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LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS

LAND

VEGETATION

WATER

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WATER IN LANDSCAPE

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CHARCTERISTICS

MOTION(static, quiet, nonmoving) or (dynamic, moving, changing)

Static waterFound in lakes, ponds, pools, or gently flowing rivers

Peaceful, relaxing, mellow in character with a soothing effect on human

emotions

Balance and equilibrium with the force of gravity

Dynamic waterIts motion is moving, flowing, or falling water

Found in rivers and streams or cascading down waterfalls

Jets of water

Energetic and emotionally stimulating

Easily captures the attention of the eye

Accompanied by sound emitted through the motion of waterBeing exciting and dramatic as a result of its sound and its interaction with

color and light

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Sound

Emit sound when it is in motion or when it abruptly strikes a fixed object or

surface

Depending on the amount of movement and volume of water involved,

numerous possible sounds can be produced that complement and enhance

the visual aspects of an outdoor space

Rhythmic motion of waves against a shoreline may be quiet and peaceful

The roar of a waterfall may be motivating

Common sounds created by water include trickle, dribble, bubble, gurgle,roar, gush, splash, and babble

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VISUAL USES OF WATER

FLAT, STATIC WATER

Pool

Used for a body of water of any size placed in a hard, well-defined constructed

container

Is to be geometric in shape

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Pools may be used in the outdoor environment for the purposes

Quiet, still water used as a plane of reflection for the sky and/or nearby elements:

buildings, trees, sculpture, and people

Reflecting pools provide planes of either light value or dark value, depending on

othe sky condition,

othe surface of the container

othe location of the viewer

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Pond

Design to appear natural or semi-natural

The shape of a pond is typically free-form or curvilinear

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Used to create a feeling of repose and tranquility in an outdoor space

Used to unifying link between different areas of the environment

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Falling water

Occurs from water moves over and down a sudden drop in the elevation of the channel

Has three basic types of falling water

oFree falloObstructed flow

oSloped fall

FREE-FALL

This type of falling water drops directly from one elevation to another in an

uninterrupted manner

The character of free-falling water depends on volume, velocity, height of fall, and edge

condition over which the water falls

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Another variable that influences the sight and sound of free-falling water is the surface

on which the water falls

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OBSTRUCTED FALL

Caused by water striking various obstacles or planes while dropping between two

elevations

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SLOPED FALL

Water dropping along and down a steeply sloped surface

Similar to flowing water but occurs on a steeper slope in smaller controlled volumes

For small volume of water, the visual result is a surface looks wet and glistens in

the light

For larger volumes, distinct patterns of moving water result

J f i j

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Jets, fountain jets

Created by forcing water up into the air through a nozzle in defiance of gravity

Used as focal points in a design composition based on their verticality and interplay with

light

The exact amount of attention depends on the volume of water and the force of the jet,Pump size

Basic types of fountains are

o Single orifice

o Spray

o Aerated

o Formed

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Single-orifice

Water forced through a single opening nozzle

Produces a clear stem of water, simple but striking in appearance

The height is limited upon a factor of both the water volume and pressure

The sound produced is a distinct dribbling or dripping one made as the falling

water of the jet strikes the surrounding water

Used as accents in quiet garden settings or restful outdoor spaces

Used in combinations of more than one jet

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Aerated

Similar to a single orifice jet, the nozzle

has one opening

The opening of the nozzle in the

aerated jet is much larger, producing a

turbulent, white water effect

Attractive by the white water interacts

with sunlight to create a fresh, sparkling

appearance

Used as dominant focal points in the

landscape

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Formed

Shaped to furnish a special effect

Appear exact and studies, requiring special attention in their location Best used in spaces where a formal, precise shape is required

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A swale is a low tract of land,

especially one that is moist or

marshy.

The term can refer to a naturallandscape feature or a human-

created one.

Artificial swales are often

designed to manage water

runoff, filter pollutants, andincrease rainwater infiltration.

SWALE

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The minimum longitudinal slope is 2%.

The maximum longitudinal slope is 10%.

The minimum swale length is 50 feet.

The maximum allowable side slope is3:1,

The swale can be trapezoidal or parabolic, with a minimum bottom width of 2 feet

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They consist of a swaled drainage course with gently sloped sides and filled with

vegetation, compost and/or riprap

BIO RETENTION SWALES

Bioretention swales provide both stormwater treatment and conveyance functions.

These systems consist of both elements of a vegetated swale and a bioretentionsystem.

These components are subtly different in the main function of the swale is that of

conveyance while the primary function of the bioretention component is the

promotion of soil filtration of stormwater.

Typically, a bioretention swale would consist of a vegetated swale when the

bioretention system is installed in the base of a swale.

The swale may have a discharge capacity to convey stormwater flow for frequent

events

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The bioretention component is typically located at the downstream end of the

overlying swale cell

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