 miles. It begins with barbed wires but it evolves quickly. Many people die attempting to cross the wall.

- East Germans continue to try to escape the poor conditions. In 1989, they escape through Hungary to Austria.

- In September of 1989, riots break out across the country to break the Berlin Wall, the symbol of their suffering.

A.B.

-The government agrees, with pressure from other countries, to break on the wall on November 9, 1989.

-http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zmRPP2WXX0U

- East and West Germany are reunited on October 3, 1990.

A.B.

The castle and court of King Arthur.

Word used by Jacqueline Kennedy to describe the White House before JFK’s death.

JFK’s Presidency was a period of hope and optimism in the US

One of JFK’s favorite songs

Camelot

R.X.

The New Frontier

Helped poor Redevelopment, increase

in welfare, aid to children

Education funding$ Scholarship and student loans$ In-class television education$ National Defense Education Act

Unemployment Food Stamp Program Accelerated public works

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Immigration Cuban Refugee Program

( February 9, 1961)

Helped refugees fleeing Castro’s regime through health care and education loans

Led To…

Immigration and Nationality Act (1965) Started by Kennedy but assassinated (continued by LBJ) Eradicated quotas and established hemispherical slots.

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The New Frontier Civil Rights

Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity1962- prohibited racial discrimination in federal housing (college)Civil Rights Act of 1964- outlawed discrimination in all public facilities

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JFK’s program used to help poorer nations

Trained and sent volunteers to Africa, Asia and Latin America.

Two years as educators, health care workers, agricultural advisers, etc.

Mostly college graduates Improved foreign relations

for the U.S.

Peace Corps

R.X.

The Space Race

The Soviet Union and the U.S. both have had ICBM programs since the 1940s.

Tension start a race to prove superiority – both countries announce that a satellite would be launched into space.

Sputnik 1 is launched on October 4, 1957. Eisenhower creates NASA in response. The Soviets launch Yuri Gagarin into space on

April 12, 1961 – The Americans launch Alan Shepard into space on May 5, 1961.

The races continuously changed. Soviets launched Valentina Tereshkova into space on June 16, 1963.

The U.S. loses most races but they win a very significant one: having a man on the moon.

Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin reach the moon with the Apollo 11 on July 20, 1966.

The Space Race programs eventually slow down and the races become less competitive.A.B.

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HCt1BwWE2gA

Leonid Brezhnev

- Was part of the plan to remove Khrushchev from a position of power. Assumes power on October 14, 1964.

- Followed a policy of detente like Khrushchev.

- Improves foreign relations with other countries by trading with them.

- Signed arms control policies with other countries.

- Wanted to equalize military power with the U.S. He negotiated with U.S. officials in order to do so.

- SALT I and SALT II are agreements between the U.S. and Soviets in order to prevent warfare.

- Growing tension is still evident between both nations.

- In the Vietnam War, Brezhnev funds communist North Vietnam while Lyndon B. Johnson sides with South Vietnam.

- Dies while in power on November 10, 1982.

A.B.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMBCfxIqP-s

A.N.

Assassination

Dallas, Texas November 22, 1963 Four shots Lee Harvey Oswald (shot by Jack Ruby) Conspiracies: more than one shooter, Israel,

the Mafia, Secret Service,

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Lyndon B. Johnson becomes President

November 22, 1963 – JFK assassinated Lyndon Johnson becomes President.

He felt it was his duty to carry on JFK’s legacy Help the war on poverty- set of programs

introduced by President Johnson to fight poverty Passed the Economic Opportunity Act- created

anti-poverty programs such as Job Corps and VISTA. Job Corps- offered work-training programs for

unemployed youth VISTA- (Volunteers in Service to America) helped

poor communities in the U.S. Created the Office of Economic Opportunity

(OEO). Other anti-poverty programs were created through

the OEO.P.A.

Carrying on JFK’s Legacy

During Johnson’s presidency, he persuaded Congress to pass the tax-cut bill and the civil rights legislation. tax-cut bill- Senate conservatives

said that Johnson had to limit government spending to $100 billion if he wanted to cut taxes Helped the economy grow by

10%, and unemployment declines.

P.A.

The Great Society

During the 1964 election, president Johnson wanted to further help the “war on poverty”. Creates the phrase – “Great Society”

Great Society-domestic programs created by President Johnson to help poverty, the environment, education, and discrimination.

Wins the 1964 election by a landslide against Republican, Barry Goldwater.

Starts to create acts and persuades Congress to pass them. 181 of 200 bills were passed in the Great

Society.http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=kx0K637mBVE

P.A.

Great Society ProgramsP.A.

Year Act Purpose1964 Economic

Opportunity ActCreated the Job Corps, VISTA, and other programs to fight the war on poverty.

1964 Tax Reduction Act

Cut income tax rates up to 30%. Greater cuts went to low-income Americans

1964 Civil Rights Act Outlawed discrimination in housing, employment, and public accommodations; authorized federal government to enforce desegregation.

1964 Wilderness Preservation Act

Protected 9.1 million acres of national forest from development.

1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act

Provided aid to school systems based on number of students from low-income homes.

1965 Social Security Amendments

Established Medicare and Medicaid.

1965 Voting Rights Act Voters did not need to pass literacy test to vote.

1965 Omnibus Housing Act

Provided housing for low-income Americans

Great Society Programs Cont’d P.A.

Year Act Purpose

1965 Water Quality Act Required states to clean up rivers and lakes.

1965 Clean Air Amendments

Established exhaust emission standards for new motor vehicles.

1965 Higher Education Act

Provided scholarships and low -interest loans for college students.

1966 National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act

Established safety standards for new motor vehicles.

1967 Air Quality Act Set guidelines on air pollution and increased the federal government’s power to enforce clean-air standards.

1967 Public Broadcasting Act

Helped provide public affairs, cultural, and educational programs on the radio and television.

1967 Truth-in-Lending Act

Required lenders to inform consumers of actual cost and credit transactions.

Foreign Policies

Spent $2.5 billion each month on the Vietnam War. Wanted to stop the spread of

communism. Johnson Doctrine- philosophy

that revolutions in Latin America were not just local concerns when “the object is the establishment of a Communist dictatorship”.

Pueblo incident-North Korean capture of the Pueblo, a Navy spy ship.

P.A.

Richard Nixon became the frontrunner for the 1968 Presidential Election

Nixon used the “Southern Strategy” Took advantage of the racism against

blacks in the south This campaign strategy switched the

positions of democrats and republicans

1968 Republican Convention

R.X.

Fought between Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt

June 5-June 10, 1967 Israel launches a

sudden air attack against nearby Arab countries

Captured the Gaza Strip, the Sinai Penninsula, the West Bank, East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights.

The Six-Day War

R.X.

Shot on June 5 ,1968. Died 26 hours later.

Sirhan Sirhan- 24 year old Palestinian American

Had a grudge against RFK for supporting Israel in the Six Day War

RFK’s Assassination

R.X.

THE END

Works Cited

Bay of Pigs Invasion." United States History. United States History, n.d. Web. 22 May 2011. <http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1765.html>.

Spartacus Educational." Spartacus Educational. Spartacus Educational, n.d. Web. 22 May 2011. <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/COLDguevara.htm>.

Goldman, Jerry, and Giel Stein. "The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 18-29, 1962." N.p., n.d. Web. 22 May 2011. <http://www.hpol.org/jfk/cuban/>.

The Bay of Pigs Invasion." The Bay of Pigs Invasion. Web. 22 May 2011. <http://www.5min.com/Video/The-Bay-of-Pigs-Invasion-119994500>.