the 1860 presidential election in missouri
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The 1860 Presidential Election in Missouri. Road map. The 1860 election in Missouri: teaching opportunities The European Context A diverse state: no easy conclusions Missouri splits the nation in half Comparisons that work: - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The 1860 Presidential Electionin Missouri
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Road map The 1860 election in Missouri: teaching opportunities
The European Context A diverse state: no easy conclusions
Missouri splits the nation in half Comparisons that work:
Missouri Democrats: moderate, war, peace, copperhead, “States-Rights,” conservative Germans ….
Missouri Republicans: radicals, moderates, former Whigs, anti-Catholic Nativists, German wide-awakes, …
The Election: national contest, local politics
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Europe, 1848
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Berlin Uprising, 1848
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The crisis of democratic revolutions: the “forty-eighters”
Unrest throughout Europe caused the Revolutions of 1848
Middle-class liberals desired greater political participation
Nationalities demanded independence Conservatives manage to put down rebellions,
remain in place; punitive aftermath
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Missouri: A Diverse PeopleBefore statehood: French, Spanish, Native American
residents, as well as Indian and African slaves
1830s: German Catholics from the wine regions 1840s: radical Germans fleeing from political
oppression 1840s: Irish immigrants fleeing poverty and famine About 114,000 slaves
Opposing viewpoints; two thirds were foreign-born
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Germans in Missouri: wine regionsAugusta
Herrmann
Ozark Highlands
Ozark Mountain
Southeastern Missouri
Central Missouri
Western Missouri
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Americans move to Missouri Settlers from the upper south: Virginia,
Kentucky, Arkansas, and Tennessee
Pro-slavery (though most did not own slaves)
Democrats
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The Missouri Compromise
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1824 Freedom Law Provided that slaves who had resided in a free
territory or state could sue for their liberty About 300 known suits; at least 2/3 were
successful Most of the successful suits were brought by
female plaintiffs Rachel v. Walker, 1834 Dred and Harriet Scott, 1846 - 1857
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Missouri before the war
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Slavery in Missouri, 1860
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German Wide-Awakes, 1856
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The Scott family sues for freedom 1846 - 1857
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Trouble on the Western Border
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Panic of 1857Bank run, 1857 The price of peanuts
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John Brown, 1800 - 1859
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Harper’s Ferry, October 16-18, 1859
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The Gateway: St. Louis in 1859
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The Prize: The St. Louis Arsenal,1860
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Democratic Nominees John C. Breckinridge, Kentucky Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois
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Constitutional Union Party John Bell, Tennessee
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Political Convention Debacle: The Democrats storm out – across the street in Charleston
Charleston, SC, April 23, 1860 Baltimore, MD, June 18, 1860
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A few Republican Nominees: May 1860, Chicago clockwise: Simon Cameron, Salmon P. Chase, Wm. Henry Seward
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… and a few more Republican nominees Edward Bates, MO Abraham Lincoln, IL
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Election politics: section and race
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1860 cartoon lampooning Democrat party divisions
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The Democrats were divided into 3 races and 2 parties
The Republicans supported Lincoln because:
He was moderate on slavery Famed for Lincoln-Douglas
debates Would win Illinois (Western
state, important swing state)
The main issue in 1860: the extension of slavery
Lincoln and Republicans barely campaign in the South; do not appear on any southern ballots except border states
Missouri is the only state in the Union to carry all 4 candidates in its slate
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1860: Two momentous decisions for Missouri
The Governorship: Claiborne Jackson vs. Gov. Robert Stewart (August 1860) – CFJ was a “Douglas” Democrat, secretly pro-secession
The Presidency: Abraham Lincoln vs. Stephen A. Douglas, John C. Breckinridge, and John Bell (November 1860)
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Governor Claiborne F. Jackson1805 - 1862
Runs against Sample Orr, a Constitutional Union candidate
… and against Gov. Hancock Lee Jackson, a Breckenridge Democrat
… and also against James Gardenhire, a Republican
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Missouri 1860 gubernatorial results Claiborne Fox Jackson (SAD): 46.9 %
Sample Orr (CU): 41.9 %
Hancock Lee Jackson: (BD) 7.2 %
James Gardenhire: (Rep.) 3.8 %
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Presidential Running mates
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1860 Presidential Electionin Missouri Counties
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1860 Presidential election results in Missouri, by county
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1860 Election Results
Bell wins three states (Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee)
Breckenridge carried the South
Lincoln carried the Northern states and won theelectoral vote, though earning less than 40% of all votes cast: Douglas won two states
On December 20, 1860, South Carolina seceded from the Union
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Causes of the Civil War
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The Unfinished Capitol, 1861
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James Buchanan, 1791 - 1868
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Inaugural, March 4, 1861In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-
countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the Government, while I shall have the most solemn one to "preserve, protect, and defend it."34 I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.
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Camp Jackson "Oh! Oh! Oh! Ah! Ah! Ah!—
The time of our glory is a-coming.
We yet will see the time, when all of us will shine,
And drive the Hessians from our happy land of Canaan."
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Walnut Street riot, 1861
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Two paths to radicalism:Politics and the Home Front Loyalty Oaths Forced enrollments Punitive fines Exiling dissidents Democrats: what
about a loyal opposition?
The radicals have the floor!
Women have to take over men’s work at home
Dissident women are silenced or exiled
New opportunities for a diverse people