th2. criteria 2

8/12/2019 TH2. Criteria 2

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Traducin idioma 1. III: galego > ingls

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Preliminary norms(Toury 1995: 58)

Translation policy

Factorsthat govern the choice of text-types, or evenof individual texts, to be imported through translation

into a particular culture/language at a particular pointin time.

Directness of translation

Considerationsconcerning directness of translationinvolve the threshold of tolerance for translating fromlanguages other than the ultimate source language: isindirect translation permitted at all? In translatingfrom what source languages/text-types/periods (etc.)is it permitted/prohibited/tolerated/preferred?

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Operational normsMay be conceived of as directing the decisions

made during the act of translation itself. Matricial norms

May govern the very existence of target-languagematerial intended as a substitute for thecorresponding source-language material [...], itslocation in the text [...], as well as the textualsegmentation.

Textual-linguistic normsGovern the selection of material to formulate the

target text in, or replace the original textual andlinguistic material with.

Textual-linguistic norms may either begeneral[...]

orparticular[...].4


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Extratextual / Intratextual factors (Nord1991/2005: 41-153)

Extratextual factors (external factors) Sender

Sendersintention

Audience

Medium/channel

Place of communication

Time of communication Motive for communication

Text function

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Intratextual factors (Internal factors)

Subject matter

Content

Presuppositions

Text composition

Non-verbal elements

Lexis

Sentence structure

Suprasegmental features

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Domestication vs. Foreignization (Venuti1995: 20)

Admitting (with qualifications like asmuch aspossible) that translation can never becompletely adequate to the foreign text,Schleiermacher allowed the translator to choosebetween a domesticating method, anethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to

target-language cultural values, bringing theauthor back home, and a foreignizing method, anethnodeviant pressure on those values to registerthe linguistic and cultural difference of theforeign text, sending the reader abroad.

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Translation procedures(Newmark 2006)

Transference

Naturalisation

Cultural equivalent Functional equivalent

Descriptive equivalent

Synonymy

Through-translation Shifts or transpositions

Modulation

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(Cultural references: Agost, 1999:100-101)

Same reference (globalizacin cultural)

Explanation (preference for meaning)

Cultural adaptation: replacement of a ST referencefor a TT one

Omision of the reference (careful with context)

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Neutralization: replacement by an elementthat is generic or explains the one of the

source text

Internalization: a segment shared by sourceand target texts

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Type of text(Reiss 2000: 24-47)

Content-focused texts

Form-focused textsAppeal-focused texts

Audio-medial texts

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[] the principal kinds of text in thecontent-focused type would include pressreleases and comments, news reports,commercial correspondence, inventories ofmerchandise, operating instructions,directions for use, patent specifications,treaties, official documents, educationalworks, non-fiction books of all sorts, essays,treaties, reports, theses, and specializedliterature in the humanities, the naturalsciences, and other technical fields.

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Form: howan author expresses himself, asdistinct from content, which deals with

whatthe author says.

In these texts the author makes use of

formal elements, whether consciously orunconsciously, for a specific aestheticeffect.

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Generally speaking, all texts based onformal literary principles, and therefore all

texts which express more than they state,where figures of speech and style serve toachieve an aesthetic purpose in a word:texts which may be called for and fully

justified.

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they are distinctive in always presentinginformation with a particular perspective, anexplicit purpose, involving a non-linguisticresult.

[] alltexts in which the element of appealis dominant, with advertising, publicity,

preaching, propaganda, polemic, demagogyor satire providing either the purpose orlinguistic means of expression.

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[They] do not represent the simpletranscription of oral communications, butrather are more or less importantcomponents of a larger complex.

Generally speaking, any text that requiresthe use of and a degree of accommodation toa non-linguistic medium in order to

communicate with the hearer, whether in thesource or in the target language. Primaryexamples would be radio and televisionscripts, such as radio newscasts and reports,topical surveys and dramatic productions.

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Brief conditions

Initiator(Nord 1991/2005: 9-11)The initiator wants the translation for a certain

purpose. The reception of the target text by the

initiator or any other person the target text is passedon to depends on this purpose. It is this purpose thatdetermines the requirements to be met by thetranslation.

If the translation is to be suitable for a certain

purpose, it must fulfil certain requirements, which aredefined by the translation instructions or translationbrief.

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Althoughthe initiator is the one who actually defines

the TT skopos (even if he or she may not be able toformulate the brief), the responsibility for thetranslation will always rest with the translator. It is

the translator alone who has the competence todecide whether the translation which the initiator asksfor can actually be produced on the basis of the givensource text and, if so, how, i.e. by which proceduresand techniques, this should best be done. After all, it

is the translator, and not the initiator, who is theexpert on translation.

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Reader

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Function

Bhler: Representation

Expression

Persuasion

Jakobson: Referential

Expressive

Conative

Poetic

Phatic

Metalingual21


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Socio-cultural context (Brunette 2000: 178-179)

Non-linguistic circumstances surrounding theproduction of the discourse to be assessed. Forassessors of general or pragmatic texts, these

circumstances include the end user of the target text(in its relation to that of the source text), theposition of the end user, the author (e.g. personality,experience, habits, relation to end user), the timeand place in which the translation will be used, the

life span of the translated text, the text type, themedium used to disseminate the text, the socialsituation (e.g. multilingualism) and ideologicalcircumstances (e.g. political) surrounding theproduction of the target text.

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Historical moment

Situation (Hatim & Mason 1997: 205)

Purpose

Authorsintention (Nord 1997, Hatim and Mason1991; Brunette 2000)

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Coherence and Cohesion (Brunette 2000:175)

Coherence: Continuityof the meaning of a textfrom one idea to another and plausibility of suchmeaning.

Cohesion: Linguistic means used to ensurecontinuity of the form and content of a text.

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Reception in target culture(Toury 1995: 56)

[] a translator may subject him-/herself eitherto the original text, with the norms it hasrealized, or to the norms active in the target

culture, or in that section of it which would hostthe end product.

[] whereas adherence to source norms

determines a translations adequacy ascompared to the source text, subscription tonorms originating in the target culturedetermines its acceptability.

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Nord 1991/2005: 174-177

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Pragmatic translation problems

Convention-related (cultural) translationproblems

Linguistic translation problems

Text-specific translation problems

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Pragmatic translation problems

Every source text can be translated intodifferent target languages aiming at differenttranslation purposes.

Since these problems are present in anyimaginable translation task, they can begeneralized irrespective of the languages andcultures involved or of the direction of

translation (into or out of the foreign language.[...] pragmatic problems can be identified using

the extratextual factors of the text-analyticalmodel.

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Convention-related translation problems

Translating from one particular culture intoanother, certain translation problems may arisewhich would not occur between two othercultures.

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Linguistic translation problems

The structural differences between two

languages, particularly in lexis and sentencestructure, give rise to certain translationproblems which occur in every translationinvolving this pair of languages, no matter whichof the two serves as source and which serves astarget language.

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Text-specific translation problems

Any problem arising in a particular text

specimen which cannot be classified aspragmatic, convention-related or linguistic, hasto be regarded as text-specific, which meansthat its occurrence in a particular text is a

special case.

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Following Nordsclassification:

Pragmatic

Linguistic Cultural

Text-specific

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Comprehension of the ST Contradiction

False friend

Non sense

Different meaning

Addition

Omission

Wrong proposal for a cultural reference

Inadequate proposal for linguistic deviation

Tone

Style

Dialect

Idiolect 34


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Expression in the TL

Orthography and punctuation

Grammar

Vocabulary Textual Coherence

Thematic sequence

Reference Connectors

Writing

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Pragmatic deviations

Adequate proposals Very good equivalence

Good equivalence

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Agost, R. 1999. Traduccin y doblaje:Palabras, voces e imgenes. Barcelona: Ariel.

Brunette, L. 2000. A Comparison of TQA

Practices. The Translator, 6/2, 169-182.Hatim, B. and I. Mason. Discourse and the

Translator. London: Longman.

Hurtado, A. 1999. Ensear a traducir:

metodologa en la formacin de traductorese intrpretes. Madrid: Edelsa.

Newmark, P. 2006.A Textbook of Translation.New York: Prentice Hall.

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Nord, C. 1991/2005. Text Analysis inTranslation. Amsterdam: Rodopi.

Reiss, K. 2000. Translation Criticism The

Potencials & Limitations. Translated by ErrolF. Rhodes. Manchester: St. Jerome.

Toury, G. 1995/2012. Descriptive TranslationStudies and Beyond. Amsterdam andPhiladelphia: John Benjamins.

Venuti, L. 1995. The TranslatorsInvisibility.London: Routledge.

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