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NOUN INFLECTION FOR NUMBER IN APHASIA

Appendix 1. Results of language assessments

Table 7: Language test results for the recruited participants

Language

subtest

Max.

scor

e

Non-aphasic KP TH LC ST HB MH RD

mean range

Comprehension

Spoken words 30 29.15

SD=1.35

25-30 17 29 28 30 25 29 26

Written words 30 29.63

SD=0.79

27-30 14 25 19 30 30 28 30

Spoken

sentences

32 30.17

SD=1.85

26-32 4 16 23 27 23 27 29

Spoken production

Naming

objects

48 46.37

SD=1.6

42 - 48 14 39 35 42 25 48 43

Spontaneous

speech

rating

10 N/A N/A 2 4 5 6 7 8 9

Repetition

Words 32 31.73

SD=0.67

30 - 32 18 28 30 32 21 32 32

Non-words 10 9.23

SD=1.48

4 - 10 2 4 7 9 2 10 10

Reading aloud

Reading words 48 47.42 44 - 48 1 42 35 47 47 48 48

1


aloud SD=1.06

Note to table: All subtests are from the Comprehensive Aphasia Tests (CAT; Swinburn,

Porter, & Howard, 2004), except from spontaneous speech rating, which was assessed

using the scale for “Fluency, grammatical competence, and paraphasias” from the

Western Aphasia Battery (Kertesz, 1982). All non-aphasic norms are those reported in

the CAT Manual (Swinburn et al., 2004).

2


Appendix 2. Protocol for identification and coding of nouns.

This procedure involves four stages: (I) identification of nouns, (II) identification of

target nouns, (III) coding for grammatical number and (IV) coding for ‘correctness’ of

grammatical number. Please complete all four stages for each participant.

1. Identification of nouns

Listening to/ watching the recordings as many times as necessary, please identify and

note all instances of nouns produced by the participant within the section of

transcription using the guidelines in A-D below (any language produced by the

researcher should not be included). When looking at the transcriptions, please take into

account only the transcribed language, ignoring any footnotes in the document.

A. Definition of noun

An item should be identified as a noun, irrespective of whether it is a paraphasia,

following the criteria below. The semantic criteria should be used as a guideline whilst

particular attention should be paid to the syntactic criteria.

Semantic criteria

A noun is usually “a word that refers to a person, place, thing, event, substance, or

quality: 'Doctor', 'tree', 'party', 'coal' and 'beauty' are all nouns” (Cambridge Advanced

Learner’s Dictionary and Thesaurus, 2013).

3


Syntactic criteria

The item should be included as a noun if it appears in a position where a noun would be

expected in relation to other syntactic categories in standard English, for example, a

noun “…can combine with the to form a complete phrase” (Börjars & Burridge, 2010,

p.48). Therefore, the items listed in (i) below can be classed as nouns, whilst those in

(ii) cannot:

(i) (ii)

discussion discusses

the time * the timed

shade shaded

An example of a paraphasia that might be classed as a noun because of its syntactic

relations to other categories is [taʊzǝz] below:

she gave him the [taʊzǝz]

Please note that in some cases, syntax alone must be used to establish an item’s

category, for instance, it can be determined from syntax, but not semantics, that think is

a verb in (iii) and a noun in (iv) below (Chalker & Weiner, 1994, p. 266):

(iii) I must think

(iv) I’ll have a think

4


B. Definition of ‘instance’

Each occurrence of a noun should be included as one instance (and therefore as one

entry in the table) unless it occurs within a consecutive repeated attempt at the same

item, for example:

[k] castle castle castle

In this case, the whole attempt is one instance and usually only the final production of

the item should be included in the coding. If, however, the final production of the item

within such a repeated attempt is less complete than the previous productions in that

attempt, the more complete form should be the one included for coding. For instance, in

an attempt as follows, the penultimate form would be the one included:

[sɪn] [sɪŋɛlə] [sɪnə]

C. Inclusions

Please include:

(i) common nouns, e.g. window

(ii) proper nouns (names), e.g. Mary

(iii) –ing forms appearing in a position where a noun might typically be distributed,

e.g. the washing

(iv) nouns appearing in what might seem to be ‘fixed’ phrases or exclamations, such

as the underlined items below:

5


twelve o’clock

in charge

oh God

oh dear

(v) numerical items that function as a noun in that the word is the term for a specific

thing (e.g. the twelve referring to a card in a pack of cards or the twenty-nine

referring to the brass numbers on a front door). Numerical items should not be

included if they are quantifiers, that is, specifying the quantity of something (e.g.

twelve mice), or pronouns referring to items or people (e.g. those two). (See also

D (i)).

D. Exclusions

Please exclude:

(i) pronouns, e.g. he, she, it, everybody, the four, that one.

(ii) -ing forms for which it is not possible to determine with certainty whether this is

a noun/gerund (as opposed to a verb) form, such as washing below:

table (.) washing

(iii) other forms that could potentially belong to more than one category, whose

surrounding items do not help to determine with certainty whether the item is a

noun form. For instance, dance below could be a verb or a noun (the dance).

6


dance (.) dance (.) cinderella

(iv) short productions, such as individual phonemes, for which it is not possible to

judge reasonably what the attempted item is, for instance:

the [b]

with a [hǝ]

(v) numerical items functioning as quantifiers or pronouns (see C (v) above).

2. Identification of target nouns

In the case of phonemic paraphasias (usually noted using phonetic transcription), if the

intended target noun seems apparent, this should be noted in brackets immediately after

the paraphasia. For example, if the target noun of [taʊzǝz] was thought to be trousers,

this would be noted as follows:

[taʊzǝz] (trousers)

3. Coding for grammatical number

Again listening to/ watching the recordings as many times as necessary, please whether

each noun recorded has been produced in its singular or plural form. If the noun is

judged to be a mass noun (for example happiness, furniture), please record this as

‘singular (mass)’. In cases where the grammatical number of the noun cannot be

determined for any reason, please write ‘don’t know’.

7


4. Coding for ‘correctness’ of grammatical number

For this stage, please listen to all the narrative up to the selected section under analysis

as it is important to understand the context of this section within the whole narrative.

Then, again listening to/ watching the recordings as many times as necessary, for each

noun recorded, please note whether the grammatical number of the noun produced

appears to be correct in relation to what would be expected from the narrative or

linguistic context. For participants whose data is available on video and who used the

picture book whilst producing the narrative, please refer to the appropriate parts of the

picture book to check the grammatical number expected of nouns at the relevant points

of the story. For instance, if a participant produces horse at a point where the story

appears to involve more than one horse, the noun form produced would be deemed

incorrect. Equally, if the plural form was used at a point where the singular would be

expected from the point of the story, this too would be incorrect, as in the example

below (if produced whilst looking at a picture of Cinderella on a horse)

cinderella (.) riding (.) horses

As well as basing judgements on the context of the story, ‘incorrectness’ may also be

determined by the linguistic context, for instance the grammatical number of the noun in

six horse is incorrect as a noun should be produced in the plural when following a

quantifier greater than one.

Please note that ‘correctness’ here refers only to grammatical number, irrespective of

whether the form produced is a paraphasia. For instance, if a participant produces the

semantic paraphasia aunties when seemingly referring to the two ugly sisters, this

would be judged as correct, since the plural form would be expected from the narrative

8


context (there are two ugly sisters). In cases of uncertainty regarding the correctness of

the grammatical number (e.g. if it cannot be reasonably judged who or what in the story

the participant is referring to and the linguistic context does not help to determine

correctness of grammatical number), please write ‘don’t know’.

9


Appendix 3. Frequencies and ‘correctness’ of all noun tokens produced by each participant (participants in increasing order of

spontaneous speech rating, lowest rated first)

Key to all tables: Corr. = ‘correctness’ of grammatical number in the narrative/ linguistic context; = used with ‘correct’ grammatical number; X

= used with ‘incorrect’ grammatical number; P.E. = potential error (could not be confirmed as ‘correct’ or ‘incorrect’); sing. = singular; plur. =

plural; unkn. = unknown; Dom. = dominant; equ. = singular and plural forms are of equal frequency.

Table 8: Noun tokens by KP, ordered by form required, form used, dominant form, then decreasing dominance ratio

Noun Form

requir.

Form

used

(corr.)

Dom.

form

Frequency Dom.

ratio

(sing. :

plur.)

Context

sing. plur.

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 yeah er yeah /œǝɹœm/ (1.5) /sɛdǝlɜːǝ/ (1.5) /sɜlʔɛlɛlǝ/

(.) /sɪndɜlɜlǝ/

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 /jɘɪ/ ern (2.6) /ǝ/ /phuː/ /œɹœ/ (.) /tʃɪpǝz/ /œɹœ/

10


(1.0) /ɘɹǝ/ /sʏmbɛlǝ/

princess sing. sing. () sing. 88 1 88 : 1 (2.5) /ɘ/ (.) /ɘɹ/ princess /ɘɹ/er /ɘɹ/er (.) /œu/

(1.3) /dʒuːz/ /ɘɹ/er /ɘɹ/er

dog sing. sing. () sing. 1325 399 3.3 : 1 [INT: what happened then] dog ǝnern (3.0) nah (.) no

(1.0) no

slipper sing. plur. (X) plur. 16 61 1 : 3.8 /tʃɪpǝz/ /ǝ/ /œɹœn/ (.) erm [tut] (4.3) /weǝnɹɪn/ it

/œɹœ/ /œɹœ/

slipper sing. plur. (X) plur. 16 61 1 : 3.8 (3.9) /dʒɪpǝz/ (1.0) an’ er (.) [tut?] er /kɛlǝlɜlǝ/ an’ er

slipper sing. plur. (X) plur. 16 61 1 : 3.8 [INT: and then] /ɪːpǝz/ /œɹ/ (3.6)

sock Unkn. plur.

(P.E.)

plur. 32 211 1 : 6.6 [INT: d’y know what happened (1.2) there] (1.1) socks

socks

slipper Unkn. plur.

(P.E.)

plur. 16 61 1 : 3.8 yeah /ɹ/er (1.8) /ɘœlɘ/ /ɘɹ/ /ʃvɪpɘz/ (.) /tʃɪpɘz/ /œɹœ/

(1.3) /nʔ/ (6.2)

slipper Unkn. plur. plur. 16 61 1 : 3.8 yeah /ɹ/er (1.8) /ɘœlɘ/ /ɘɹ/ /ʃvɪpɘz/ (.) /tʃɪpɘz/ /œɹœ/

(1.3) /nʔ/ (6.2)

11


(P.E.)

slipper Unkn. plur.

(P.E.)

plur. 16 61 1 : 3.8 yeah/ɹ/er (2.2) /tʃɪpɘz/ /œɹɹ/ (16.4) /bmƱtʃɘsɘspɘfs

[laugh]

slipper Unkn. plur.

(P.E.)

plur. 16 61 1 : 3.8 /jɘɪ/ ern (2.6) /ǝ/ /phuː/ /œɹœ/ (.) /tʃɪpǝz/ /œɹœ/

(1.0) /ɘɹǝ/ /sʏmbɛlǝ/ (.)

slipper Unkn. plur.

(P.E.)

plur. 16 61 1 : 3.8 (.) /œɹœ/ /bbœ/ erdn /ɡɪpǝz/ / œɹœm/ [tut] (.) erm

(9.7)

shoe Unkn. plur.

(P.E.)

plur. 157 552 1 : 3.5 (.) /ɘɹ/ princess /ɘɹ/er /ɘɹ/er (.) /œu/ (1.3) /dʒuːz/

/ɘɹ/er /ɘɹ/er

12


Table 9: Noun tokens by IB, ordered by form required, form used, dominant form, then decreasing dominance ratio

Noun Form

requir.

Form

used

(corr.)

Dom.

form

Frequency Dom.

ratio

(sing. :

plur.)

Context

sing. plur.

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 man (1.3) asking (1.2) /sɪɹə/ (.) /wɛlæ/ [INT: mhmm]

and (1.9) dancing /h/

wand sing. sing. () sing. 14 0 14 : 0 wand wand [INT: yeah] (.) wand and (2.3)

hall sing. sing. () sing. 822 22 37.4 : 1 /stɹeʊveɪn/ no /stɹʌvɪn/ (.) /stɹʌvɪn/ (2.7) hall no

hall /h/

punk sing. sing. () sing. 8 1 8 : 1 and (2.6) /hʊm/ /pʊm/ no /pɒɁ/ /pɒɁᵏ/ (1.4) /pʊnk/

(.) mm

ball sing. sing. () sing. 947 165 5.7 : 1 and erm (7.5) erm (1.3) ball (.) /ə/ ball (4.9)

ball sing. sing. () sing. 947 165 5.7 : 1 erm (2.9) one two ladies (.) and (.) ball

ball sing. sing. () sing. 947 165 5.7 : 1 /baɪ/ and erm (1.4) ball (.) /bɒ/ ball [short groan]

13


(1.4) ball

gown sing. sing. () sing. 47 9 5.2 : 1 (2.3) and /ɡaʊnd/ nice (.) /ɡaʊn / (.) yes (.) and (2.6)

gown sing. sing. () sing. 47 9 5.2 : 1 (2.3) and /ɡaʊnd/ nice (.) /ɡaʊn / (.) yes (.) and (2.6)

gown sing. sing. () sing. 47 9 5.2 : 1 and (1.0) erm (.) /ɡaʊⁿd/ no

house sing. sing. () sing. 4805 1017 4.7 : 1 yes and (6.1) yes and house /h/ yes (1.7)

name sing. sing. () sing. 3225 704 4.6 : 1 and (4.5) one oh name (6.2)

name sing. sing. () sing. 3225 704 4.6 : 1 /s/ /sɪɹəl/ (1.5) /sɛɹə/ (2.4) oh (.) name (.) /sə/ /sɪn/

man sing. sing. () sing. 4230 2300 1.8 : 1 erm (5.8) man (.) yeah (1.0) man (3.0) no (1.0)

woman

man sing. sing. () sing. 4230 2300 1.8 : 1 erm (5.8) man (.) yeah (1.0) man (3.0) no (1.0)

woman

man sing. sing. () sing. 4230 2300 1.8 : 1 oh [laughs] yes (1.9) and (.) man (1.7) nice man

man sing. sing. () sing. 4230 2300 1.8 : 1 oh [laughs] yes (1.9) and (.) man (1.7) nice man

man sing. sing. () sing. 4230 2300 1.8 : 1 and (4.6) erm (1.0) man (1.3) asking (1.2) /sɪɹə/

14


(.) /wɛlæ/

man sing. sing. () sing. 4230 2300 1.8 : 1 and erm mm [short laugh] (5.1) erm (4.1) man

man sing. sing. () sing. 4230 2300 1.8 : 1 nice man [laugh]

woman sing. sing. () plur. 1430 2381 1 : 1.7 erm (5.8) man (.) yeah (1.0) man (3.0) no (1.0)

woman

shoe sing. plur. (X) plur. 157 552 1 : 3.5 shoes (1.4) fall (.) and one (.) one (2.5) one (.) shoes

(.) and (3.5)

shoe sing. plur. (X) plur. 157 552 1 : 3.5 and (.) /æs/ /æs/ then (.) and shoes (1.7)

shoe sing. plur. (X) plur. 157 552 1 : 3.5 erm [short groan] (.) shoes and (.) /twæɁ/ try try (.)

on (.)

shoe sing. plur. (X) plur. 157 552 1 : 3.5 yes (.) and (1.8) shoes and (.) ffit

lady plur. plur. () sing. 1011 436 2.3 : 1 erm (1.2) well one two (2.8) ladies (.) /əbə/ bad

ladies

lady plur. plur. () sing. 1011 436 2.3 : 1 erm (1.2) well one two (2.8) ladies (.) /əbə/ bad

15


ladies

lady plur. plur. () sing. 1011 436 2.3 : 1 one two ladies and (.) bad

lady plur. plur. () sing. 1011 436 2.3 : 1 erm (2.9) one two ladies (.) and (.) ball

lady plur. plur. () sing. 1011 436 2.3 : 1 (1.0) one two (.) ladies (2.0) bad /leɪ/ ladies (.) and

(2.1)

lady plur. plur. () sing. 1011 436 2.3 : 1 (1.0) one two (.) ladies (2.0) bad /leɪ/ ladies (.) and

(2.1)

stair plur. plur. () plur. 28 361 1 : 12.9 and (1.6) twelve (.) twelve (1.2) and (7.5) twelve

(3.6) and stairs (1.4)

shoe Unkn. plur.

(P.E.)

plur. 157 552 1 : 3.5 and (1.3) /sk/ /skuldᵊmɪl/ (.) shoes (1.4) fall (.)

pumpkin Unkn. plur.

(P.E.)

equ. 1 1 1 : 1 yeah /pʌntʃɪⁿz/

Table 10: Noun tokens by TH, ordered by form required, form used, dominant form, then decreasing dominance ratio

16


Noun Form

requir.

Form

used

(corr.)

Dom.

form

Frequency Dom.

ratio

(sing. :

plur.)

Context

sing. plur.

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 god (1.2) daughter (.) erm [INT: mhmm] (1.2) erm

(3.6) Cinderella (.) herm (1.4) came erm (1.8) as well

erm (1.6) castle

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 and erm (.) ᵊ-Cinderella er is erm beautiful (.) erm

dress

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 erm princess er no prince (1.4) prince (.) erm (.)

coming (.) and erm /ᵊsɤnd/ ᵊCinderella

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 (one two three four five six seven eight nine ten

eleven) twelve o’clock (.) erm (.) /ʔ/ go because er

Cinderella (.) erm (3.3) /kʊ/ erm (.) not very (.) not

17


very good

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 then erm (.) Cinderella er as well (2.1) so erm

(2.3) /sɨpə/ (.) and it fits

Dandini/

Dandeanee

sing. sing. () sing. 2 0 2 : 0 and then erm (2.6) erm (3.1) Dandini [laugh] [INT

laugh] herm (.) came and erm (.)

princess sing. sing. () sing. 88 1 88 :1 erm princess er no prince (1.4) prince (.) erm (.)


castle sing. sing. () sing. 113 8 14.1 : 1 right (1.2) /s/ s-tepson /ᵊ-s/ (1.1) /ᵊ-s/ (1.6) /ᵊ-/s-tep

(3.5) woman [INT: mhmm] erm (1.9) erm (1.3) is

erm (.) castle erm

castle sing. sing. () sing. 113 8 14.1 : 1 god (1.2) daughter (.) erm [INT: mhmm] (1.2) erm


erm (1.6) castle

prince sing. sing. () sing. 135 16 8.4 : 1 erm princess er no prince (1.4) prince (.) erm (.)

18



prince sing. sing. () sing. 135 16 8.4 : 1 prince erm (3.9) oh (2.6)

clock sing. sing. () sing. 282 36 7.8 : 1 (one two three four five six seven eight nine ten

eleven) twelve o’clock (.) erm (.) /ʔ/ go because er

Cinderella (.) erm (3.3) /kʊ/ erm (.) not very (.) not

very good

king sing. sing. () sing. 430 70 6.1 : 1 erm (2.9) er king erm (3.1) er-oh I can’t explain

dress sing. sing. () sing. 332 76 4.4 : 1 and erm (.) ᵊ-Cinderella er is erm beautiful (.) erm

dress

slipper sing. sing. () plur. 16 61 1 : 3.8 er but erm (3.5) /s/ /p/slipper (.) erm (.) erm (1.1)

falls (2.9)

slipper sing. sing. () plur. 16 61 1 : 3.8 erm /sː/ /sː/ erm (.) /s/ st-ep (1.3) /sː/son no (.)

daughter (.) /hɜːn/ (.) erm slipper

slipper sing. sing. () plur. 16 61 1 : 3.8 then erm (.) Cinderella er as well (2.1) so erm (2.3)

19


/sɨpə/ (.) and it fits

pumpkin sing. sing. () equ. 1 1 1 : 1 (/ᵊ/) (.) /bɹɪ/ erm (3.5) mouse (1.1) ern and er

pumpkin

goddaughter sing. sing. () equ. 0 0 0 : 0 god (1.2) daughter (.) erm [INT: mhmm] (1.2) erm


erm (1.6) castle

stepson plur. sing. (X) sing. 1 0 1 : 0 erm /sː/ /sː/ erm (.) /s/ st-ep (1.3) /sː/son no (.)


daughter plur. sing. (X) sing. 553 86 6.4 : 1 erm /sː/ /sː/ erm (.) /s/ st-ep (1.3) /sː/son no (.)


horse plur. plur. () sing. 635 509 1.2 : 1 erm (.) then (.) erm (1.6) err horses (.) and

everything erm (2.9)

godson unkn. sing.

(P.E.)

sing. 2 0 2 : 0 /ɡɒdf/ er /ɡɒdf/ (.) er (2.4) son no er /ɡᶦ/ not

girlfriend er girlfriend [sigh]

stepson unkn. sing. sing. 1 0 1 : 0 right (1.2) /s/ s-tepson /ᵊ-s/ (1.1) /ᵊ-s/ (1.6) /ᵊ-/s-tep

20


(P.E.) (3.5) woman [INT: mhmm] erm (1.9) erm (1.3) is erm

(.) castle erm

girlfriend unkn. sing.

(P.E.)

sing. 114 18 6.3 : 1 /ɡɒdf/ er /ɡɒdf/ (.) er (2.4) son no er /ɡᶦ/ not


girlfriend unkn. sing.

(P.E.)

sing. 114 18 6.3 : 1 /ɡɒdf/ er /ɡɒdf/ (.) er (2.4) son no er /ɡᶦ/ not


mouse unkn. sing.

(P.E.)

sing. 170 32 5.3 : 1 (/ᵊ/) (.) /bɹɪ/ erm (3.5) mouse (1.1) ern and er

pumpkin

stepwoman unkn. sing.

(P.E.)

equ. 0 0 0 : 0 right (1.2) /s/ s-tepson /ᵊ-s/ (1.1) /ᵊ-s/ (1.6) /ᵊ-/s-

tep (3.5) woman [INT: mhmm] erm (1.9) erm (1.3) is

erm (.) castle erm

21


Table 11: Noun tokens by DB, ordered by form required, form used, dominant form, then decreasing dominance ratio

Noun Form

requir.

Form

used

(corr.)

Dom.

form

Frequency Dom.

ratio

(sing. :

plur.)

Context

sing. plur.

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 (1.5) /sɪləɛnᵈ/ /sɪndᵊɹɛn/

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 (2.0) er /sɛndᵊɹə/ /sɛldᵊɛə/ /sɛndə/

palace sing. sing. () sing. 136 4 34 : 1 I don’t know (2.0) /ɪz/ /pæl/ /plænɁᶿ/ palace (1.1)

palace sing. sing. () sing. 136 4 34 : 1 this /pælɛɁ/

god sing. sing. () sing. 4196 43 97.6 : 1 yes it’s erm (1.4) [tut] oh God

surprise sing. sing. () sing. 239 26 9.2 : 1 and err (2.8) /ɪzp/ it’s erm (4.5) /ɪz / /pʴaɪz/

surprise sing. sing. () sing. 239 26 9.2 : 1 /paɪz/ [INT: a prize?] (1.5) no it’s /p/ it’s /paɪz/ [INT:

surprise] yeah

surprise sing. sing. () sing. 239 26 9.2 : 1 /paɪz/ [INT: a prize?] (1.5) no it’s /p/ it’s /paɪz/ [INT:

22


surprise] yeah

surprise sing. sing. () sing. 239 26 9.2 : 1 and (2.3) /ɪz/ it’s /pʴaɪz/ (1.7) [INT: it’s another

surprise] yeah

clock sing. sing. () sing. 282 36 7.8 : 1 (2.3) /ɪ/ twelve /əkɒk/ (1.6)

clock sing. sing. () sing. 282 36 7.8 : 1 and erm (6.0) twelve /kɒk/ (3.0)

time sing. sing. () sing. 19051 3248 5.9 : 1 erm (2.0) it’s /wn/ one time

ball sing. sing. () sing. 947 165 5.7 : 1 (1.6) I don’t know it’s ball

ball sing. sing. () sing. 947 165 5.7 : 1 don’t ge(t) erm (1.2) don’t get erm ball

godmother sing. sing. () sing. 10 2 5 : 1 it’s it’s er pairy (.) /ɡɒdᵊnəðə/ /ɡɒdnə/

dog sing. sing. () sing. 1325 399 3.3 : 1 and erm (1.4) dog

stagecoach sing. sing. () sing. 4 2 2 : 1 /steɪː/ /steɪdʒən/ stagecoach

slipper sing. sing. () plur. 16 61 1 : 3.8 /ŋɡlæsɪ/ (.) glass (2.4) glass /sɪpə/

slipper sing. sing. () plur. 16 61 1 : 3.8 it’s it’s /ɡlɛs/ /ɡˡɛsɪpə/

slipper sing. sing. () plur. 16 61 1 : 3.8 it’s erm (2.0) glass /zɪpə/

slipper sing. sing. () plur. 16 61 1 : 3.8 you’ve got a glass /zɪpə/ (1.3)

23


slipper sing. sing. () plur. 16 61 1 : 3.8 and erm (2.7) it’s glass /ɡlæsɪpɜː/ glass slipper

pumpkin sing. sing. () equ. 1 1 1 :1 and erm (1.0) /pʊmpɪɁⁿ/ /pʊmkɪn/

pumpkin sing. sing. () equ. 1 1 1 : 1 /pʊŋk/ pumpkin

pumpkin sing. sing. () equ. 1 1 1 : 1 [INT: and (2.0) it’s become] (1.2) a /pʊŋpɪn/

sister plur. plur. () sing. 634 167 3.8 : 1 er ugly sisters

sister plur. plur. () sing. 634 167 3.8 : 1 this (.) this this erm (.) /sʊglɪ/ (ə) ugly sisters

sister plur. plur. () sing. 634 167 3.8 : 1 ugly sisters

slipper plur. plur. () plur. 16 61 1 : 3.8 and /ɡlɛs/ erm (1.1) glass /sɪpəz/

24


Table 12: Noun tokens by BK, ordered by form required, form used, dominant form, then decreasing dominance ratio

Noun Form

requir.

Form used

(corr.)

Dom.

form

Frequency Dom.

ratio

(sing. :

plur.)

Context

sing. plur.

mother sing. sing. () sing. 1900 146 13 : 1 her /f/ (.) erm (1.4) /m/ mother (.) gave her (4.2)

erm (3.0) horses (.) erm (.) with /ə/ (8.7) [laugh]

home sing. sing. () sing. 5207 513 10.2 : 1 (1.5) this girl who was /æɁ/ /hɒd/ (1.0) /æ/ erm /ə/

(1.3) /hɒwəm/

home sing. sing. () sing. 5207 513 10.2 : 1 /ðɛɁ/ /səʃiʃiɛɁ/ had to go /ᵊᵇ/ (.) er /əʊhəm/

clock sing. sing. () sing. 282 36 7.8 : 1 she had to go (5.2) /twə/ twelve o ’clock

car sing. sing. () sing. 3924 812 4.8 : 1 to pull the the the the [INT: mmm] (/ð ɒh ðɛkɔː

ðɛkɔː/ (1.0) /k/ (5.0) (xxthe?) (.) /kaː k/) car

name sing. sing. () sing. 3225 704 4.6 : 1 /ᵊ/ erm (3.7) I’ve /ɡɒtᵊn/ her name [laugh]

dress sing. sing. () sing. 332 76 4.4 : 1 she(?) had to be (2.3) make her /pɹɪtɪɁ/ pretty dress

25


girl sing. sing. () sing. 1613 1002 1.6 : 1 (1.5) this girl who was /æɁ/ /hɒd/ (1.0) /æ/ erm /ə/

(1.3) /hɒwəm/

girl sing. sing. () sing. 1613 1002 1.6 : 1 erm er (1.9) this /ɡ/ girl was (1.1) erm (.) erm /səɁ/

sort of /h/ (1.3) erm

thing sing. sing. () sing. 11747 11398 1 : 1 she had to /b/run out and she /l/ left the thing

slipper sing. sing. () plur. 16 61 1 : 3.8 they /wʊd/ going to (.) try the slipper [INT: right]

onto their feet

slipper sing. plur. (X) plur. 16 61 1 : 3.8 and she /l/ left the thing (1.0 partly in-breath)

[cough] (. covered by in-breath) left her slippers onto

the (4.6) erm

sister plur. plur. () sing. 634 167 3.8 : 1 /ðɪts/ /ðɪts/ /dɛts/ with (1.0) /tʴu/ (ð)three (.) erm (.)

sisters (.) erm (2.3)

sister plur. plur. () sing. 634 167 3.8 : 1 [INT: but who wasn’t successful] erm (.) /ᵊn/ /t/ two

26


sisters

horse plur. plur. () sing. 635 509 1.2 : 1 her /f/ (.) erm (1.4) /m/ mother (.) gave her (4.2) erm

(3.0) horses (.) erm (.) with /ə/ (8.7) [laugh]

foot plur. plur. () sing. 879 877 1 : 1 they /wʊd/ going to (.) try the slipper [INT: right]

onto their feet

sailor unkn. plur. (P.E.) plur. 16 28 1: 1.8 /sɪləɹɛ/ yeah /s/ cinderella /jysiəsɪɁ/ (. covered by in-

breath) /s/ sailors erm (1.7) erm [laugh]

27


Table 13: Noun tokens by LC, ordered by form required, form used, dominant form, then decreasing dominance ratio

Noun Form

requir.

Form used

(corr.)

Dom.

form

Frequency Dom.

ratio

(sing. :

plur.)

Context

sing. plur.

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 (1.3) it’s er /s/ Cinderella (1.2) /əᶢ/ (1.5) erm (1.9)

those stairs

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 erm (1.2) cinderella er (.) [tut] (.) now then its

cinderella and the er (.) two mermaids or whatever

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 erm (1.2) cinderella er (.) [tut] (.) now then its


Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 and then the cinderella (.) er (2.1) we are /t/ we are

to the ball (1.9)

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 cinderella wants to (2.4) /wʊ/ what can I wear (1.5)

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 er (5.9) cinderella (1.5) goes to the ball (2.1)

28


Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 now then (1.7) we are (13.7) cinderella (1.5) er

(17.1) (cinderella) (5.5) no

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 now then (1.7) we are (13.7) cinderella (1.5) er (17.1)

(cinderella) (5.5) no

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 (3.2 including page turning) er cinderella (1.4) er

where are you where are you (.)

ball sing. sing. () sing. 947 165 5.7 : 1 /vɜːⁿməz/ said (1.6) er we are to the ball or /səⁿɁ/ (.)

ball sing. sing. () sing. 947 165 5.7 : 1 and then the cinderella (.) er (2.1) we are /t/ we are

to the ball (1.9)

ball sing. sing. () sing. 947 165 5.7 : 1 (5.3) (we are to) the ball (1.5)

ball sing. sing. () sing. 947 165 5.7 : 1 we? are to the ball (12.7 including page turning)

ball sing. sing. () sing. 947 165 5.7 : 1 er (5.9) cinderella (1.5) goes to the ball (2.1)

ball sing. sing. () sing. 947 165 5.7 : 1 (now then) (4.8) come(?) to the ball (1.3)

orange sing. sing. () sing. 365 74 4.9 : 1 (11.2) er orange (1.6) (and?) the mouse

29


horse sing. sing. () sing. 635 509 1.2 : 1 (1.9) /sɪɁɪnðəæ/ (2.1) horse fills up with (1.6) er (3.4)

shoe sing. sing. () plur. 157 552 1 : 3.5 now then (3.6) then there’s her shoe (3.3)

shoe sing. sing. () plur. 157 552 1 : 3.5 yes (.) er well where does it er (.) shoe (1.2) ah (.)

hell sing./

mass

sing./ mass

()

sing./

mass

1222 2 611 : 1 er now then er (3.0) [tut?] (.) bloody hell fire (1.3)

fire sing./

mass

sing./mass

()

sing./

mass

1566 73 21.5 : 1 er now then er (3.0) [tut?] (.) bloody hell fire (1.3)

mermaid plur. plur. () sing. 6 1 6 : 1 erm (1.2) cinderella er (.) [tut] (.) now then its


mermaid plur. plur. () sing. 6 1 6 : 1 /vɜːⁿməz/ said (1.6) er we are to the ball or /səⁿɁ/ (.)

horse plur. plur. () sing. 635 509 1.2 : 1 erm (7.7) three /hɔː/ four [tut] (3.1) four horses (1.4)

stair plur. plur. () plur. 28 361 1 : 12.9 (1.5) erm (1.9) those stairs /səʊʃə/ on the stairs

/əʊæː/

stair plur. plur. () plur. 28 361 1 : 12.9 (1.5) erm (1.9) those stairs /səʊʃə/ on the stairs

30


/əʊæː/

mouse unkn. sing. (P.E.) sing. 170 32 5.3 : 1 (11.2) er orange (1.6) (and?) the mouse

31


Table 14: Noun tokens by ST, ordered by form required, form used, dominant form, then decreasing dominance ratio

Noun Form

requir.

Form used

(corr.)

Dom.

form

Frequency Dom.

ratio

(sing. :

plur.)

Context

sing. plur.

midnight sing. sing. () sing. 118 0 118 : 0 the/ᵍ/ the (1.2) princess (1.0) erm (2.0) turns away

(.) and (1.0) comes out the (2.2) the ball and (.) erm

(.) /ə/ /ɜː/ as /ᶞ/ the clock /staɪpz/ midnight

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 /tə/ two/l/ (1.3) /lə/ /ə/glamourous erm (4.2

including tut) erm (3.7) ladies and Cinderella (.)

erm /ᵆ/er er are all (1.5) /kɒnɁ/

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 /ᶞ/ they go /aːtəᶞᵊ/ (.) the funeral erm the the party

(.) and leave (.) /s/Cinderella behind

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 Cinderella (1.7) /ɡɪɁs/ gets (.) /ðᵊ/ the (4.2) the (.) /ᵍ/

32


the (3.0) the /vɛɹ/ the /vɛɹi ɡəʊʷldmʊðə/

princess sing. sing. () sing. 88 1 88 : 1 the/ᵍ/ the (1.2) princess (1.0) erm (2.0) turns away



castle sing. sing. () sing. 113 8 14.1 : 1 /ðɨᵍ/ /ðᶦᵍ/ the king is (1.4) erm (2.0) /ɹ/ erm (.) leads

the horse and the /k/ the queen (.) back to (.) the

(2.1) the castle

clock sing. sing. () sing. 282 36 7.8 : 1 the/ᵍ/ the (1.2) princess (1.0) erm (2.0) turns away



queen sing. sing. () sing. 364 52 7 : 1 the the the shoe that /ᶺ ᶠ/ (.) fits the (.) /aə/ (.) //ᵊ /

(3.1) youngest of the/ᵇ/ (1.4) pair (.) will be queen

queen sing. sing. () sing. 364 52 7 : 1 /e:ᶦ/ anybody (.) erm (1.7) who the /stɪfə/ (.) fits is

/kɹ/ crown (.) is (1.8) crowned /kᶦ/ (1.2) the queen

queen sing. sing. () sing. 364 52 7 : 1 /ðɨᵍ/ /ðᶦᵍ/ the king is (1.4) erm (2.0) /ɹ/ erm (.) leads

33



(2.1) the castle

party sing. sing. () sing. 2342 368 6.4 : 1 /ᶞ/ they go /aːtəᶞᵊ/ (.) the funeral erm the the party

(.) and leave (.) /s/cinderella behind

party sing. sing. () sing. 2342 368 6.4 : 1 it was (1.5) /ᶷʷ/ went /tᶞbɑːti/

king sing. sing. () sing. 430 70 6.1 : 1 she (.) got (1.0) erm (1.7) erm (2.4) presented to the

king and all /ðᶹɛst/ of it

king sing. sing. () sing. 430 70 6.1 : 1 but the king (1.5) erm (5.4) erm (.) he-/is/ erm (1.4)

not (1.0) sure of the time

king sing. sing. () sing. 430 70 6.1 : 1 /ðɨᵍ/ /ðᶦᵍ/ the king is (1.4) erm (2.0) /ɹ/ erm (.) leads


(2.1) the castle

ball sing. sing. () sing. 947 165 5.7 : 1 [brief sigh] (1.0) the ball /əðᵊᶦɁ ø/ the erm (.) six

white horses (.) and the (2.6) erm

ball sing. sing. () sing. 947 165 5.7 : 1 the/ᵍ/ the (1.2) princess (1.0) erm (2.0) turns away

34




(fairy)

godmother

sing. sing. () sing. 10 2 5 : 1 cinderella (1.7) /ɡɪɁs/ gets (.) /ðᵊ/ the (4.2) the (.) /ᵍ/

the (3.0) the /vɛɹ/ the /vɛɹi ɡəʊʷldmʊðə/

message sing. sing. () sing. 423 100 4.2 : 1 /iz/ /iz/ erm (2.8) /ᶺ / (.) /ə/ /ə/ /ᶺ / (1.1) [tut] (.)

erm a message (.) to the /k/ (1.4) /ə/ run of the mill

(.) /ɡ/ /ɡæːɁ/

funeral sing. sing. () sing. 136 35 3.9 : 1 /ᶞ/ they go /aːtəᶞᵊ/ (.) the funeral erm the the party

(.) and leave (.) /s/cinderella behind

mill sing. sing. () sing. 247 71 3.5 : 1 /iz/ /iz/ erm (2.8) /ᶺ / (.) /ə/ /ə/ /ᶺ / (1.1) [tut] (.)

erm a message (.) to the /k/ (1.4) /ə/ run of the mill

(.) /ɡ/ /ɡæːɁ/

note sing. sing. () sing. 712 476 1.5 : 1 he /kɪʊmz/ he comes and (2.2) erm (7.2) erm (1.4) /n

neɪkzœn/ a /nɒɁ/ (.) a note

horse sing. sing. () sing. 635 509 1.2 : 1 /ðɨᵍ/ /ðᶦᵍ/ the king is (1.4) erm (2.0) /ɹ/ erm (.) leads

35



(2.1) the castle

slipper sing. sing. () plur. 16 61 1 : 3.8 she /ɹ/ leaves a slipper behind

slipper sing. sing. () plur. 16 61 1 : 3.8 /e:ᶦ/ anybody (.) erm (1.7) who the /stɪfə/ (.) fits is

/kɹ/ crown (.) is (1.8) crowned /kᶦ/ (1.2) the queen

shoe sing. sing. () plur. 157 552 1 : 3.5 the the the shoe that /ᶺ ᶠ/ (.) fits the (.) /aə/ (.) //ᵊ /

(3.1) youngest of the/ᵇ/ (1.4) pair (.) will be queen

tomato sing. sing. () plur. 89 96 1 : 1.1 /ᵊ/-erm (1.5) /ᶞ/the /t/ tomato (.) erm (7.3)

gentry sing./

mass

sing./ mass

()

sing./

mass

36 0 36 : 0 out reels a erm (4.8) erm (.) /ᵊ/ /ᵊ/ /ᵌ / (1.3) /ð/ /ð/ /

/the landed gentry

rest sing./

mass

sing./ mass

()

sing./

mass

1490 20 74.5 : 1 she (.) got (1.0) erm (1.7) erm (2.4) presented to the

king and all /ðᶹɛst/ of it

time sing./

mass

sing./mass

()

sing./

mass

19051 3248 1 : 5.9 but the king (1.5) erm (5.4) erm (.) he-/is/ erm (1.4)

not (1.0) sure of the time

floor plur. plur. () sing. 986 62 15.9 : 1 /ɪ/ it’s (1.4) erm (1.0) /daʊnɒnən/ her /hæz/ and

36


knees (.) erm /skumɪŋ/ on the floors ’n

hand plur. plur. () sing. 2394 973 2.5 : 1 /ɪ/ it’s (1.4) erm (1.0) /daʊnɒnən/ her /hæz/ and


lady plur. plur. () sing. 1011 436 2.3 : 1 /tə/ two/l/ (1.3) /lə/ /ə/glamourous erm (4.2

including tut) erm (3.7) ladies and Cinderella (.)

erm /ᵆ/er er are all (1.5) /kɒnɁ/

girl plur. plur. () sing. 1613 1002 1.6 : 1 the girls (.) that /i-wᶦөl/ (1.8) erm

knee plur. plur. () sing. 162 127 1.3 : 1 /ɪ/ it’s (1.4) erm (1.0) /daʊnɒnən/ her /hæz/ and


horse plur. plur. () sing. 635 509 1.2 : 1 /ɹᵊ/ /ɹ/ (1.0) /θ/ /swəiɁ/ (.) sssix /ɹɒɁ/ white horses

horse plur. plur. () sing. 635 509 1.2 : 1 [brief sigh] (1.0) the ball /əðᵊᶦɁ ø/ the erm (.) six

white horses (.) and the (2.6) erm

midnight sing. sing. () sing. 118 0 118 : 0 the/ᵍ/ the (1.2) princess (1.0) erm (2.0) turns away


37



38


Table 15: Noun tokens by JS, ordered by form required, form used, dominant form, then decreasing dominance ratio

Noun Form

requir.

Form used

(corr.)

Dom.

form

Frequency Dom.

ratio

(sing. :

plur.)

Context

sing. plur.

(the) off sing. sing. () sing. 12345 6 2057.5 :

1

[INT: do you think these two are ready for] (1.5)

/ijɒf/

pass sing. sing. () sing. 847 83 10.2 : 1 they got the pass the thing

time sing. sing. () sing. 19051 3248 5.9 : 1 that’s the time at the /dæm/

time sing. sing. () sing. 19051 3248 5.9 : 1 that’s the time at the /dæm/

spring sing. sing. () sing. 258 56 4.6 : 1 that’s /ə/ that’s a spring that’s her there

charge sing. sing. () sing. 976 305 3.2 : 1 she’s in charge

thing sing. sing. () sing. 11747 11398 1 : 1 they got the pass the thing

thing sing. sing. () sing. 11747 11398 1 : 1 she’s a /wɔːɁ/ (2.4) thing (.) /kɔːɁɪn/

thing sing. sing. () sing. 11747 11398 1 : 1 she’s a /səɹənə/ she’s put it in a /ɹᵊn/ thing to her (.)

39


thing sing. sing. () sing. 11747 11398 1 : 1 no no no no she wanted the (.) the thing (1.5) /sɒm/

thing sing. sing. () sing. 11747 11398 1 : 1 she gotta go back in /ɪndɜːᵊ/ thing

foot sing. sing. () sing. 879 877 1 : 1 (.) /æ/ she’s taking the /kʊ/ [INT: she’s taking the

shoe yes] with /ə/ foot yeah

shoe sing. sing. () plur. 157 552 1 : 3.5 that’s /ə/ shoe

shoe sing. sing. () plur. 157 552 1 : 3.5 (.) /æ/ she’s taking the /kʊ/ [INT: she’s taking the

shoe yes] with /ə/ foot yeah

post sing./

mass

sing./ mass

()

sing./

mass

857 110 7.8 : 1 /wɒzjə/ (1.6) /hwvðə/ post there

sister plur. plur. () sing. 634 167 3.8 : 1 they’re /m/ /s/ sisters

thing plur. plur. () sing. 11747 11398 1 : 1 she /mæɡ/ that that /ɪntəðb/ in the things

thing unkn. plur. (P.E.) sing. 11747 11398 1 : 1 this is /k/ (2.3) /fðə/ /pɔɪnd/ and the things

thing unkn. plur. (P.E.) sing. 11747 11398 1 : 1 there she was in the things

40


41


Table 16: Noun tokens by HB, ordered by form required, form used, dominant form, then decreasing dominance ratio

Noun Form

requir.

Form used

(corr.)

Dom.

form

Frequency Dom.

ratio

(sing. :

plur.)

Context

sing. plur.

scrubbing sing. sing. () sing. 26 0 26 : 0 /s/ /ɛnᵊ/ Cinderella she’s rubbing away on the rub

and the scrubbing on the floor

palace sing. sing. () sing. 136 4 34 : 1 and he takes her back (1.3) on a horse (.) takes her

back to the (.) /pæwl/ to the palace

floor sing. sing. () sing. 986 62 15.9 : 1 /s/ /ɛnᵊ/ Cinderella she’s rubbing away on the rub


evening sing. sing. () sing. 1115 75 14.9 : 1 and he got and he was dancing with her all evening

home sing. sing. () sing. 5207 513 10.2 : 1 and she comes home/ᵊ/ (.) and puts the (.) puts the

shoe on her

man sing. sing. () sing. 4230 2300 1.8 : 1 I missed him out he was at he was at this thing

42


sewing /ɪnð/ /wǝð/ this erm a man

man sing. sing. () sing. 4230 2300 1.8 : 1 that’s when /ɪ/ the/n/ man went out looking out with

this man for the farmer to look for him

man sing. sing. () sing. 4230 2300 1.8 : 1 that’s when /ɪ/ the/n/ man went out looking out with


girl sing. sing. () sing. 1613 1002 1.6 : 1 and the girl had it right

horse sing. sing. () sing. 635 509 1.2 : 1 and he takes her back (1.3) on a horse (.) takes her

back to the (.) /pæwl/ to the palace

tailor sing. sing. () sing. 17 14 1.2 : 1 and so I’ll make you (in?)to the(?) tailor you’re going

to be the tailor now

tailor sing. sing. () sing. 17 14 1.2 : 1 and so I’ll make you (in?)to the(?) tailor you’re going

to be the tailor now

thing sing. sing. () sing. 11747 11398 1 : 1 and that’s/w/ when the thing comes (.) /wǝ/ the

/mæ/ the /mæɡ/ the magic woman she comes

thing sing. sing. () sing. 11747 11398 1 : 1 and she turns /ðǝsʏ/ thing looked like a tomato but I

43


don’t know what it was

thing sing. sing. () sing. 11747 11398 1 : 1 but anyway it’s /dǝ ɪːd/ (.) does a big /ǝs/thing

thing sing. sing. () sing. 11747 11398 1 : 1 and that takes her to the /θ/thing

thing sing. sing. () sing. 11747 11398 1 : 1 I missed him out he was at he was at this thing

sewing /ɪnð/ /wǝð/ this erm a man

thing sing. sing. () sing. 11747 11398 1 : 1 and they(?) /tɹ/ the girls try on the thing and it

doesn’t fit

shoe sing. sing. () plur. 157 552 1 : 3.5 and she comes home/ᵊ/ (.) and puts the (.) puts the

shoe on her

child sing. sing. () plur. 1336 3789 1 : 2.8 / faːɪ/ goes round to say (that?) everybody must try

to find who this (.) had this child was/k/ who came

servant sing. sing. () plur. 51 108 1 : 2.1 the servant sends out the/v/ /ðǝs/ the /faːm/

farmer sing. sing. () plur. 141 272 1 : 1.9 that’s when /ɪ/ the/n/ man went out looking out with


woman sing. sing. () plur. 1430 2381 1 : 1.7 and that’s/w/ when the thing comes (.) /wǝ/ the

44


/mæ/ the /mæɡ/ the magic woman she comes

tomato sing. sing. () plur. 89 96 1 : 1.1 and she turns /ðǝsʏ/ thing looked like a tomato but I

don’t know what it was

laughter sing./

mass

sing./ mass

()

sing./

mass

21 0 21 : 0 the /laː/ the laughter the girls laugh at her

donkey plur. plur. () sing. 53 9 5.9 : 1 and it makes a lovely big (.) /tʃːʔ/ /dʒǝ dʒɜːn lǝ

bɪɡdʒæm/ (.) with /ɹǝ-ǝɹǝʊpǝz/ on the /ǝn/ the /v/ the

the donkeys no (.) the horses

girl plur. plur. () sing. 1613 1002 1.6 : 1 the /laː/ the laughter the girls laugh at her

girl plur. plur. () sing. 1613 1002 1.6 : 1 the two girls /n/ are big and they’re they look look

her down

girl plur. plur. () sing. 1613 1002 1.6 : 1 and the two girls /wɜːnt/ first

girl plur. plur. () sing. 1613 1002 1.6 : 1 he was fond of her but he didn’t like the other girls

girl plur. plur. () sing. 1613 1002 1.6 : 1 and they(?) /tɹ/ the girls try on the thing and it

45


doesn’t fit

horse plur. plur. () sing. 635 509 1.2 : 1 and it makes a lovely big (.) /tʃːʔ/ /dʒǝ dʒɜːn lǝ

bɪɡdʒæm/ (.) with /ɹǝ-ǝɹǝʊpǝz/ on the /ǝn/ the /v/ the

the donkeys no (.) the horses

rub unkn. sing. (P.E.) sing. 122 7 17.4 : 1 /s/ /ɛnᵊ/ Cinderella she’s rubbing away on the rub


man unkn. plur. (P.E.) sing. 4230 2300 1.8 : 1 does she show the /tɜːᵊzǝθ/ the men

46


Table 17: Noun tokens by MH, ordered by form required, form used, dominant form, then decreasing dominance ratio

Noun Form

requir.

Form used

(corr.)

Dom.

form

Frequency Dom.

ratio

(sing. :

plur.)

Context

sing. plur.

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 this is a story the story of Cinderella

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 /ɛ/ in the one I heard (.) it was /sɛndəɹɛlə/ and three

daughters but anyway (.)

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 (1.1) I will tell the story of cinderella (1.2)

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 /wᶷ ᶾø/cinderella lived in a /hæv/ big house (.)

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 but (.) it didn’t include cinderella (.)

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 (.) the prince the prince /ᵊ/says (2.2) said (1.5) /h/

ʋwhat’s the matter /t/ Cinderella

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 and Cinderella said (.) /ᵊ/er I’m (.) want to /ɡɛᵊᶷ / go

47


to the ball (.)

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 and Cinderella got in the coach (.) and it went to

the /pʊʔ/ to the /hᶛ/ /hɒᵊl/

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 /ɛ/ anyway they went and /fɛksd/ cinderella up to

the (1.0) [INT: mhmm] (2.2) /d/ up to the stairs

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 and they (.) said fetch cinder /ɛl/ cinderella up the

stairs

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 and /ð/ they sat Cinderella down (.)

behalf sing. sing. () sing. 378 1 378 : 1 one (.) day (2.2) /æɡsᵏ/ (3.4) a servant on behalf of

the prince (.) came and (.)

dear sing. sing. () sing. 2386 10 238.6 : 1 / ᵊ / one day (1.8) oh dear crikey I’ve forgotten

(1.0)

princess sing. sing. () sing. 88 1 88 : 1 and he said oh (4.5) my (1.7) that is a princess that I

want

hall sing. sing. () sing. 822 22 37.4 : 1 and Cinderella got in the coach (.) and it went to

48



neighbourhood sing. sing. () sing. 125 5 25 : 1 /æ/ I and it came /t/ to pass (.) that the prince said

(.) he was going round all the? (1.6) ladies in the

[INT: mmm] neighbourhood

prince sing. sing. () sing. 135 16 8.4 : 1 one (.) day (2.2) /æɡsᵏ/ (3.4) a servant on behalf of


prince sing. sing. () sing. 135 16 8.4 : 1 /ðᶦ/ there is the prince is going to /ʰ ʉˡ / give a (2.8)

give a /kɑⁿ / /əɡᵊ/ /ⁿ/ not a concert but a (1.3)

prince sing. sing. () sing. 135 16 8.4 : 1 (.) the prince the prince /ᵊ/says (2.2) said (1.5) /h/


prince sing. sing. () sing. 135 16 8.4 : 1 when she was standing at the door (.) the prince

(5.1) the prince looked at /ᶞ/ her an’ [emotion] (.)

prince sing. sing. () sing. 135 16 8.4 : 1 the days went by (.) and/ᶦ/ the the/f/ prince (.)

prince sing. sing. () sing. 135 16 8.4 : 1 /æ/ I and it came /t/ to pass (.) that the prince said


49



prince sing. sing. () sing. 135 16 8.4 : 1 and /t/ the /fɹɪnz/ says (.) is there [emotion] (1.5)

[INT: mhmm] (4.4)

clock sing. sing. () sing. 282 36 7.8 : 1 (.) /ʷ/because /ᶞ/ the clock was starting to /t/ strike

twelve (.)

door sing. sing. () sing. 2642 423 6.2 : 1 when she was standing at the door (.) the prince

(5.1) the prince looked at /ᶞ/ her an’ [emotion] (.)

ball sing. sing. () sing. 947 165 5.7 : 1 and Cinderella said (.) /ᵊ/er I’m (.) want to /ɡɛᵊᶷ / go

to the ball (.)

ball sing. sing. () sing. 947 165 5.7 : 1 I want to go to the ball but /ðət/ (1.0)

ball sing. sing. () sing. 947 165 5.7 : 1 /d/ /d/ /d/ (.) don’t worry about the ball (.)

hill sing. sing. () sing. 558 99 5.6 : 1 it shows her going up the hill

matter sing. sing. () sing. 2709 559 4.8 : 1 (.) the prince the prince /ᵊ/says (2.2) said (1.5) /h/


house sing. sing. () sing. 4805 1017 4.7 : 1 /wᶷ ᶾø/cinderella lived in a /hæv/ big house (.)

50


house sing. sing. () sing. 4805 1017 4.7 : 1 and the house was (2.1) er and /ᵋ/ /ᶞ/ (.)

house sing. sing. () sing. 4805 1017 4.7 : 1 (.)/ð/they were busy cleaning the house (1.1)

house sing. sing. () sing. 4805 1017 4.7 : 1 and she (.) er /ᵊ/ /v/ he came (.) to the house (.)

house sing. sing. () sing. 4805 1017 4.7 : 1 he and his /m/ (1.3) servant came to the house (.)

house sing. sing. () sing. 4805 1017 4.7 : 1 is there anybody else at this at this house

maid sing. sing. () sing. 55 14 3.9 : 1 and they said (.) well there’s only /ᶞ/ the little/ᵈ/

(.) /s/ (.) /m/ /s/ /mː/maid

dance sing. sing. () sing. 282 75 3.8 : 1 and (1.8) she (1.8) had danced (.) after dance after

dance

dance sing. sing. () sing. 282 75 3.8 : 1 and (1.8) she (1.8) had danced (.) after dance after

dance

job sing. sing. () sing. 3953 1175 3.4 : 1 and/ᶦ/ /ᶞᶶʲɜᵆ/her job (.) was (1.0) the same day after

day after day (.)

concert sing. sing. () sing. 145 43 3.4 : 1 /ðᶦ/ there is the prince is going to /ʰ ʉˡ / give a (2.8)

51


give a /kɑⁿ / /əɡᵊ/ /ⁿ/ not a concert but a (1.3)

sign sing. sing. () sing. 670 210 3.2 : 1 but they couldn’t (1.5) get (.) anything er any sign of

it

story sing. sing. () sing. 984 349 2.8 : 1 and the story ends that they took her /həm/ back

home (3.0) in the (.) on the horse

story sing. sing. () sing. 984 349 2.8 : 1 this is a story the story of Cinderella

story sing. sing. () sing. 984 349 2.8 : 1 this is a story the story of Cinderella

story sing. sing. () sing. 984 349 2.8 : 1 (1.1) I will tell the story of cinderella (1.2)

coach sing. sing. () sing. 158 57 2.8 : 1 and Cinderella got in the coach (.) and it went to


book sing. sing. () sing. 2396 893 2.7 : 1 /ə ɘm/ /ɪ/ in the book /ᵊ/ /əᶦ/ in that book there are

two (1.1) daughters (.) /θɹ/ three daughters (1.0)

book sing. sing. () sing. 2396 893 2.7 : 1 /ə ɘm/ /ɪ/ in the book /ᵊ/ /əᶦ/ in that book there are


book sing. sing. () sing. 2396 893 2.7 : 1 the book /ˢʃw/shows three mice but I think /ɪ/ /ɪ/ it

52


(1.9) /ˡ/sometimes had /fᵊɁ/ six mice in it (.)

opportunity sing. sing. () sing. 779 287 2.7 : 1 all the/m/ (.) the /θ/ two or three neighbours /d/ /d/

two or three /sɪktəz/ (.) all had (.) /ə ᵈᶾ/ /ɒn/ /ɒʔ/

opportunity (.) to try the slipper /æᵊn/

day sing. sing. () sing. 7753 3286 2.4 : 1 / ᵊ / one day (1.8) oh dear crikey I’ve forgotten

(1.0)

day sing. sing. () sing. 7753 3286 2.4 : 1 (1.0) erm one day (3.0) /ðө/ /өð/ (.) /ᵆ/-I’ve forgotten

day sing. sing. () sing. 7753 3286 2.4 : 1 (2.8) er one day (1.7) it /wᵊ/ (1.2) it was/ⁿ/ (2.4)

day sing. sing. () sing. 7753 3286 2.4 : 1 and/ᶦ/ /ᶞᶶʲɜᵆ/her job (.) was (1.0) the same day after

day after day (.)


day after day (.)


day after day (.)

day sing. sing. () sing. 7753 3286 2.4 : 1 one (.) day (2.2) /æɡsᵏ/ (3.4) a servant on behalf of

53



result sing. sing. () sing. 827 457 1.8 : 1 and she ran downstairs (.) ever so quickly (.) with the

result that she lost one shoe

horse sing. sing. () sing. 635 509 1.2 : 1 and the story ends that they took her /həm/ back


thing sing. sing. () sing. 11747 11398 1 : 1 erm /ɪ/ /ɪ/ it’s (.) a big /θ/ /ð/ big / sɜːkᵊlə / thing (.)

slipper sing. sing. () plur. 16 61 1 : 3.8 all the/m/ (.) the /θ/ two or three neighbours /d/ /d/



shoe sing. sing. () plur. 157 552 1 : 3.5 and she ran downstairs (.) ever so quickly (.) with the

result that she lost one shoe

servant sing. sing. () plur. 51 108 1 : 2.1 one (.) day (2.2) /æɡsᵏ/ (3.4) a servant on behalf of


servant sing. sing. () plur. 51 108 1 : 2.1 he and his /m/ (1.3) servant came to the house (.)

woman sing. sing. () plur. 1430 2381 1 : 1.7 and every /ᵐ/ woman of certain ages will be (1.4)

54


has to go along (.)

pumpkin sing. sing. () equ. 1 1 1 : 1 also there was (2.1) /ɜf/ (.) a little [clears throat] (.) a

little (3.5) but /ð-ᵊ/ (.) /ɪ/ /ɪᵊ/ it (1.5) /əm/ pumpkin a

pumpkin

pumpkin sing. sing. () equ. 1 1 1 : 1 also there was (2.1) /ɜf/ (.) a little [clears throat] (.) a

little (3.5) but /ð-ᵊ/ (.) /ɪ/ /ɪᵊ/ it (1.5) /əm/ pumpkin a

pumpkin

pumpkin sing. sing. () equ. 1 1 1 : 1 and also the pumpkin (.) it will (.) / vɪl/ will be (.)

/tʃ/ /ᵈᶾ/ /d/ also (.) er (1.0)

home sing.

mass

sing. / mass

()

sing. /

mass

5207 513 10.2 : 1 and the story ends that they took her /həm/ back


home sing. /

mass

sing. / mass

()

sing. /

mass

5207 513 10.2 : 1 and she was sat in at /həʊ/ sitting at home (.)

feeling very /vɛli / depressed

floor plur. plur. () sing. 986 62 15.9 : 1 and it was /ᵛ/really about (3.4) cleaning the floors (.)

and/sk/ and everything connected with (.) /ð/ the

55


floors

floor plur. plur. () sing. 986 62 15.9 : 1 and it was /ᵛ/really about (3.4) cleaning the floors (.)

and/sk/ and everything connected with (.) /ð/ the

floors

daughter plur. plur. () sing. 553 86 6.4 : 1 /ə ɘm/ /ɪ/ in the book /ᵊ/ /əᶦ/ in that book there are


daughter plur. plur. () sing. 553 86 6.4 : 1 /ə ɘm/ /ɪ/ in the book /ᵊ/ /əᶦ/ in that book there are


daughter plur. plur. () sing. 553 86 6.4 : 1 /ɛ/ in the one I heard (.) it was /sɛndəɹɛlə/ and three

daughters but anyway (.)

mouse plur. plur. () sing. 170 32 5.3 : 1 /tʃ/ some mice (.) the book /ˢʃw/shows three mice…

mouse plur. plur. () sing. 170 32 5.3 : 1 the book /ˢʃw/shows three mice but I think /ɪ/ /ɪ/ it


mouse plur. plur. () sing. 170 32 5.3 : 1 the book /ˢʃw/shows three mice but I think /ɪ/ /ɪ/ it

56



mouse plur. plur. () sing. 170 32 5.3 : 1 /ð/ the six little mice /s/will change to six beautiful

horses (.)

maid plur. plur. () sing. 55 14 3.9 : 1 there were two or three (.) /mː/ (3.1) I want to say

maids but I don’t really think maids for that

maid plur. plur. () sing. 55 14 3.9 : 1 there were two or three (.) /mː/ (3.1) I want to say

maids but I don’t really think maids for that

sister plur. plur. () sing. 634 167 3.8 : 1 all the/m/ (.) the /θ/ two or three neighbours /d/ /d/



day plur. plur. () sing. 7753 3286 2.4 : 1 and then (1.3) the days went by (.)

lady plur. plur. () sing. 1011 436 2.3 : 1 /æ/ I and it came /t/ to pass (.) that the prince said



dish plur. plur. () sing. 164 112 1.5 : 1 /t/ /f/ /v/ /vɹɒm / the (.) /n/ dirty dishes and what

57


not down below

horse plur. plur. () sing. 635 509 1.2 : 1 /ð/ the six little mice /s/will change to six beautiful

horses (.)

stair plur. plur. () plur. 28 361 1 : 12.9 (.) with the result that she lost one shoe [with

emotion] [INT: mhmm] (1.7) on the stairs

stair plur. plur. () plur. 28 361 1 : 12.9 /ɛ/ anyway they went and /fɛksd/ cinderella up to

the (1.0) [INT: mhmm] (2.2) /d/ up to the stairs

stair plur. plur. () plur. 28 361 1 : 12.9 and they (.) said fetch cinder /ɛl/ cinderella up the

stairs

neighbour plur. plur. () plur. 115 301 1 : 2.6 all the/m/ (.) the /θ/ two or three neighbours /d/ /d/



age unkn. plur. (P.E.) sing. 1302 488 2.7 : 1 and every /ᵐ/ woman of certain ages will be (1.4)

has to go along (.)

58


59


Table 18: Noun tokens by RD, ordered by form required, form used, dominant form, then decreasing dominance ratio

Noun Form

requir.

Form used

(corr.)

Dom.

form

Frequency Dom.

ratio

(sing. :

plur.)

Context

sing. plur.

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 /wɛːᵊɪ/ he goes to the house where cinderella is (1.0)

floor sing. sing. () sing. 986 62 15.9 : 1 and /jɪz/ /ʃɜː- ɜːz/ ’er (1.0) /ɪ ɛ/ (2.6) /g/ /slǝvɪn/ the

floor an’ (3.7) mm

castle sing. sing. () sing. 113 8 14.1 : 1 /nɛn/ he /kɡiǝ/ she /dʒʊʒ/ she /k/ come to see him

and then (.) castle

ring sing. sing. () sing. 1558 195 8 : 1 he puts a ring on her finger /ǝðǝ/

ball sing. sing. () sing. 947 165 5.7 : 1 /nɛǝ/ (3.3) /nːɛǝ/ golden ball

(fairy)

godmother

sing. sing. () sing. 10 2 5 : 1 she’s a /ɹ/ /nðɜː/ /n/ the fairy godmother /kɔːn/

down an’ /wʊfs/ her

house sing. sing. () sing. 4805 1017 4.7 : 1 /wɛːᵊɪ/ he goes to the house where cinderella is (1.0)

60


shoe sing. sing. () plur. 157 552 1 : 3.5 /n-n/ then/n-ðǝn/ (.) /nð/ he tries the boot (.) shoe on

and it fits straight away

boot sing. sing. () plur. 236 279 1 : 1.2 /m-n-ɪ/ /ɪŋɡ/ tries to (1.0) get her to (2.6) to try the

boot on

boot sing. sing. () plur. 236 279 1 : 1.2 /nɛǝ/ he /ɪ/ /ʊdʒi/ loses her boot as she’s running

down /ǝn/ /sɛbz/ /ɪwɛǝ ǝ œ tɪs dʒævtǝ/

boot sing. sing. () plur. 236 279 1 : 1.2 /n-n/ then/n-ðǝn/ (.) /nð/ he tries the boot (.) shoe on

and it fits straight away

finger sing. sing. () plur. 282 350 1 : 1.2 he puts a ring on her finger /ǝðǝ/

pumpkin sing. sing. () equ. 1 1 1 : 1 /ǝz/ /dǝu / turned a /ɹ/ erm pumpkin into the er (1.2)

/ǝ/into the (26.6)

shoe sing. plur. (X) plur. 157 552 1 : 3.5 /n/yeah (.) then then they tried to /z/ his shoes on

but they don’t fit

sister plur. plur. () sing. 634 167 3.8 : 1 (8.5 including page turning) they/n/ the ugly sisters

61


step plur. plur. () sing. 508 283 1.8 : 1 /nɛǝ/ he /ɪ/ /ʊdʒi/ loses her boot as she’s running

down /ǝn/ /sɛbz/ /ɪwɛǝ ǝ œ tɪs dʒævtǝ/

62


Table 19: Noun tokens by JW, ordered by form required, form used, dominant form, then decreasing dominance ratio

Noun Form

requir.

Form used

(corr.)

Dom.

form

Frequency Dom.

ratio

(sing. :

plur.)

Context

sing. plur.

muddle sing. sing. () sing. 22 0 22 : 0 (3.1) (oh this is /ɹʊb/) just a muddle this

muddle sing. sing. () sing. 22 0 22 : 0 just a muddle this [INT: mm no it’s fine] /æbsᵊlʌm/

muddle

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 (oh dear god) (3.4) can’t you /sɪŋl/ better than give

me Cinderella [laugh]

Cinderella sing. sing. () sing. 20 0 20 : 0 and /sɪndᵊɹəl/ /sɪndə/ (4.7) (/sɪndəɹɛl/) (.) /sɪndəɹɛl/

(1.6) she tried (1.8)

ballgown sing. sing. () sing. 3 0 3 : 0 oh no no she got beautiful er (3.9) [INT: what]

/bɔːld/ (.) ball (3.6) /ɡɹaʊnd/ no (.) ball

dear sing. sing. () sing. 2386 10 238.6 : 1 (oh dear) (2.8) what does it do when you/ᵖ/

63


dear sing. sing. () sing. 2386 10 238.6 : 1 (3.1) she had to be (4.6) go home (5.2) (oh dear)

(1.0) [laugh]

dear sing. sing. () sing. 2386 10 238.6 : 1 (fell) (1.2) fell into (4.7) (oh dear) I know what it is

dear sing. sing. () sing. 2386 10 238.6 : 1 (2.9) whose were (oh dear) (3.0) [INT: whose] /ð/

the /ʃ/shoe [INT: mm] belonged

dear sing. sing. () sing. 2386 10 238.6 : 1 (2.3) (oh dear) (2.1)

dear sing. sing. () sing. 2386 10 238.6 : 1 … er /ə/ the sisters [INT: yes] would to er (1.6) (oh

dear) they (.) /tu/ (4.1)

god sing. sing. () sing. 4196 43 97.6 : 1 (oh dear god) (3.4) can’t you /sɪŋl/ better than give

me Cinderella [laugh]

god sing. sing. () sing. 4196 43 97.6 : 1 (2.3) (oh dear god)

god sing. sing. () sing. 4196 43 97.6 : 1 she (4.1) oh god

god sing. sing. () sing. 4196 43 97.6 : 1 (oh) it’s a (2.9) oh (.) god

god sing. sing. () sing. 4196 43 97.6 : 1 no they didn’t they fall everything (2.7) fell (4.7) (oh

64


god) (3.3)

god sing. sing. () sing. 4196 43 97.6 : 1 god what a [INT laughs] (1.0) what a rubbish [laugh]

father sing. sing. () sing. 1472 84 17.5 : 1 she wouldn’t father wouldn’t let her go to the (.) ball

I think

home sing. sing. () sing. 5207 513 10.2 : 1 (2.9) the fairy said (1.8) that twelve o’clock (3.8)

after the (2.7) clock struck (3.1) she had to be (4.6)

go home (5.2)

home sing. sing. () sing. 5207 513 10.2 : 1 well I told the fairy I’d said that the fairy had said to

‘er [INT: yes] at twelve o’clock she had to be (.) go

home

home sing. sing. () sing. 5207 513 10.2 : 1 anyway she went home

prince sing. sing. () sing. 135 16 8.4 : 1 (2.6) the /pɹɪs/ prince [INT: yes] who was at the ball

prince sing. sing. () sing. 135 16 8.4 : 1 no (1.8) who the prince

prince sing. sing. () sing. 135 16 8.4 : 1 so (2.3) she married the prince ’n that’s it [laugh]

clock sing. sing. () sing. 282 36 7.8 : 1 (ahː) (2.9) and (2.9) the fairy said (1.8) that twelve

65


o’clock (3.8) after the (2.7) clock struck (3.1)

clock sing. sing. () sing. 282 36 7.8 : 1 (2.9) the fairy said (1.8) that twelve o’clock (3.8)

after the (2.7) clock struck (3.1) she had to be (4.6)

go home (5.2)

fit sing. sing. () sing. 855 137 6.2 : 1 (1.6) (oh dear) they (.) /tu/ (4.1) (oh) (2.7) try the fit

ball sing. sing. () sing. 947 165 5.7 : 1 she went to a ball

ball sing. sing. () sing. 947 165 5.7 : 1 she wouldn’t father wouldn’t let her go to the (.) ball

I think

ball sing. sing. () sing. 947 165 5.7 : 1 [INT: and (.) as you said they wanted to go to the]

ball

ball sing. sing. () sing. 947 165 5.7 : 1 (2.6) the /pɹɪs/ prince [INT: yes] who was at the ball

fairy sing. sing. () sing. 50 12 4.2 : 1 that’s right the fairy

fairy sing. sing. () sing. 50 12 4.2 : 1 (ahː) (2.9) and (2.9) the fairy said (1.8) that twelve

o’clock (3.8) after the (2.7) clock struck (3.1)

fairy sing. sing. () sing. 50 12 4.2 : 1 well I told the fairy I’d said that the fairy had said to

66



home

fairy sing. sing. () sing. 50 12 4.2 : 1 well I told the fairy I’d said that the fairy had said to


home

coach sing. sing. () sing. 158 57 2.8 : 1 /kəʊ . k/ (1.9) [INT: that’s right] /stnəʊ/ coach

book sing. sing. () sing. 2396 893 2.7 : 1 well I would have the book wouldn’t /æd/ and read

it

day sing. sing. () sing. 7753 3286 2.4 : 1 and (2.4) the next day

horse sing. sing. () sing. 635 509 1.2 : 1 yes but what’s it called (1.0) it’s not a horse

horse sing. sing. () sing. 635 509 1.2 : 1 what is a little horse called

word sing. sing. () sing. 2222 2121 1 : 1 what’s the word

shoe sing. sing. () plur. 157 552 1 : 3.5 (2.9) whose were (oh dear) (3.0) [INT: whose] /ð/ the

/ʃ/shoe [INT: mm] belonged

shoe sing. sing. () plur. 157 552 1 : 3.5 (try to fit on the) (3.2) shoe (1.0)

67


animal sing. sing. () plur. 270 415 1 : 1.5 what /ði/ called the (.) animal what’s it called I don’t

/n/

shoe sing. plur. (X) plur. 157 552 1 : 3.5 and she’s lost the (1.3) [whistle/phew] (1.4) shoes

rubbish sing./

mass

sing./ mass

()

sing./

mass

570 0 570 : 0 god what a [INT laughs] (1.0) what a rubbish [laugh]

sister plur. plur. () sing. 634 167 3.8 : 1 she had two sisters I know that

sister plur. plur. () sing. 634 167 3.8 : 1 and the sisters and they they thought that erm (1.8)

one of the girls er /ə/ the sisters

sister plur. plur. () sing. 634 167 3.8 : 1 and the sisters and they they thought that erm (1.8)


girl plur. plur. () sing. 1613 1002 1.6 : 1 and the sisters and they they thought that erm (1.8)


thing plur. plur. () sing. 11747 11398 1 : 1 yes (.) and we’ve got the things on four legs to pull it

leg plur. plur. () sing. 523 522 1 : 1 yes (.) and we’ve got the things on four legs to pull it

68


clothes plur./

mass

plur./ mass

()

plur./

mass

7 604 1 : 86.3 because all the (1.5) clothes (1.4) fell (.)

slipper unkn. sing. (P.E.) plur. 16 61 1 : 3.8 (oh /ɡ/ yes) (.) slipper

69


Tables

Table 1. Participant details (individuals listed in increasing order of spontaneous speech

rating)

Part. Gend. Age at testing

Hand. Previous employment

TPO (y:m)

Aphasia syndrome

SSR

KP M 50 R Industrial labourer 2;8 Global 2

IB F 37-38421

Un. Retail assistant; housewife

Un. Broca’sagrammatic

4

TH F 51 R Business professional

17;0 1;9

Broca’sagrammatic

4

DB F 61 R Retail assistant 2;6 Broca’sagrammatic

4

BK M 46 R Shop tradesman 4;3 4;7

Transcortical motor

4

LC M 64 R Industrial labourer;hospitality worker

2;5 Transcortical motor

5

ST M 65 R Salesman 2;5 Transcortical motor

6

JS M 73 Un. Skilled tradesman 0;8 Unclassified fluent

7

HB F 81 R Teacher;care worker

4;0 Wernicke’s 7

MH M 69 R Professional 5;0 Anomia 8

RD M 68 L Technician 7;11 Anomia 9

JW F 66 R Clerical assistant 1;0 Conduction 9

Note to Table 1: Part.= participant; Gend. = gender; Hand. = handedness; TPO = time

post aphasia onset (where two time periods are listed, the participant has sustained two

strokes); SSR = spontaneous speech rating; F = female; M = male; R = right, L = left,

Un. = unknown.

70


71


Table 2. Number of narrative words per participant

Participant WordsUnimpairedMean 344.75SD 133Range 104 - 549KP 31

IB 167

TH 104

DB 132

BK 112

ST 197

JS 178

HB 337

MH 623

JW 447

72


Table 3. Number of errors per participant (PWA listed in increasing order of

spontaneous speech rating).

Error proportion (errors/tokens)

Participant All nouns SHOE SLIPPER

KP 0.21 (3/14) 0.00 (0/1) 0.38 (3/8)

IB 0.12 (4/34) 0.80 (4/5) -

TH 0.07 (2/28) - 0.00 (0/3)

DB 0.00 (0/29) - 0.00 (0/6)

BK 0.06 (1/17) - 0.50 (1/2)

LC 0.00 (0/27) 0.00 (0/2) -

ST 0.00 (0/38) 0.00 (0/1) 0.00 (0/2)

JS 0.00 (0/19) 0.00 (0/2) -

HB 0.00 (0/34) 0.00 (0/1) -

MH 0.00 (0/92) 0.00 (0/1) 0.00 (0/1)

RD 0.06 (1/16) 0.50 (1/2) -

JW 0.02 (1/55) 0.33 (1/3) 0.00 (0/1)

PWA group 0.03 (11/402) 0.33 (6/18) 0.17 (4/23)

U1 0.01 (1/93) 0.00 (0/1) 0.20 (1/5)

Unimpaired group 0.001 (1/750) 0.00 (0/6) 0.02 (1/43)

73


Table 4: Errors produced per participant, with frequency values for each possible noun

form (within error type, PWA listed in increasing order of spontaneous speech rating)

Singularisation errors

Part. No.

errors

Target Production Frequency

Sing. Plur.

TH 2 stepsons/

sons2

stepson/son 1

731

0

134

stepdaughters3

/daughters

stepdaughter/

daughter

1

553

0

86

Pluralisation errors

Part. No.

errors

Target Production Frequency

Sing. Plur.

KP 3 slipper slippers 16 61

IB 4 shoe shoes 157 552

BK 1 slipper slippers 16 61

RD 1 shoe shoes 157 552

JW 1 shoe shoes 157 552

U1 1 slipper slippers 16 61

Note to Table 4: Part.= participant; sing. = singular; plur. = plural. Frequencies shown

are for the singular and plural only (see again frequency comparison 1 in method); bold

denotes frequency of produced form. See Table 6 and Appendix 3 for exact productions

of tokens.

74


Table 5: All tokens where the non-dominant form was required.

Part. Noun Condition Form used

(corr.)

Dom. ratio

Speakers producing pluralisation errors

KP slipper plur.-dom.;

sing. requir.

plur. (X) 1 : 3.8

slipper plur. (X) 1 : 3.8

slipper plur. (X) 1 : 3.8

IB lady sing.-dom.;

plur. requir.

plur. () 2.3 : 1

lady plur. () 2.3 : 1

lady plur. () 2.3 : 1

lady plur. () 2.3 : 1

lady plur. () 2.3 : 1

lady plur. () 2.3 : 1

shoe plur.-dom.;

sing. requir.

plur. (X) 1 : 3.5

shoe plur. (X) 1 : 3.5



woman sing. () 1 : 1.7

BK sister sing.-dom; plur. () 3.8 : 1

75


plur. requir.sister plur. () 3.8 : 1

horse plur. () 1.2 : 1

foot plur. () 1 : 1

slipper plur.-dom.;

sing. requir.

plur. (X) 1 : 3.8

slipper sing. () 1 : 3.8

RD sister sing.-dom.;

plur. requir.

plur. () 3.8 : 1

step plur. () 1.8 : 1

shoe plur.-dom;

sing. requir.

plur. (X) 1 : 3.5

shoe sing. () 1 : 3.5

boot sing. () 1 : 1.2

boot sing. () 1 : 1.2

boot sing. () 1 : 1.2

finger sing. () 1 : 1.2

JW sister sing.-dom.;

plur. requir.

plur. () 3.8 : 1

sister plur. () 3.8 : 1

sister plur. () 3.8 : 1

girl plur. () 1.6 : 1

thing plur. () 1 : 1

76


leg plur. () 1 : 1

shoe plur.-dom.;

sing. requir.

plur. (X) 1 : 3.5

shoe sing. () 1 : 3.5

shoe sing. () 1 : 3.5

animal sing. () 1 : 1.5

Speaker producing singularisation errors

TH stepson sing.-dom.;

plur. requir.

sing. (X) 1 : 0

daughter sing. (X) 6.4 : 1

horse plur. () 1.2 : 1

slipper plur.-dom;

sing. requir.

sing. () 1 : 3.8



Note to Table 5: Part.= participant; Corr. = ‘correctness’ of grammatical number in the

narrative/ linguistic context; = used with ‘correct’ grammatical number; X = used

with ‘incorrect’ grammatical number; sing. = singular; plur. = plural; sing.-dom =

singular-dominant; plur.-dom. = plural-dominant; requir.= required; Dom. = dominance.

77


Table 6: Participants’ tokens of nouns involved in errors (within error type, PWA listed

in increasing order of spontaneous speech rating)

Part. Error type Noun

involved in

error

All tokens of the noun Noun

form

Correctness

TH singularisation STEPSON/

SON

[ɡɒdf] er [ɡɒdf] (.) er

(2.4) son

sing. Unclass.

[s] s-tepson sing. Unclass.

[s] st-ep (1.3) [sː]son sing. X

STEP-

DAUGHTER/

DAUGHTER

god (1.2) daughter sing.

[s] st-ep (1.3) [sː]son no

(.) daughter

sing. X

KP pluralisation SLIPPER [ʃvɪpǝz] plur. Unclass.

[tʃɪpǝz] plur. Unclass.



[ɡɪpǝz] plur. Unclass.

[tʃɪpǝz] plur. X

[dʒɪpǝz] plur. X

[ɪːpǝz] plur. X

IB pluralisation SHOE shoes plur. Unclass.

shoes plur. X

shoes plur. X

shoes plur. X

shoes plur. X

78


BK pluralisa

tion

SLIPPER slippers plur. X

slipper sing.

RD pluralisa

tion

SHOE shoes plur. X

shoe sing.

JW pluralisa

tion

SHOE shoes plur. X

shoe sing.

shoe sing.

U1 pluralisation SLIPPER slipper sing.

slipper sing.

slipper sing.

slippers plur. X

slipper sing.

Note to Table 6: Part.= participant; X = incorrect; = correct; Unclass.= unclassified.

79


Figures

KP IB TH DB BK LC ST JS HB MH RD JW0.000.100.200.300.400.500.600.700.800.901.00

Reg. sing. Reg. plur. Irreg. sing. Irreg. plur. Mass Unclass.

PWA, in increasing order of spontaneous speech rating (l-r)

Prop

ortio

n of

all

toke

ns

Figure 1. Proportions of token types produced per participant

Note to Figure 1: Reg. = regular; Irreg. = irregular; sing. = singular; plur. = plural;

Unclass.= unclassified.

80


KP IB TH DB BK LC ST JS HB MH RD JW0.000.100.200.300.400.500.600.700.800.901.00

Dominant Non-dominant Equi-dominant


Prop

ortio

n of

all

toke

ns

Figure 2. Proportions of dominant, non-dominant and equi-dominant forms produced

per participant.

81


KP IB TH DB BK LC ST JS HB MH RD JW0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25


Erro

r pro

porti

on

Figure 3. Error proportion per participant.

82

1 The PATSy database states that data for participant IB was collected during two test periods.

2 The exact production here was /s/ st-ep (1.3) /sː/son no (.) daughter. Since son was produced

quite separately from step, the frequencies of both stepson and son were considered.

3 This token was produced in the utterance /s/ st-ep (1.3) /sː/son no (.) daughter., in which

daughter was relatively isolated from step. Therefore, the frequencies of both daughter and

stepdaughter were considered.

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