Thank you for choosing Mad Science! Below are the take-home sheets for our Crazy Chemworks program of classes. We hope to see you in another class, birthday party, or camp!

• We learned that dry ice is frozen carbon dioxide and has a temperature of -78°C ( -109°F).

• Dry ice is so cold that it freezes a drop of water in less than 30 seconds.

• Dry ice sublimates a solid state and goes directly into a gas state without turning into a liquid.

• Dry ice got its name because it never becomes liquid. • There are three states of matter–solid, liquid, and gas. • Solids do not change shape, liquids take the shape of their

container, and gases fill an entire space.

(301) 593-4777

(301) 593-4777

• We learned that all the colors of the rainbow make up white light. • The color of an object is the color of light that it reflects. • Objects that do not reflect light but give off light on their own are

luminescent. • Ultraviolet light or black light is a type of light that we cannot see. • Some objects fluoresce, or give off light that we can see under

ultraviolet light. • Chemiluminescence occurs when light is created from mixing

chemicals together. • Real money has some features printed with glow-in-the-dark

ink to help identify counterfeit (fake) money.

• We learned that everything in the world is made of matter. • Tiny particles called atoms make up matter, and groups

of atoms are molecules. • Physical changes are changes in appearance, like

tearing paper or popping balloons. • Chemical changes are changes in molecules, like burnt

paper turning to ash or mixed chemicals forming anew. • The four chemical reaction clues are gas bubbles,

temperature change, color change, or new compound. • Molecules can form either safe or dangerous compounds.

(301) 593-4777

(301) 593-4777

• We learned that an action that causes a reaction is a stimulus.

• Chemical reactions can be fast or slow. • Oxygen reacts with metal to form rust. • You can add salt and acid to water to clean

pennies. • Mixing two chemicals together can cause a

chemical reaction, like gas or a color change. • Using electricity to split liquids into two parts is

called electrolysis.

• We learned that each piece of labware is for a different type of lab work and has a different name and shape.

• Water can flow along a stirring rod into a container. • Scientists use pipettes to transfer small amounts of liquid. • Liquids will take the shape of a container. • Swirling a flask gives energy to its contents so that

they mix. • Less dense (lighter) liquids float on

top of denser (heavier) liquids.

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• We learned that chemicals could contain different quantities of hydrogen ions. Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, nonmetallic, tasteless gas.

• Some pH (power of Hydrogen) indicators change colors to show the amount of hydrogen ion in a chemical.

• The pH scale helps scientists determine whether a chemical is acidic, basic, or neutral.

• Different liquids have different pH values. • A chemical reaction occurs when an acid and base mix. • Vinegar is an example of an acid. Clay is an example

of a base.

• We learned that slime is moist, soft, sticky and found in nature.

• The two ingredients to make slime are polymers and cross-linkers.

• Polymers look like chains of repeating links. • Cross-linkers help clump the polymer chains together. • The more cross-linker added to the polymer, the

clumpier the slime will get. • Polyvinyl alcohol is a type of polymer, and sodium

borate is a type of cross-linker.

(301) 593-4777

(301) 593-4777

• We learned that hooks and loops make up Velcro. • A man who studied the cocklebur plant invented

Velcro. • Glue has adhesives mixed with liquid and sticks

once the liquid part has dried. • Tape is less sticky after you touch it because the

adhesive part collects the dirt on your fingers. • Sugar and water can make food sticky. • There are different ways for objects to stick other than tape or glue, like suction cups and static clings.

(301) 593-4777