the 100 worst invasive fungi in the invasive species compendium amy y. rossman systematic mycology...
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The 100 Worst Invasive FungiIn the Invasive Species Compendium
Amy Y. RossmanSystematic Mycology & Microbiology Laboratory (SMML)
USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS)Beltsville, MD 20705
Fungi
not as charismatic as emerald ash borer or Asian carp but still very damaging
A quick course in fungi:
1. Fungi obtain their nutrients by absorption
2. Most are composed of hyphae, small thread-like structures
3. Often invisible, living inside their food source
4. Extremely diverse, many, many species
Why are there so many fungi?Fungi are opportunists!
MushroomsMycorrhizaePolyporesMorelsTrufflesYeastsPathogens SaprobesMolds
Estimated number of fungi –1.5 million species
Invasive fungi cause $21 billion damage annually, greater in value than loss due to insects.
Chestnut blight caused by Cryphonectria parasitica (Ascomycetes, Diaporthales)
Introduced on logs in 1909 - within twenty years killed all mature chestnut trees in eastern North America
Spread rapidly throughout the eastern U.S.
Previously unknown, described as a new species.
Probably originated in Asia.
Dutch elm diseaseDogwood anthracnoseKarnal bunt of wheat
Wheat rustWhite pine blister rust
Soybean rust
Phytophthora ramorum, cause of SODA new disease in the western United States known as sudden oak death (SOD) attacks woody plants including redwoods
Recently described as a new species from Europe on Rhododendron, different population in U.S.
Many additional species of Phytophthora discovered in the US
What can be done to prevent the entry of invasive fungi?
We need to know:1) what are the most threatening
fungal pathogens? 2) where do they occur?3) how might they get into the US?
Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States
13,000 species of plant-associated fungi
All data available on-line
Worldwide database of fungus-host
associations and distribution based on
literature and specimens
700,000 reports
100 most threatening fungi to the United States
Lots of ascomycetes (40%)Rust fungi – obligate parasites (27%)Oomycetes – Phytophthora and friends (26%)Other – smuts, wood decay (7%)
100 most threatening fungi to the United States
For each species:Descriptions and illustrationsGeographic distributionHost rangeDetection and inspection methodsBiology and ecologyMovement and dispersalEconomic impactsManagement issuesGaps in knowledge/research needs
All data online and published in the CABI Invasive Species Compendium
Chalara fraxinea Ash dieback
- pathogenic on Fraxinus angustifolia and F. excelsior
- conidial fungus Chalara fraxinea, sexual form ascomycete previously thought to be Hymenoscyphus albidus, widely reported as a saprobe; recently determined to be a newly described pathogenic species, H. pseudoalbidus
- first observed as a pathogen in North and Central Europe in the 1990s, now known throughout Europe
- not known if pathogenticity due to a change in the fungus or a change in the environment
- infected nursery saplings may carry the fungus
Claviceps giganteaHorse’s tooth or ergot of maize
- on maize (corn) only in certain high humid valleys of Mexico- can reduce yield by 50%- dispersal is by airborne ascospores, possibly by insect-borne conidia or accidental by transportation of sclerotia
in harvested ears or in soil.- overwinters as sclerotia on the ground or mixed with seed- in spring, sclerotia germinate to produce stalked stromata
with heads containing immersed perithecia. - ascospores primary inoculum; forcibly ejected and carried
by wind to susceptible maize plants- sphacelial tissue in cavities in and on the sclerotia produce
macroconidia and microconidia in a sticky matrix ('honeydew‘). -
Harpophora maydislate wilt of maize
- soil-borne, possibly also seed-borne
- causes significant losses to corn, related to take-all disease of wheat
- known from Egypt and India, recently reported from Hungary,
Portugal and Spain, possibly Kenya
- difficult to detect and identify
Cronartium flaccidiumScots stem pine rust
- heteroecious rust fungus, completing different stages of its life cycle on different plants
- spermogonial and aecial stages occurs on species of hard or two-needled pines
- uredinial and telial stages on the leaves of herbaceous species in Asclepiadaceae, Paeoniaceae, and Scrophulariaceae
- known from Europe and parts of northern and eastern Asia- damaging on native and introduced pines or the alternate
plant host- infections on pines develop slowly, accidental introduction of
the rust could occur onconifer seedlings or trees- Regulated Pest for the United States
(USDA/APHIS, 2008)
Once we know the most important invasive fungi, we can determine how they could enter the country and keep them out!
Evaluate the most likely pathwaysDevelop diagnostic tools for identificationChange regulations concerning potential hosts, primarily nursery stockInspect plant material in country of origin Educate port inspectors
We can keep out invasive fungi!