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AP Biology Rapid Learning Tutorial - 02

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Th S i f Bi lThe Science of Biology

AP Biology Rapid Learning Series

Rapid Learning Centerwww.RapidLearningCenter.com/© Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved.

AP Biology Rapid Learning SeriesWayne Huang, PhD

Andrew Graham, PhDElizabeth James, PhD

Casandra Rauser, PhD Jessica Habashi, PhD

Sara Olson, PhDJessica Barnes, PhD



Learning Objectives

What biology is.

By completing this tutorial, you will learn about:

Basic theories of biology.

The diversity of life.

Branches of biology.

Scientific methods used to study biology.

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y gy

Biology Concept Map

Biology

Study of LifeOrder

Observations

StructureFunctions

2 DomainTheory 3 Domain

Theory

Prokaryote Eukaryote

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Archaea

BacteriaEukaryota

Reproduce Respond to Stimuli

Organized

Homeostasis GrowDevelop

RequireEnergy

Evolutionary Adaptation



Objectives of BiologyBiology is the study of life. What are some of

its objectives?

Biology makes observations about organisms from tiny like bacteria to large

like trees.

It includes noncellular organisms like viruses,

single cell organisms like bacteria and multi cellular organisms like humans.

Biology attempts to understand how

organisms function on all levels of order from the

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order from the molecular level to

organ systems.

Levels of Organization Biology

Studies Life

Biology

Bacteria Amoeba AnimalsPlants

Levels of Organization.

Mushroom

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Molecular level Organism level Multi-organism levelCell level



Branches of Biology

Biology

Microbiology

Classified

morpholo g Botany

Microbes

Anatomy

Classified by function

Genetics

by gy

Physiology Anthropology

Zoology

Plants

Animals

Human beings

Structure of living things

H b d f ti

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Ecology

Genetics

Cell Biology

Marine Biology

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Things living in ocean

Cells

Flow of information

How a body functions

Interaction of living things and the environment

Life Sciences: Biology

What are the common features of “living” organisms?

Ability to reproduce

Able to respond to stimuli. Maintenance of homeostasis,

which is to have a stable internal environment.

Living organisms d d l

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Living organisms requires organization.

Requirement for energy. The energy can be in different forms depending on the organism, e.g.

phototroph or chemotroph.

grow and develop.



Four Basic Theories What are four of the major

theories that much of modern biology is based on?

Cell TheoryLiving things are made up of cell(s).

Gene Theory: Genes are coded for inheritable properties.

9/37Theory of Evolution

Survival of the fittest.

HomeostasisOrganisms have the ability to maintain a

relatively stable internal environment.

Cell Theory Cell Division

Cell Differentiation

Cell theory states that all living things are

d f ll

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made up of cells.

All cells come from pre-existing cells.

The cell is the structural and functional unit of all

living things.



Gene Theory

Genes are the unit of inheritance.

All genetic information is stored in DNA as genes.

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Traits are passed from one generation to the next in discrete units or genes.

DNA may be transcribed into RNA and translated into protein.

Theory of Evolution

“Living organisms have descended with modifications from species that lived

before them.” Evolution VS. Creation

Natural selection is the driving

force for evolution. All living organisms

struggle for existence.

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All organisms can adapt to their environment.

Better adapted individuals or species survive (survival of the fittest).



Homeostasis

Homeostasis – Ability of the living organisms to maintain a constant (balanced) internal environment.( )

In the human body examples of homeostasis include: blood glucose level, body temperature, pH of blood,

ionic strength of body fluids.

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Purpose of homeostasis is to ensure the proper functioning of

the body.

Loss of homeostasis could result in illness or even

death.

The Diversity of Life

Classification and nomenclature

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Diversity of LifeLife takes many forms.

Warm

Small and big

and cold

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Warm

Moving Red

And much more……

and cold

and still and Green

Classification StrategiesTwo Major Categories

ProkaryoteNo membrane bound

nucleus or organelles.

EukaryotesMembrane bound

organelles.

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Three Domains of LifeSo originally life forms were

categorized into two types, Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes based primarily on the

presence or absence of membrane bound organelles within a cell.

Yes! With DNA technology, a previously classified prokaryote

was found to be genetically different from both prokaryotes and

eukaryotes.g

This required a new category called Archaea which is thought to be the most

ancient and least evolved life form.

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Archaea look like bacteria but have some genes found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This lead to the formation

of three domain system: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota.

Taxonomy: Science of Classification

Linnaeus System

King Philip Come Over For Good Sports

Kingdom

Phylum

KingdomPhylumClass

OrderGenus

Family

Order

Class

Phylum

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FamilyGenus

Species

Species

Genus



Five KingdomsFungi, e.g. yeast, mushroom■ single-celled or multi-celled■ absorbing nutrition from environment■ eukaryotic

Plantae, e.g. plantsh t th i

Protista: e.g., amoeba, sea weeds■ single-celled or multi-celled■ photosynthesis eukaryotic

■ photosynthesis■ multi-celled autotrophs

Animalia, e.g. animals■ multi-celled■ heterotrophs■ capable of movement

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Monera: e.g., bacteria■ single-celled■ prokaryotic■ Photosynthesis

Classification: Example

Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Ch d tPhylum: Chordata

Class: MammaliaOrder: Primates

Family: HominidaeGenus: Homo

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Human

Species: Sapiens



Nomenclature & Taxonomy Binomial Nomenclature

H iHuman

Homo sapiens

Genus SpeciesSpecies

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Helianthus radula

Genus SpeciesSpecies

Sunflower

Branches of Biology

MolecularCell

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CellOrganismalPopulations



Fields of Biology

Branches of biology are often based on the type of organisms or groups

of organisms being studied, although it may also be based on

th ki d f ti b i k d

Example a microbiologist will study microbes (very small forms of life).

An epidemiologist may study microbes as well but ask a different

question, like how a microbe spreads the kinds of questions being asked. or causes disease.

So an area or branch of biology can be defined by

the kind of question asked as well as the kind of organism

studied.

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Molecular Level

Molecular Biology■ Study of how bio-molecules interact with each other, particularly the molecules involved in transmission and translation of genetic information.

Biochemistry■ Study the chemical basis of life.

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Genetics■ Study of the inheritance at various levels (molecular, cellular, individual, population, etc).



Cell Level

Cell Biology■ Study of the cell structure, cell cycle, cell function etc.function etc.

Physiology■ Study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms.

Anatomy■ Study of the structure and organization of

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■ Study of the structure and organization of animals or living organisms.

Histology■ Study of the microscopic anatomy of the cells and tissues.

Organism Level

Developmental Biology■ The study of how an individual organism grows and develops.

Botany■ Study of plants.

Zoology■ Study of animals.

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Microbiology■ Study of microorganisms such as virus, bacteria and others.



Various Levels: Population Level

Population Genetics■ Study of the distribution and changes in genes among variouschanges in genes among various groups.

Ecology■ Study of a group of organisms interacting with each other and with their environment.

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Evolution■ Study of how organisms acquire and inherit traits from their ancestors.

Science and Biology

Theory

H th i

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Hypothesis



Scientific Processes - Map

ObservationsScience is not a linear process…rather it is “loopy”

Questions

Data GatheringHypothesis

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Trend and pattern recognition

Conclusion formation

Communication & Validation

Model Formation

Defining Theory & Law

Do you know what a theory is?

A theory attempts to explain an observed behavior.

For instance, DNA transmits or carries all genetic information.

A law describes or

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What is a law?A law describes or

categorizes behavior, often mathematically.



Comparing Theory & Law

A theory explains WHYy p

A law explains WHAT

A WHY can’t become a what.

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Defining Prediction & HypothesisWhat is a

hypothesis?A hypothesis is a proposal to explain certain facts or

observations.

Yes!

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So a useful hypothesis enables predictions by deductive reasoning!



Prediction vs. Hypothesis

A hypothesis is more than “an educated guess” - it is also an attempt to explain why.

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Branches of biology are based on the organism

Branches of biology are based on the organism

Biology is the science of

Biology is the science of

Learning Summary

Hypothesis attempts to

explain “why”

Hypothesis attempts to

explain “why”

Domains of biology: Domains of biology:

as well as the questions being

asked.

as well as the questions being

asked.

life.life. explain “why” something happens.

explain “why” something happens.

Branches of biologyBranches of biology

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gyprokaryote,

eukaryotes and archaea.

gyprokaryote,

eukaryotes and archaea.

Branches of biology include: molecular, cell, organism and population levels.

Branches of biology include: molecular, cell, organism and population levels.



Question: ReviewBiology is the science of _____. ___________Life

Th th d i f lif ___________

___________

Archaea

Why

The three domains of life include: prokaryote, eukaryote and _________.

A theory attempts to explain ______.

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___________Questions being askedBranches of biology are determined by the organism and the _____.

The taxonomic method of naming is called? ___________Binomial nomenclature

Congratulations

You have successfully completed the core tutorial

The Science of Biology

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