The 1960’s The 1960’s John F. Kennedy to John F. Kennedy to Lyndon B. JohnsonLyndon B. Johnson

Students will analyze the 1960’s and its Students will analyze the 1960’s and its impact on American Societyimpact on American Society

The New FrontierThe New FrontierThe Election of 1960-The Election of 1960- marked the transition early America to marked the transition early America to Modern AmericaModern America

1. Richard Nixon-1. Richard Nixon- Vice President under Vice President under Eisenhower, Eisenhower, he he was thought to be the frontrunner for this electionwas thought to be the frontrunner for this election

2. John F. Kennedy-2. John F. Kennedy- the youthful senator from the youthful senator from Massachusetts is a dark horse candidate but wins the Massachusetts is a dark horse candidate but wins the primary, picks Texas senator Lyndon B. Johnson to be primary, picks Texas senator Lyndon B. Johnson to be his running matehis running mate

Factors Contributing to Kennedy’s Victories Factors Contributing to Kennedy’s Victories

Televised DebatesTelevised DebatesVoters fell in love with the physical Voters fell in love with the physical appearance and charisma possessed appearance and charisma possessed by Kennedy. He was confident and by Kennedy. He was confident and organized. Nixon was pale, sweating organized. Nixon was pale, sweating

and tense.and tense.

Winning FormulaWinning FormulaKennedy attacked the Kennedy attacked the Eisenhower era as soft on Eisenhower era as soft on defense (arms race), defense (arms race), supported Civil Rights wins supported Civil Rights wins African-American vote, African-American vote, Catholic religion scares some Catholic religion scares some but not enough to lose the but not enough to lose the electionelection

Election of 1960 Kennedy Wins!!!!!Election of 1960 Kennedy Wins!!!!!

VS.

Kennedy PresidencyKennedy PresidencyNew Frontier-New Frontier- Kennedy refers to the passing of the torch to Kennedy refers to the passing of the torch to the new generation. New Ideasthe new generation. New Ideas

““Ask not what your country can do for you- ask what can you Ask not what your country can do for you- ask what can you do for your county”- do for your county”- John F. KennedyJohn F. Kennedy

Best and Brightest-Best and Brightest- Kennedy surrounds himself with some of Kennedy surrounds himself with some of the best minds of the day to shape a new America.the best minds of the day to shape a new America.

Mystique-Mystique- Seen as Camelot by the American public, Seen as Camelot by the American public, cultured, fashion, glamour.cultured, fashion, glamour.

Kennedy’s Domestic PoliciesKennedy’s Domestic Policies New Frontier Programs-New Frontier Programs- never truly passed through never truly passed through Congress, Kennedy lacked political skills and American voter Congress, Kennedy lacked political skills and American voter support.support.

1. Aid for education1. Aid for education

2. Federally supported health care2. Federally supported health care

3. Urban renewal and civil rights 3. Urban renewal and civil rights

4. Peace Corps (1961)-4. Peace Corps (1961)- volunteers who go to undeveloped volunteers who go to undeveloped countries; economic/technical countries; economic/technical

Race to the MoonRace to the MoonFirst Man in Space- April 1961, Soviet cosmonaut April 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin Yuri A. Gagarin is first man in spaceis first man in space

Soon after, U.S. puts man in space, uses satellite Soon after, U.S. puts man in space, uses satellite communicationscommunications

First Man on the Moon- First Man on the Moon- July 1969 U.S astronaut Neil July 1969 U.S astronaut Neil Armstrong is first Armstrong is first man to walk man to walk on moonon moon

University science programs grow; new industries, University science programs grow; new industries, technologies arisetechnologies arise

Kennedy’s Foreign PolicyKennedy’s Foreign PolicyFlexible Response-Flexible Response- Kennedy believed in fighting conventional Kennedy believed in fighting conventional wars, balance nuclear weaponswars, balance nuclear weapons

1. Defense-1. Defense- Kennedy increased spending by 20%, Kennedy increased spending by 20%, created a mobile military created a mobile military

2. Nuclear Weapons-2. Nuclear Weapons- increased the amount by three increased the amount by three times, long range missiles.times, long range missiles.

3. Special Forces-3. Special Forces- Green Berets, Rangers sent into Green Berets, Rangers sent into conflict areas to deal with rebellions and communist conflict areas to deal with rebellions and communist forcesforces

Bay of Pigs InvasionBay of Pigs InvasionBay of Pigs Invasion-Bay of Pigs Invasion- Kennedy’s biggest mistake, he gives Kennedy’s biggest mistake, he gives approval of this plan hatched by the C.I.A. under approval of this plan hatched by the C.I.A. under Eisenhower to overthrow Castro using Cuban Exiles.Eisenhower to overthrow Castro using Cuban Exiles.

11. Exiles return-. Exiles return- Landing in April they expected Landing in April they expected people people to join their revolution, nobody joins. to join their revolution, nobody joins.

2. Trapped-2. Trapped- Cuban exiles caught on beach, Kennedy Cuban exiles caught on beach, Kennedy refuses to use U.S. forces to help.refuses to use U.S. forces to help.

3. Embarrassment-3. Embarrassment- Kennedy is forced to pay a Kennedy is forced to pay a ransom ransom (food/medicine) to free the exiles. (food/medicine) to free the exiles.

4.4. Castro-Castro- uses this to get more support from the uses this to get more support from the Soviet Soviet Union and strengthen his grip on power.Union and strengthen his grip on power.

The Building of the Berlin WallThe Building of the Berlin WallBerlin Wall- Berlin Wall- The symbol of the Cold War until 1989The symbol of the Cold War until 1989

Kennedy and Khrushchev-Kennedy and Khrushchev- agree to a meeting, at the agree to a meeting, at the meeting Khrushchev demands the immediate withdrawal of meeting Khrushchev demands the immediate withdrawal of U.S. troops from West Berlin, Kennedy refuses.U.S. troops from West Berlin, Kennedy refuses.

East Germany- East Germany- begins building the wall to keep East begins building the wall to keep East Germans from fleeing into West Berlin.Germans from fleeing into West Berlin.

Tension-Tension- U.S. and Soviet tanks begin to face off, Kennedy U.S. and Soviet tanks begin to face off, Kennedy makes no move to stop the wallmakes no move to stop the wall

Kennedy’s Speech- Kennedy’s Speech- Kennedy flies to Berlin in 1963 to support Kennedy flies to Berlin in 1963 to support West Berliners- West Berliners- “Ich bin ein Berliner””

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile CrisisCrisis-Crisis- the closest the world ever came to all out nuclear war. the closest the world ever came to all out nuclear war.

Cuba and Soviet Union-Cuba and Soviet Union- Spy planes discover that Cuba was Spy planes discover that Cuba was building underground missile sites for nuclear weapons that building underground missile sites for nuclear weapons that could reach the U.S. in minutescould reach the U.S. in minutes

Kennedy Reacts-Kennedy Reacts- orders a naval blockade of Cuba until all orders a naval blockade of Cuba until all weapons are removed. U.S.S.R. told any ship trying to run weapons are removed. U.S.S.R. told any ship trying to run the blockade will start a full scale war with the U.S.the blockade will start a full scale war with the U.S.

Khrushchev Reacts-Khrushchev Reacts- turns the Soviet ships around and turns the Soviet ships around and remove the missiles if Kennedy promises not to invade Cubaremove the missiles if Kennedy promises not to invade Cuba

Cuban Missile Crisis cont’d…Cuban Missile Crisis cont’d…

Fall out of the Cuban Missile CrisisFall out of the Cuban Missile Crisis

1. Hotline-1. Hotline- direct line between D.C. and Moscow direct line between D.C. and Moscow

2. Khrushchev-2. Khrushchev- reputation is damaged in the U.S.S.R. reputation is damaged in the U.S.S.R.

3. Nuclear Test Ban Treaty-3. Nuclear Test Ban Treaty- 100 nations agree to stop 100 nations agree to stop open air testing of nuclear open air testing of nuclear weaponsweapons

4. Criticism-4. Criticism- Kennedy seen as soft for not ousting Kennedy seen as soft for not ousting Castro, Castro, brinkmanship policybrinkmanship policy

Kennedy Assassination Kennedy Assassination Cut Down-Cut Down- November 23,1963 President Kennedy is November 23,1963 President Kennedy is assassinated in Dallas, Texas.assassinated in Dallas, Texas.

Stunned Americans-Stunned Americans- were devastated by the Kennedy were devastated by the Kennedy assassination, remember where they were. assassination, remember where they were.

Lee Harvey Oswald-Lee Harvey Oswald- The alleged Kennedy assassin is killed The alleged Kennedy assassin is killed two days after Kennedy by Jack Ruby on television. two days after Kennedy by Jack Ruby on television.

Warren Commission-Warren Commission- headed by Supreme Court Justice headed by Supreme Court Justice Warren, states that Oswald was the lone gunman during the Warren, states that Oswald was the lone gunman during the assassination .assassination .

1. Conspiracy-1. Conspiracy- CIA, FBI, Mob, Castro, USSR CIA, FBI, Mob, Castro, USSR

2. Innocence loss-2. Innocence loss- Many young Americans lose trust Many young Americans lose trust and and respect for the governmentrespect for the government

President Lyndon B. JohnsonPresident Lyndon B. Johnson

Oath of Office- Oath of Office- 2 hours after the Kennedy assassination. He 2 hours after the Kennedy assassination. He is a lawmaker with political experience.is a lawmaker with political experience.

War on Poverty-War on Poverty- Johnson wants to eliminate poverty and Johnson wants to eliminate poverty and racial tension in Americaracial tension in America

The The Great Society-Great Society- Johnson’s program to end poverty and Johnson’s program to end poverty and racism in the U.S.racism in the U.S.

1. Medicare-1. Medicare- medical insurance program for those 65 medical insurance program for those 65 and older.and older.

2. Medicaid-2. Medicaid- government paid healthcare for poor and government paid healthcare for poor and disableddisabled

Great Society con’t…Great Society con’t…3. Elementary and Secondary School Act-3. Elementary and Secondary School Act- money for money for

poor school districtspoor school districts4. Immigration Law-4. Immigration Law- abolishes quota’s from the 1920’s abolishes quota’s from the 1920’s allowing millions to enter from Asia, Latin America allowing millions to enter from Asia, Latin America

and Caribbeanand Caribbean5. Department of Housing-5. Department of Housing- created to build low and created to build low and

moderate housing in urban centersmoderate housing in urban centers6. Ralph Nader-6. Ralph Nader- “ “Unsafe at any Speed”,Unsafe at any Speed”, about the about the

problems in the auto industry, laws passed to fix the problems in the auto industry, laws passed to fix the problemsproblems

7. Rachel Carson-7. Rachel Carson- “Silent Spring”,“Silent Spring”, about the problems about the problems of of air and water pollution caused by pesticidesair and water pollution caused by pesticides

Criticism of the Great Society-Criticism of the Great Society- too expensive, couldn’t be too expensive, couldn’t be measured and created a group of lazy Americans. Ends with measured and created a group of lazy Americans. Ends with the Vietnam Warthe Vietnam War

The Warren Court 1953-1969The Warren Court 1953-1969Chief Justice Warren-Chief Justice Warren- led the court from 1953-1969 during led the court from 1953-1969 during his time the supreme court will reshape America and his time the supreme court will reshape America and individual rights.individual rights.

1. Mapp v. Ohio-1. Mapp v. Ohio- illegally seized evidence can not be illegally seized evidence can not be used in court against someoneused in court against someone

2. Gideon v. Wainwright-2. Gideon v. Wainwright- poor be provided an attorney poor be provided an attorney3. Miranda v. Arizona-3. Miranda v. Arizona- expands on an earlier case- expands on an earlier case-

rights rights read, lawyer present during questioningread, lawyer present during questioning4. Yates v. U.S.-4. Yates v. U.S.- protected radical and revolutionary protected radical and revolutionary

speech, “unless a clear and present danger”speech, “unless a clear and present danger”5. Engel v. Vitale-5. Engel v. Vitale- No prayer in school No prayer in school6. Griswold v. Connecticut-6. Griswold v. Connecticut- states could not prohibit states could not prohibit

the the use of contraception.use of contraception.

Criticism-Criticism- People felt the Supreme Court was protecting the People felt the Supreme Court was protecting the rights of unpopular minority groups and criminals. The rights of unpopular minority groups and criminals. The Warren Court was very radical and groundbreaking in it’s Warren Court was very radical and groundbreaking in it’s decisions, changed the U.S.decisions, changed the U.S.

The Civil Rights MovementThe Civil Rights MovementTelevision-Television- images will change the way Americans view Civil images will change the way Americans view Civil Rights.Rights.

1. Influence-1. Influence- the beatings, harassment, ignorance, the beatings, harassment, ignorance, dogs, dogs, fire hoses, seen by the world as why segregation fire hoses, seen by the world as why segregation needs needs to end in the South. to end in the South.

Kennedy’s Reaction to Segregation-Kennedy’s Reaction to Segregation-

1. University of Mississippi-1. University of Mississippi- Sends in troops to allow Sends in troops to allow an an African American veteran to attend and enroll.African American veteran to attend and enroll.

2. 2. University of Alabama- University of Alabama- Governor George Wallace Governor George Wallace tries tries to stop integration, Kennedy sends in troops to to stop integration, Kennedy sends in troops to force force integration in the school. integration in the school.

Civil Rights MovementCivil Rights MovementDesegregating Birmingham-Desegregating Birmingham- in the heart of the South it in the heart of the South it represents the battleground that must be won to end represents the battleground that must be won to end segregation.segregation.

1. Birmingham Letters-1. Birmingham Letters- Martin Luther King and Martin Luther King and followers followers are jailed. He writes a letter describing the love are jailed. He writes a letter describing the love

needed to overcome hatred, Kennedy becomes a needed to overcome hatred, Kennedy becomes a staunch supporter of the Civil Rights Movementstaunch supporter of the Civil Rights Movement

2. Children-2. Children- shown on T.V. they are being beaten and shown on T.V. they are being beaten and attacked by Southern police.attacked by Southern police.3. Reaction-3. Reaction- The American conscious can no longer The American conscious can no longer

take take segregation and it’s evils.segregation and it’s evils.

March on Washington-March on Washington- August 1963 King leads a march of August 1963 King leads a march of over 200,000 black and white supporters to support the Civil over 200,000 black and white supporters to support the Civil Rights Bill.Rights Bill.

1. “I Have a Dream”-1. “I Have a Dream”- the speech that defines the Civil the speech that defines the Civil Rights Movement, appealed for the end racial prejudice. Rights Movement, appealed for the end racial prejudice.

Civil Rights MovementCivil Rights Movement

Lyndon Johnson-Lyndon Johnson- was able to convince Congress and was able to convince Congress and Americans it was time for a change.Americans it was time for a change.

Civil Rights Act of 1964-Civil Rights Act of 1964- made segregation in public facilities made segregation in public facilities illegal and gave the federal government additional powers to illegal and gave the federal government additional powers to enforce the integration of schools. enforce the integration of schools.

1964: 241964: 24thth Amendment- Amendment- abolishes the collection of voting poll abolishes the collection of voting poll taxes.taxes.

Civil Rights MovementCivil Rights MovementFreedom Rides-Freedom Rides- organized by SNCC to bring protestors from organized by SNCC to bring protestors from the North to the South to register voters in Mississippi.the North to the South to register voters in Mississippi.

1. Violence-1. Violence- James ChaneyJames Chaney, , Andrew Goodman Andrew Goodman and and Michael Schwerner Michael Schwerner are abducted, tortured and killed are abducted, tortured and killed trying trying to register voters. Outrages Americans, FBI called.to register voters. Outrages Americans, FBI called.

March on Selma 1965– March on Selma 1965– King leads a group of 600 protestors King leads a group of 600 protestors on a march to Montgomery, on a march to Montgomery, violently attacked violently attacked and and beaten on T.V.beaten on T.V.

1. Second March- federal protection, over 25,000 1. Second March- federal protection, over 25,000 protestors joinprotestors join

Voting Rights Act of 1965:Voting Rights Act of 1965: ended literacy tests and provided ended literacy tests and provided federal registrars in areas where blacks were kept from federal registrars in areas where blacks were kept from votingvoting

Radical Civil Rights MovementRadical Civil Rights MovementNation of Islam-Nation of Islam- led by led by Elijah Muhammad Elijah Muhammad it attracted Blacks it attracted Blacks who were fed up with the slow progress of King, SCLC and who were fed up with the slow progress of King, SCLC and SNCC.SNCC.

1. Ideas-1. Ideas- Black Nationalism, separatism, and self Black Nationalism, separatism, and self improvement.improvement.

2. 2. Malcolm X- Malcolm X- the charismatic leader of the Nation, he the charismatic leader of the Nation, he was the voice of frustrated Americans.was the voice of frustrated Americans.3. Malcolm vs. Martin-3. Malcolm vs. Martin- Malcolm X called King an “Uncle Malcolm X called King an “Uncle Tom”, sell out who was willing to bow down to Whites.Tom”, sell out who was willing to bow down to Whites.4. Malcolm’s Message-4. Malcolm’s Message- advocated self defense in the advocated self defense in the

face of white violence. face of white violence. 5. Malcolm leaves the Nation-5. Malcolm leaves the Nation- describes a self describes a self

revelation revelation and preaches a less violent form of Islamand preaches a less violent form of Islam6. Assassination-6. Assassination- killed at the Audubon Ballroom in killed at the Audubon Ballroom in

Harlem, by members of the NOI.Harlem, by members of the NOI.

Radical Civil Rights cont’d…Radical Civil Rights cont’d…Stokley Carmichael- Stokley Carmichael- leader of SNCC, he begins to advocate leader of SNCC, he begins to advocate a more a more radical version radical version preaching preaching BLACK POWERBLACK POWERBlack Panthers- Black Panthers- founded by founded by Huey P. Newton Huey P. Newton and and Bobby Seale Bobby Seale in California to protect African American in California to protect African American neighborhoods from Police brutality.neighborhoods from Police brutality.

1. Symbol-1. Symbol- Black Panthers Black Panthers were one of the main were one of the main counter culture groups of the 1960’scounter culture groups of the 1960’s

2. Ideas-2. Ideas- Ten-Point Program, demanding equality in Ten-Point Program, demanding equality in social and economic standing.social and economic standing.

3. Ghetto-3. Ghetto- Panther party provided health, food, Panther party provided health, food, educational, political, and protective services for educational, political, and protective services for inner inner city neighborhoods.city neighborhoods.

4. End-4. End- collapses in the early 70’s under political and collapses in the early 70’s under political and legal pressures brought by the U.S. government legal pressures brought by the U.S. government

Legacy of the Civil Rights MovementLegacy of the Civil Rights Movement Affirmative action-Affirmative action- extra effort to hire, enroll discriminated groups (Blacks, extra effort to hire, enroll discriminated groups (Blacks, Hispanics, Asians, Native Americans, White Women).Hispanics, Asians, Native Americans, White Women).

1. Acceptance-1. Acceptance- Colleges, Businesses adopt the policy. Colleges, Businesses adopt the policy.

2. Criticism-2. Criticism- White Men claim this is reverse discrimination and White Men claim this is reverse discrimination and they they are being cut out of thingsare being cut out of things

3. 3. Bakke v. CaliforniaBakke v. California 1978-1978- ruled race can be used when ruled race can be used when considering applicants to colleges, but racial quotas cannot be considering applicants to colleges, but racial quotas cannot be used. used. Protected affirmative action program.Protected affirmative action program.

4. 4. Civil Rights Act of 1968-Civil Rights Act of 1968- prohibits discrimination in housing prohibits discrimination in housing

5. More black students finish high school, college; get better jobs5. More black students finish high school, college; get better jobs

6. Greater pride in racial identity leads to Black Studies programs6. Greater pride in racial identity leads to Black Studies programs

7. More African-American participation in movies, television7. More African-American participation in movies, television

8. Increased voter registration results in more black elected 8. Increased voter registration results in more black elected officialsofficials

Student MovementStudent MovementBeginnings-Beginnings- started in 1962 students begin to want started in 1962 students begin to want Universities to include them in on the decision making Universities to include them in on the decision making process.process.

1. Demands-1. Demands- Free Speech Movement on College Free Speech Movement on College Campuses, Drinking, Visits by the opposite sex to dorm Campuses, Drinking, Visits by the opposite sex to dorm rooms, Change in studies, Involvement in the Vietnam rooms, Change in studies, Involvement in the Vietnam War.War.

Counterculture MovementCounterculture MovementHippies/Flower Children-Hippies/Flower Children- mainly the young they rebelled in mainly the young they rebelled in music, dress, living and drug use.music, dress, living and drug use.

1. Dress-1. Dress- Jeans, Tie Die shirts, long hair, beards, Jeans, Tie Die shirts, long hair, beards, beadsbeads

2. Lifestyle-2. Lifestyle- drugs, communes, folk music drugs, communes, folk music3. Beliefs-3. Beliefs- they believed in the ideas of a democratic they believed in the ideas of a democratic

society more than any generation. Many believed they society more than any generation. Many believed they could destroy poverty, war, racism, unresponsive could destroy poverty, war, racism, unresponsive authority “THE MAN”authority “THE MAN”

4. Woodstock 1969-4. Woodstock 1969- The zenith of the movement it The zenith of the movement it also also marked the end of the 60’s and marked the end of the 60’s and lifestylelifestyle. Every major . Every major act act of the 60’s made an appearance. of the 60’s made an appearance.

5. Music-5. Music- Janis JoplinJanis Joplin, , Jimi HendrixJimi Hendrix, , Bob DylanBob Dylan, , Rolling Rolling Stones, Beatles, and Jefferson Airplane Stones, Beatles, and Jefferson Airplane

6. Impatience-6. Impatience- Due to the slow nature of change many Due to the slow nature of change many of the people began to turn to a more radical of the people began to turn to a more radical

approach.approach.

Sexual RevolutionSexual RevolutionOrigins-Origins- begun as a part of the counterculture movement begun as a part of the counterculture movement

Why-Why- a backlash against the conservative ideas and morals a backlash against the conservative ideas and morals of the 1950’s. of the 1950’s.

Sex-Sex- seen as more liberating than a duty, many of these seen as more liberating than a duty, many of these ideas get their beginnings from advertisements, movies, ideas get their beginnings from advertisements, movies, magazines and television.magazines and television.

Prevention-Prevention- drugs and contraception led many to believe drugs and contraception led many to believe casual sex had no drawbacks, this idea remains until the casual sex had no drawbacks, this idea remains until the 1980’s and HIV, teenage mothers1980’s and HIV, teenage mothers

Women’s MovementWomen’s MovementBetty Friedan- Betty Friedan- writes the book writes the book ““The Feminine Mystique”The Feminine Mystique” which urged women to get fulfillment from careers rather than which urged women to get fulfillment from careers rather than confining themselves to the home.confining themselves to the home.National Organization for Women (NOW)- National Organization for Women (NOW)- founded by founded by Freidan and other women to promote equality for all women, Freidan and other women to promote equality for all women, adopted the tactics of the Civil Rights Movementadopted the tactics of the Civil Rights Movement

1. Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)-1. Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)- was designed to was designed to promote equality of the sexes and make it illegal to promote equality of the sexes and make it illegal to discriminate based on it. Defeated by the new discriminate based on it. Defeated by the new conservative conservative movement.movement.Legacy of the Women’s Movement- Legacy of the Women’s Movement-

1. Changed hiring and employment practices 1. Changed hiring and employment practices 2. Increased the number of women in college and in 2. Increased the number of women in college and in

law, law, medicine, politics, businessmedicine, politics, business3. Closing the gap on equality and perception3. Closing the gap on equality and perception

United Farm Worker’s MovementUnited Farm Worker’s MovementLed by Cesar ChavezLed by Cesar Chavez

1. Supported the rights of migrant farm workers1. Supported the rights of migrant farm workers

2. Desire to improve work conditions of these 2. Desire to improve work conditions of these workersworkers

3. Used non-violent methods to achieve goals, 3. Used non-violent methods to achieve goals, including a hunger strikeincluding a hunger strike

4. Started a nationwide boycott of California 4. Started a nationwide boycott of California grapesgrapes

5. Eventually led to negotiations that gave farm 5. Eventually led to negotiations that gave farm workers higher wages.workers higher wages.

The "Cold Warriors" of the 1950'sThe "Cold Warriors" of the 1950's

Barry Goldwater(1964) Barry Goldwater(1964) and and Richard Nixon (1968)Richard Nixon (1968)

The The "Solid South" "Solid South" angry with Democratic party support of angry with Democratic party support of Civil RightsCivil Rights

Opposition to "Liberal" Supreme Court's Judicial ActivismOpposition to "Liberal" Supreme Court's Judicial Activism

Beliefs-Beliefs- they opposed the student movement, civil rights, gun they opposed the student movement, civil rights, gun control, liberalism, Feminism, Affirmative Action, Sexual control, liberalism, Feminism, Affirmative Action, Sexual Revolution, Hippies, Gay Rights, Great Society, big Revolution, Hippies, Gay Rights, Great Society, big government, Social Security, and Tennessee Valley government, Social Security, and Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). Authority (TVA).

THE CONSERVATIVE MOVEMENT

The Vietnam WarThe Vietnam WarEarly Stages-Early Stages- Kennedy adopted Eisenhower’s “ Kennedy adopted Eisenhower’s “Domino Domino Theory”Theory” and felt that South Vietnam needed increased and felt that South Vietnam needed increased military support to protect it from communism.military support to protect it from communism.

1. South Vietnam-1. South Vietnam- government was corrupt, government was corrupt, unpopularunpopular, , PresidentPresident was overthrown and was overthrown and assassinatedassassinated..

2. Johnson-2. Johnson- becomes president when S. Vietnam is becomes president when S. Vietnam is falling apart, he is attacked by Goldwater as being soft falling apart, he is attacked by Goldwater as being soft on communism.on communism.

Vietnam WarVietnam War

Tonkin Gulf Resolution-Tonkin Gulf Resolution- Johnson gets Congress to pass this Johnson gets Congress to pass this to take “all necessary measures” to stop the spread of to take “all necessary measures” to stop the spread of communism in Vietnamcommunism in Vietnam

1. Support-1. Support- Americans supported the war until 1968, Americans supported the war until 1968, though some felt it was an illegal war.though some felt it was an illegal war.

2. President Johnson-2. President Johnson- caught in a dilemma- support caught in a dilemma- support an an unpopular war and draw the U.S. unpopular war and draw the U.S. in and destroy the in and destroy the Great Society Programs or look soft on communism in Great Society Programs or look soft on communism in the face of Americans?the face of Americans?

Vietnam WarVietnam WarEscalating the War-Escalating the War- Johnson’s advisers recommended Johnson’s advisers recommended expanding the war.expanding the war.

1. Operation Rolling Thunder-1. Operation Rolling Thunder- Johnson authorizes Johnson authorizes carpet bombing of N. Vietnam to destroy their morale carpet bombing of N. Vietnam to destroy their morale and and ability to fight. Also support S. Vietnam and boost ability to fight. Also support S. Vietnam and boost their their morale.morale.

2. Failure-2. Failure- N. Vietnam with the support of the Soviet N. Vietnam with the support of the Soviet Union had air defense.Union had air defense.

3. Problems-3. Problems- the U.S. failed to win the support of the the U.S. failed to win the support of the people, instead conducted a war of attrition, search and people, instead conducted a war of attrition, search and destroy tactics- N. Vietnam could point to this as why destroy tactics- N. Vietnam could point to this as why Vietnamese should join their effort.Vietnamese should join their effort.

Vietnam WarVietnam WarContainment- Containment- The U.S. increases the number of soldiers in The U.S. increases the number of soldiers in Vietnam from Vietnam from 16,000 in 1961 to 500,000 by 1965.16,000 in 1961 to 500,000 by 1965.

1. Viet-Cong Tactics-1. Viet-Cong Tactics- they used they used tunnelstunnels, the , the Ho Chi Minh Trail Ho Chi Minh Trail and the and the junglesjungles to defeat the U.S. who was to defeat the U.S. who was

unpreparedunprepared for the tactics and never adapted to that for the tactics and never adapted to that style of warfare.style of warfare.

2. View of the War-2. View of the War- U.S. sees it as a military struggle U.S. sees it as a military struggle but but North Vietnamese as a war for survival.North Vietnamese as a war for survival.

3. American Problems-3. American Problems- Napalm, Napalm, Agent OrangeAgent Orange, Traps, , Traps, Drugs, Alcohol, Corruption, Drugs, Alcohol, Corruption, T.V. T.V.

Vietnam WarVietnam WarDivided Nation-Divided Nation- The U.S. uses the draft, the affluent and The U.S. uses the draft, the affluent and white flee to college or Canada.white flee to college or Canada.

1. Poor-1. Poor- 80% of the soldiers are from low income 80% of the soldiers are from low income familiesfamilies

2. African-Americans-2. African-Americans- serve in disproportionate serve in disproportionate numbers numbers in ground combat, Dept. of Defense fixes this in ground combat, Dept. of Defense fixes this but morale but morale is destroyed among troops. is destroyed among troops.

3. Doves-3. Doves- opponents of the war, costs lives and opponents of the war, costs lives and money money better suited for the inner city.better suited for the inner city.

4. Hawks-4. Hawks- favor sending greater forces to win the war, favor sending greater forces to win the war, by by 1967 majority of Americans support war consider 1967 majority of Americans support war consider protesters disloyal.protesters disloyal.

Anti-War ActivistAnti-War ActivistMovement- In 1965, protest marches, rallies draw tens of Movement- In 1965, protest marches, rallies draw tens of thousandsthousands

Protesters-Protesters- calls for civil disobedience; counsels students to calls for civil disobedience; counsels students to go abroad, antiwar demonstrations, protests increase, some go abroad, antiwar demonstrations, protests increase, some become violentbecome violent

Veterans-Veterans- Small numbers of returning veterans protest; Small numbers of returning veterans protest; protest songs popularprotest songs popular

Some men burn draft cards; some refuse to serve; some flee Some men burn draft cards; some refuse to serve; some flee to Canadato Canada

1968 The Year that Changed America1968 The Year that Changed AmericaThe Tet Offensive-The Tet Offensive- Vietcong troops make a surprise sneak Vietcong troops make a surprise sneak attack on all S. Vietnam cities and U.S. bases.attack on all S. Vietnam cities and U.S. bases.

1. Military-1. Military- the Tet offensive was counterattacked by the Tet offensive was counterattacked by the the U.S. and all loses were recovered.U.S. and all loses were recovered.

2. Victory-2. Victory- Johnson loss the war of public opinion as Johnson loss the war of public opinion as Americans saw it as unwinable. Americans saw it as unwinable.

3. Americans-3. Americans- Before the Tet Offensive Before the Tet Offensive most most Americans hawks, after 50% Doves. Media attacks Americans hawks, after 50% Doves. Media attacks the the war.war.

4. President Johnson-4. President Johnson- popular support falls 60% popular support falls 60% disapproval, Johnson goes on T.V. and announces he disapproval, Johnson goes on T.V. and announces he will look for a peaceful solution, withdraws from the 1968 will look for a peaceful solution, withdraws from the 1968 Presidential Race shocking everyone.Presidential Race shocking everyone.

Two Assassinations Change AmericaTwo Assassinations Change AmericaApril 4April 4thth, 1968-, 1968- Martin Luther King Jr. is shot on a motel Martin Luther King Jr. is shot on a motel balcony in Memphis, Tenn., by James Earl Ray.balcony in Memphis, Tenn., by James Earl Ray.

1. Reaction-1. Reaction- In 168 cities riots break out in African In 168 cities riots break out in African American communities revealing the anger and American communities revealing the anger and frustration still felt in the North and South.frustration still felt in the North and South.

Robert F. Kennedy-Robert F. Kennedy- former Attorney General under his former Attorney General under his brother is running for the office of President.brother is running for the office of President.

1. June 5, 1968-1. June 5, 1968- RFK is shot by an assassin after RFK is shot by an assassin after winning the primary in California.winning the primary in California.

2. Reaction-2. Reaction- many counter culture supporters, African many counter culture supporters, African Americans and democrats are devastated. He was the Americans and democrats are devastated. He was the last liberal “60’s” politicians.last liberal “60’s” politicians.

Democratic Convention of 68’Democratic Convention of 68’Chicago- Chicago- Humphrey was V.P. and had won the nomination Humphrey was V.P. and had won the nomination but not the minds of the protesters on the street.but not the minds of the protesters on the street.

Riots- Riots- Chicago police attack and beat protesters who were Chicago police attack and beat protesters who were marching to the convention.marching to the convention.

T.V.-T.V.- the images are sent all over the country and people see the images are sent all over the country and people see it as a sign that the country is being torn apart by the liberals.it as a sign that the country is being torn apart by the liberals.

Election of 1968- Election of 1968- Richard Nixon vs. Humphrey-Richard Nixon vs. Humphrey- Nixon wins Nixon wins on the platform of restoring law and order and ending the on the platform of restoring law and order and ending the Vietnam War. This was the beginning of the conservative Vietnam War. This was the beginning of the conservative movement in America and would dominate politics in the 80’s movement in America and would dominate politics in the 80’s and 90’s.and 90’s.

End of the Vietnam WarEnd of the Vietnam War

Paris Peace Accords 1973-Paris Peace Accords 1973- officially ended US officially ended US involvement involvement in Vietnam in Vietnam

1. Fall of Saigon 1975- U.S. pulls out as 1. Fall of Saigon 1975- U.S. pulls out as communist communist rebels storm the city, Vietnam becomes a communist rebels storm the city, Vietnam becomes a communist countrycountry

Legacy of the Vietnam War-Legacy of the Vietnam War-1. Government abolishes military draft

2. War contributes to cynicism about government, political leaders. Americans begin to distrust and hate their own government