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Day 2- Introduction&conclusion

Review

Review

2014.07.19

The government has the duty to ensure its citizens have a healthy diet, while others believe it is individuals’ responsibility. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

2014.08.09

Some people think that governments should ban dangerous sports. Others, however, believe that people should have the freedom of choosing sports activities they like. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

2012.09.01

Many countries spend a lot of money preparing competitors to take part in major sports competitions such as the Olympics, football world cup etc. Some people think that it would be better to use this money to encourage children to participate in sports activities. To what extent do you agree or disagree？

Please write the structure of these topics

Review

2013.10.10

Some people believe that giving aid to poorer countries has more negative effects than positive effects.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

2012.02.09

The spread of multinational companies and resulting increase of globalization produces positive effects for everyone. To what extent to you agree or disagree?

Please write the structure of these topics

E.g. best solution • Some people say that the best way to improve public health is by increasing the number of sports facilities. Others, however, say that this would have little effect on public health and that other measures are required. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. ( 结合 D1_homework_part2 No.1-traffic)

A problem of modern societies is the declining level of health in the general population, with conflicting views on how to tackle this worrying trend. One possible solution is to provide more sports facilities to encourage a more active lifestyle.

Advocates of this believe that today’s sedentary lifestyle and stressful working conditions mean that physical activity is no longer part of either our work or our leisure time. If there were easy-to-reach local sports centers, we would be more likely to make exercise a regular part of our lives, rather than just collapsing in front of a screen every evening. The variety of sports that could be offered would cater for all ages, level of fitness and interests: those with painful memories of PE at school might

be happier in the swimming pool than on the football pitch.

• Body1: Solution in the topic is correct ( A )

• Body2: (drawbacks of current solution) + other solutions ( B )

• Body1: Solution in the topic is correct

E.g. best solution

However, there may be better ways of tackling this problem. Interest in sport is not universal, and additional facilities might simply attract the already fit, not those who most need them ( drawback ) . Physical activity could be encouraged relatively cheaply, for example by installing exercise equipment in parks, as my local council has done ( Solution 1) . This has the added benefit that parents and children often use them today just for fun, which develops a positive attitude to exercise at an early age. As well as physical activity, high tax penalties ( Solution 2) could be imposed on high-fat food products, tobacco and alcohol, as excessive consumption of any of this contributes to poor health. Even improving public transport would help: it takes longer to walk to the bus stop than the car ( Solution 3 ) .

• Body2: other solutions

In my opinion, focusing on sports facilities is too narrow an approach and would not have the desired results. People should be encouraged not only to be more physically active but also to adopt a healthier lifestyle in general.

• Conclusion

Learning objectives

• Write introduction and conclusion for different topics

• Paraphrase

• Identify common countable & uncountable nouns

Agree disagree/ both views / advantages or disadvantages

introduction and conclusion

Agree/Disagree Yes/No

Some people think that all the students can benefit from having a gap year before university studies, do you agree or disagree?

Introduction/conclusion

recipes example

introduction background+(topic opinion)+ yes/no

It is common for students to have a gap year between secondary

school and university. I believe that this will benefit all students. (23

words)conclusion concession +yes/no In conclusion, although there is a slim chance that a gap year could

affect students negatively, I believe this experience will be beneficial

to every student’s wellbeing. (27 words)


Agree/Disagree both A&B

Some people believe that governments should not support the arts (painting, music, sculpture) and instead support other areas such as public health or education. To what extent do you agree or disagree?


recipes example

introduction background + (topic

opinion)+ A&B are

good

There has been a debate about whether arts or public sectors like

health or education are more worthy of government funding. I believe

both fields need to be supported. (29 words)

conclusion A&B are good In conclusion, neither the value of the arts nor of education and

public health can be ignored. Therefore, government funding needs

to be apportioned in all areas appropriately. (28 words)


Agree/Disagree middle Some people think that all the students can benefit from having a gap year before university studies, do you agree or disagree?


recipes example

introduction background+(topic

opinion) + depends

on


school and university. I believe only students with good self-control

will benefit from this. (26 words)

conclusion depends on In conclusion, I believe this trend will be conducive to most students’

wellbeing only if they are aware of the importance of academic

qualifications and are able to control their behaviour. It would

threaten students’ education and career if they are not well-

disciplined. (43 words)


Both views A or B Some people believe that students should have a gap year before university studies; others think this will have negative impacts on students. Discuss both views and provide your own opinion.


recipes example

introduction (Background)+topic

opinion+summary


school and university. There are contradictory views about whether

or not taking time off would benefit students. Both schools of

thought will be discussed in this essay, followed by my own

perspective on this matter. (46 words)

conclusion my opinion+

concession+

refutation+

my opinion

In conclusion, I believe taking a gap year could benefit all students.

Although students may end up unwilling to continue their studies,

we must take into consideration the importance of academic

qualifications in future job hunting, which makes it impossible for

students to refuse to return to universities. Therefore, I believe it is

beneficial for all students to spend a year experiencing “real” life

before going to universities. (68 words)


Both views A&B

Some people believe that governments should not support the arts (painting, music, sculpture). Others think governments should support other areas such as public health and education. Discuss both views and provide your own opinion.


recipes example

introduction topic

opinion+summary

conclusion A&B are good In conclusion, neither the value of the arts nor of education and

public health can be ignored. Therefore, government funding needs

to be apportioned in all areas appropriately. (28 words)


Both views Middle

Some people believe that students should have a gap year before university studies; others think this will have negative impacts on students. Discuss both views and provide your own opinion


recipes example

introduction topic

opinion+summary

conclusion my opinion+ depends

on

In conclusion, I believe this trend will be conducive to most students’

wellbeing only if they are aware of the importance of academic

qualifications and are able to control their behaviours. It would

threaten students’ education and career if they are not well-

disciplined. (43 words)


advantages/ disadvantages Do the advantages for having a gap year before university studies outweigh disadvantages?


recipes example

introduction background+ more

advantages/disadvan

tages


school and university. I believe there are more advantages than

disadvantages to this trend. (26 words)

conclusion more advantages/

disadvantages

As discussed above, there are more benefits than drawbacks for

students should they decide to take a gap year before college. (21

words)


positive/negative trend

Nowadays, there are many students who take a gap year before university studies. Is it a positive or negative trend?


recipes example

introduction background+

positive/negative

trend

It is common for students to have a gap year between secondary school and university. I believe this is a positive phenomenon (23 words)

conclusion positive/negative

trend

In conclusion, although there is a slim chance that a gap year could

affect students negatively, I believe this experience will be beneficial

to every student’s wellbeing. (27 words)

Common expressions example replacement expressions your recipe

It is believed that .( topic opinion)

There be There is an idea/ a statement that.. ( sentence ) It is adj. that .. It is believed that /claimed that/suggested that . . . ( sentence )

I believe .. ( my opinion)

In my opinion, From my perspective, I think/feel that . . .As far as I am concerned, Personally speaking

I agree with it. ( my opinion)

Sb support it. Sb be in favour of Sb agree with it ( I agree with it. )

I disagree with it. ( my opinion)

I am against/oppose A. Sb be in opposition to sth (doing sth)

neither the value of artsnor of education and public health can be ignored.

be ignored = be overlooked/neglected

Sb/sth be oblivious to sth/doing sth = ignore

We cannot be oblivious to . .

Both A and B are important . . . … play an important role in . . . Important: essential/crucial/significant

Common expressions

example replacement expressions your recipe

In conclusion,

To summarize,

In conclusion,

In summary,

To sum up,

As shown above,

Given these points,

As has been discussed,

Background

Types of background Examples Replacement expressions

Your answer

popular trend E.g. It is common for young people to take a gap year.

Sth has developed into a growing trend. Having a gap year has developed into a growing trend.

Our society has been witnessing a growing trend of sth/ sb doing sth

Our society has been witnessing a growing trend of students taking a gap year before starting their university studies.

commonprevalentpopular universal

witnessingexperiencing

of developed countries helping those in poverty.

Background

Types of background Examples Replacement expressions

Your answer

development sth. +v. + adv. E.g. Technology has been developing rapidly.

adj. + n.

sth has been experiencing a . . . development

Technology has been experiencing a tremendous development.

There has been a tremendous development in sth There has been a tremendous development in technology. Our society has been witnessing a . . . development of sth Our society has been witnessing a tremendous development in technology.

rapidly exponentially at an exponential rate immensely

tremendous development: exponential

online education globalization

technology

Background Types of background Examples Replacement

expressions Your answer

problem

E.g. The problem of air pollution has been exacerbated.

(lots of bad things in a society)

1.We are surrounded by…We are surrounded by lots of advertising.

2.Our society is bombarded with…Our society is bombarded with advertising.

Our society has been witnessing . . . Our society has been witnessing the detrimental impact of air pollution.

exacerbate aggravate

surrounded by bombarded by

be bombarded with be saturated with

We live in an advertising-saturated society.

detrimental impact: harmful impact

deleterious impact

exacerbated problem

Topic opinion paraphrase

highlight key words

topic opinion “clause+sentence”

e.g. Advertisements need to because they banned are bad for children.

change the sentence structure

topic opinion “word/phrase”e.g. having a gap year is good.

paragraph key words

change the sentence structure

e.g. Advertisements need to be banned because they are bad for children.

method example

order of clause/sentence （句子顺序）

Since advertisements are bad for children, they need to be banned.

clause-phrase ( 从句－短语） Advertisements need to be banned due to the negative impacts on children.

顺序＋从句： Due to the negative impacts of advertisements on children, advertising needs to be banned.

paraphrase key words

e.g. Advertisements need to be banned because they are bad for children.

method example

synonyms: words with similar meanings

Advertisements need to be prohibited because they are bad for children.

form: verb-n/adj-n/adj-adv etc. …

Advertising needs to be banned because it has negative impacts on children

active voice-passive voice We need to ban advertising because they are bad for children.

It is necessary for us to prohibit advertising due toits negative impacts on children.

Practiceplease paraphrase the following sentences:

• Some people think the best way to solve traffic congestion in cities is to provide free public transport 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

• E.g. The solution to traffic jams is making public transportation free of charge, running 24 hours a day, every day.

• Many young people choose to change their job after few years.

• E.g. Young people leave for new positions after working for a short period of time.

• It is necessary to travel to other places to learn about other cultures.

• E.g. Visiting other places to gain cultural knowledge is imperative for us.

Nouns-Countable nouns

• Singular form: Singular countable nouns cannot be used alone.

• They must have a determiner: the, a, an or my, his, her, their, our, your

• When there is no determiner, add “s” after a countable noun

• E.g. I like reading book.

• I like reading books. I like reading the book.

Countable nouns Examples

solutions, problems, impacts, influences, effects

relationships, cultures skills, abilities, capacities, responsibilities

energy sources

crimes, sports

advertisements, advertising

funds, funding

plural forms

We usually add –s to make a plural noun book → books

We add -es to nouns ending in –ss; -ch; -s; -sh; -x -

gas → gases

When a noun ends in a consonant and -y we make the plural in -ies..

country → countries

If a noun ends in a vowel and -y we add s ei/ i/ ai/ ou/ u/ boy boys

day → days

irregular plurals Man→ men; woman → women; child → children; foot → feet; person→ people; medium→ media ( mass media are )

Uncountable nouns Categories Examples

Abstract ideas knowledge, news, advertising, homework,

advice, success, progress, improvement,

development, employment, reliability, safety,

scenery

Activities swimming, walking, driving, reading, studying

shopping, research management

entertainment

violence

Subjects mathematics, science, economics, physics

Substances food, water, wine, salt, bread, iron

Feelings and qualities confidence, patience, stress, courage,

happiness, concentration, focus

Common uncountable nouns which are

countable in other languages

baggage, luggage

equipment, furniture, machinery, traffic,

transportation

Homework

• Please write introduction and conclusion for each topic

• Keep practicing until you can finish one “introduction+conclusion” in 5 minutes