textbook table of contents - mcgraw hill · pdf file2.4.4 refinement graphics and ... 3.6.2...

2.2.2 System Design, 262.2.3 The Engineering Design

Process, 262.3 Ideation, 28

2.3.1 Problem Identification, 292.3.2 Preliminary Ideas Statement, 312.3.3 Preliminary Design, 312.3.4 Ideation Graphics and

Visualization, 322.4 Refinement, 32

2.4.1 Modeling, 332.4.2 Design Analysis, 372.4.3 Design Visualization, 412.4.4 Refinement Graphics and

Visualization, 42INDUSTRY APPLICATION UsingSolid Modeling for New ProductDevelopment, 43

2.5 Implementation, 442.5.1 Planning, 442.5.2 Production, 452.5.3 Marketing, 452.5.4 Finance, 462.5.5 Management, 472.5.6 Service, 482.5.7 Documentation, 49

2.6 Product Data Management, 552.7 Other Engineering Design Methods, 572.8 Summary, 58

Questions for Review, 58Further Reading, 59Web Sites, 59

3 Technical Drawing Tools, 61

Objectives, 613.1 Technical Drawing Tools, 623.2 Computer-Aided Drawing Tools, 62

3.2.1 The Central Processing Unit(CPU), 62

xxi

Contents

Part

VISUAL SCIENCE FOR TECHNICAL GRAPHICS 1

1 Introduction to Graphics Communications, 5

Objectives, 51.1 Introduction, 61.2 Human Communications Systems, 81.3 The Importance of Technical Graphics, 91.4 The History of Graphics Communications, 9

1.4.1 Descriptive Geometry, 131.4.2 Computer Graphics, 131.4.3 The Design Process, 14

1.5 Changes in the Engineering DesignProcess, 15

1.6 Visual Science, 161.6.1 Geometry, 171.6.2 Standards and Conventions, 17

INDUSTRY APPLICATION Global DesignTeams Using Computers to Communicateand Exchange Data, 20

1.7 What You Will Learn, 201.8 Specialists and Technical Drawings, 201.9 Engineering Technology, 211.10 Summary, 21

Questions for Review, 21Further Reading, 22Web Sites, 22Problems, 22

2 The Engineering Design Process, 23

Objectives, 232.1 Design, 24

2.1.1 Aesthetic Design, 252.1.2 Functional Design, 26

2.2 Engineering Design, 262.2.1 Product Design, 26

3.2.2 Computer Operating System, 633.2.3 Display Devices, 633.2.4 Input Devices, 643.2.5 Output Devices, 693.2.6 Storage Devices and Media, 71

3.3 Traditional Tools, 733.3.1 Straightedges, 733.3.2 Protractors, 74

INDUSTRY APPLICATION VirtualReality Changes the Face of Design, 753.3.3 Pencils, 763.3.4 Drawing Paper, 773.3.5 Triangles, 78

3.4 Alphabet of Lines, 783.5 Line Drawing Techniques, 80

3.5.1 Erasing, 823.5.2 Drawing a Line through Two

Points, 823.5.3 Drawing Parallel Lines, 823.5.4 Drawing Perpendicular Lines, 833.5.5 Drawing Lines at Angles

Relative to a Given Line, 833.5.6 Drawing Irregular Curves, 84

3.6 Scales, 863.6.1 Architect’s Scale, 873.6.2 Civil Engineer’s Scale, 883.6.3 Mechanical Engineer’s Scale, 893.6.4 Metric Scale, 93

3.7 Drawing Instrument Set, 943.7.1 Compass, 943.7.2 Dividers, 95

3.8 Templates, 963.9 Technique for Laying Out a Drawing

Sheet, 963.10 Technique for Drawing Using Traditional

Tools, 983.11 Summary, 99

Questions for Review, 99Problems, 100

4 Sketching and Text, 114

Objectives, 1144.1 Technical Sketching, 115

4.1.1 Freehand Sketching Tools, 117INDUSTRY APPLICATION SketchModeling CAD, 1184.1.2 CAD Sketching Tools, 120

4.2 Sketching Techniques, 1204.2.1 Straight Lines, 1204.2.2 Curved Lines, 122

4.3 Proportions and Construction Lines, 123

xxii Contents

4.4 Types of Sketches, 1274.5 Introduction to Projections, 128

4.5.1 Isometric Pictorials, 1294.5.2 Isometric Ellipses, 1324.5.3 Isometric Grid Paper, 1344.5.4 Oblique Pictorials, 1354.5.5 Multiview Projections, 137

4.6 Multiview Sketching Technique, 1414.6.1 Line Conventions, 1414.6.2 Precedence of Lines, 1424.6.3 Conventional Practices for

Circles and Arcs, 1444.7 Multiview Sketches, 146

4.7.1 One-View Sketches, 1464.7.2 Two-View Sketches, 1464.7.3 Three-View Sketches, 147

4.8 Perspective Projection, 1494.8.1 One-Point Perspective Sketch, 1524.8.2 Two-Point Perspective

Sketch, 1534.8.3 Perspective Circles, 154

4.9 Lettering, 1564.9.1 Lettering Standards, 1574.9.2 Hand Lettering, 1574.9.3 Alternate Text Styles, 1614.9.4 Computer Lettering

Technique, 1614.10 Text on Drawings, 1634.11 Summary, 164

Questions for Review, 165Further Reading, 165Problems, 165

5 Visualization for Design, 179

Objectives, 1795.1 Visualization Abilities, 1795.2 The Visualization Cycle, 1805.3 Design Visualization, 1815.4 Solid Object Features, 181

5.4.1 Solid Object Attributes, 1815.5 Visualization Techniques for Technical

Drawings, 1835.5.1 Image Planes, 1835.5.2 Object–Image Plane

Orientation, 1845.5.3 Multiple-Image Planes, 1875.5.4 Choosing a View to Describe

an Object, 1905.6 Other Visualization Techniques, 190

5.6.1 Alternative ProjectionTechniques, 190

Contents xxiii

5.6.2 Shading, 191INDUSTRY APPLICATION ScientificVisualization, 1925.6.3 Visualizing Multiple Objects, 194

5.7 Virtuality and Visualization, 1965.8 Visualization Uses, 199

5.8.1 Mechanical Design, 1995.8.2 Civil Projects, 2005.8.3 Future Directions, 201

5.9 Summary, 202Questions for Review, 202Further Reading, 203Web Sites, 203Problems, 203

Part

FUNDAMENTALS OF TECHNICAL GRAPHICS 2

6 Engineering Geometry and Construction, 217

Objectives, 2176.1 Engineering Geometry, 2186.2 Shape Description, 2186.3 Coordinate Space, 218

6.3.1 Right-Hand Rule, 2216.3.2 Polar Coordinates, 2236.3.3 Cylindrical Coordinates, 2236.3.4 Spherical Coordinates, 2236.3.5 Absolute and Relative

Coordinates, 2246.3.6 World and Local Coordinate

Systems, 2256.4 Geometric Elements, 2256.5 Points, Lines, Circles, and Arcs, 227

6.5.1 Points, 2276.5.2 Lines, 2276.5.3 Tangencies, 2326.5.4 Circles, 2396.5.5 Ogee Curves, 242

INDUSTRY APPLICATION ComputerDesign of a New Generation of Train, 2446.5.6 Irregular Curves of Arcs, 2446.5.7 Rectified Arcs, 244

6.6 Conic Curves, 2466.6.1 Parabolas, 2466.6.2 Hyperbolas, 2476.6.3 Ellipses, 254

6.7 Roulettes, 2606.7.1 Spirals, 2606.7.2 Cycloids, 2616.7.3 Involutes, 262

6.8 Double-Curved Lines, IncludingHelixes, 265

6.9 Freeform Curves, 2676.9.1 Spline Curves, 2686.9.2 Bezier and B-Spline Curves, 268

6.10 Angles, 2696.10.1 Bisecting an Angle, 2696.10.2 Transferring an Angle, 270

6.11 Planes, 2716.12 Surfaces, 271

6.12.1 Two-Dimensional Surfaces, 2736.12.2 Ruled Surfaces, 2826.12.3 Double-Curved Surfaces, 2896.12.4 Freeform Surfaces, 2906.12.5 Fractal Curves and Surfaces, 294

6.13 Summary, 294Questions for Review, 295Further Reading, 295Problems, 295

7 Three-Dimensional Modeling, 303

Objectives, 3037.1 Historical Overview, 3047.2 Wireframe Modeling, 3057.3 Surface Modeling, 3087.4 Solid Modeling, 309

7.4.1 Primitive Modeling, 3107.4.2 Constructive Solid Geometry

(CSG) Modeling, 3117.4.3 Boundary Representation

(B-Rep) Modeling, 3147.5 3-D Modeler Organization, 3147.6 3-D Construction Techniques, 316

7.6.1 Coordinate Systems, 3167.6.2 Workplanes, 3187.6.3 3-D Construction Geometry, 3197.6.4 Sweeping Operations, 3197.6.5 Advanced Construction

Techniques, 3217.7 3-D Viewing Techniques, 322

7.7.1 The View Camera, 3247.7.2 View Camera Operation, 3267.7.3 View Camera Strategy, 326

7.8 Object Modification, 3287.8.1 Geometric Transformations, 329

7.8.2 Other Single-SolidOperations, 332

7.8.3 Two-Solid Techniques UsingBoolean Operations, 333

7.9 Constraint-Based Modeling, 3337.10 Feature-Based Modeling, 3367.11 3-D Modeling and the Design Process, 337

7.11.1 Sketch Modeling, 3387.11.2 Prototyping, 338

INDUSTRY APPLICATION Astro-MedFinds Solace in Solids, 3407.11.3 Parts Management, 3417.11.4 Analysis, 342

7.12 Computer-Aided Manufacturing(CAM), 347

7.13 Data Associativity, 3487.14 Documentation, 3507.15 Data Exchange Standards, 3507.16 3-D Modeling Applications, 353

7.16.1 Road Design, 3537.16.2 Ship Design, 3557.16.3 Plant Design, 3557.16.4 Design for Manufacturability, 355

7.17 Summary, 356Questions for Review, 357Further Reading, 358Web Sites, 358Problems, 358

8 Multiview Drawings, 375

Objectives, 3758.1 Projection Theory, 376

8.1.1 Line of Sight (LOS), 3778.1.2 Plane of Projection, 3778.1.3 Parallel versus Perspective

Projection, 3788.2 Multiview Projection Planes, 379

8.2.1 Frontal Plane of Projection, 379INDUSTRY APPLICATION CAD andStereolithography Speed SolenoidDesign, 3808.2.2 Horizontal Plane of

Projection, 3818.2.3 Profile Plane of Projection, 3818.2.4 Orientation of Views from

Projection Planes, 3818.3 Advantages of Multiview Drawings, 3818.4 The Six Principal Views, 383

8.4.1 Conventional ViewPlacement, 386

xxiv Contents

8.4.2 First- and Third-AngleProjection, 386

8.4.3 Adjacent Views, 3898.4.4 Related Views, 3898.4.5 Central View, 3898.4.6 Line Conventions, 3898.4.7 Multiviews from 3-D CAD

Models, 3968.5 View Selection, 4008.6 Fundamental Views of Edges

and Planes, 4028.6.1 Edges (Lines), 4038.6.2 Principal Planes, 4038.6.3 Inclined Planes, 4058.6.4 Oblique Planes, 407

8.7 Multiview Representations, 4078.7.1 Points, 4078.7.2 Planes, 4078.7.3 Change of Planes (Corners), 4098.7.4 Angles, 4108.7.5 Curved Surfaces, 4108.7.6 Holes, 4128.7.7 Fillets, Rounds, Finished

Surfaces, and Chamfers, 4128.7.8 Runouts, 4158.7.9 Elliptical Surfaces, 4168.7.10 Irregular or Space Curves, 4188.7.11 Intersecting Cylinders, 4188.7.12 Cylinders Intersecting Prisms

and Holes, 4198.8 Multiview Drawing Visualization, 419

8.8.1 Projection Studies, 4208.8.2 Physical Model Construction, 4208.8.3 Adjacent Areas, 4228.8.4 Similar Shapes, 4238.8.5 Surface Labeling, 4248.8.6 Missing Lines, 4248.8.7 Vertex Labeling, 4258.8.8 Analysis by Solids, 4258.8.9 Analysis by Surfaces, 427

8.9 ANSI Standards for MultiviewDrawings, 4288.9.1 Partial Views, 4288.9.2 Revolution Conventions, 4298.9.3 Removed Views, 430

8.10 Summary, 430Questions for Review, 431Problems, 431

Contents xxv

9 Axonometric and Oblique Drawings, 458

Objectives, 4589.1 Axonometric Drawings, 459

9.1.1 Axonometric DrawingClassification, 459

9.2 Isometric Axonometric Projections, 4619.2.1 Isometric Axonometric

Drawings, 463INDUSTRY APPLICATION UsingParametrics with an Agile ManufacturingStrategy, 480

9.3 Dimetric Projection, 4839.3.1 Approximate Dimetric

Drawings, 4849.3.2 Dimetric Scales and Ellipse

Angles, 4859.4 Trimetric Projection, 4879.5 Oblique Drawings, 488

9.5.1 Oblique Projection Theory, 4889.5.2 Oblique Drawing

Classifications, 4919.5.3 Object Orientation Rules, 4919.5.4 Oblique Drawing

Construction, 4929.5.5 Standards for Dimensions, 496


10 Perspective Drawings, 505

Objectives, 50510.1 Background, 50610.2 Terminology, 50710.3 Perspective Drawing Classifications, 50910.4 Variables Selection, 51110.5 One-Point Perspectives, 511

10.5.1 Plan View Method, 511INDUSTRY APPLICATION IndustryVisualizes Real Uses for Virtual Worlds, 51210.5.2 Measuring Line Method, 51410.5.3 Circular Features, 514

10.6 Two-Point Perspectives, 51410.6.1 Plan View Method, 51410.6.2 Measuring Line Method, 517

10.7 Objects behind the Picture Plane, 51710.8 Objects in Front of the Picture Plane, 51910.9 Inclined Lines and Planes, 51910.10 Perspective Grids, 521

10.11 Perspective Circles and Curves, 52110.12 Three-Point Perspectives, 52310.13 CAD Perspective Drawings, 52310.14 Summary, 526


Part

DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY 3

11 Auxiliary Views, 533

Objectives, 53311.1 Auxiliary View Projection Theory, 534

11.1.1 Fold-Line Method, 53411.1.2 Reference Plane Method, 536

11.2 Auxiliary View Classifications, 53711.2.1 Fold-Line Labeling

Conventions, 53811.2.2 Depth Auxiliary View, 53811.2.3 Height Auxiliary View, 53911.2.4 Width Auxiliary View, 54011.2.5 Partial Auxiliary Views, 54211.2.6 Half Auxiliary Views, 54211.2.7 Curves, 54211.2.8 Auxiliary Views Using CAD,

54311.3 Auxiliary View Applications, 543

11.3.1 Reverse Construction, 543INDUSTRY APPLICATION Design for theEnvironment (DFE), 54411.3.2 View in a Specified Direction:

Point View of a Line, 54411.3.3 Dihedral Angles, 54611.3.4 Successive Auxiliary Views:

True Size of ObliqueSurfaces, 546


12 Fundamentals of Descriptive Geometry, 561

Objectives, 56112.1 Descriptive Geometry Methods, 56212.2 Reference Planes, 56312.3 Points, 564

12.4 The Coordinate System, 56412.5 Lines, 565

12.5.1 Spatial Location of a Line, 56712.5.2 Point on a Line, 56812.5.3 True Length of a Line, 56812.5.4 Point View of a Line, 570

12.6 Planes, 57212.6.1 Principal Views of Planes, 57212.6.2 Edge View of a Plane, 57312.6.3 True Size of a Plane, 57512.6.4 Angle between Two Planes, 575INDUSTRY APPLICATION UsingCAD for Airport Obstacle ClearanceAnalysis, 576


13 Intersections and Developments, 585

Objectives, 58513.1 Introduction, 58613.2 Intersections, 586

13.2.1 Correct MultiviewRepresentations: Visibility, 586

13.2.2 Intersection of Two Lines, 58913.2.3 Intersection of a Line and a

Plane, 58913.2.4 Intersection of Two Planes, 59113.2.5 Intersection of a Plane and a

Solid, 59113.2.6 Intersection of Two Solids, 597INDUSTRY APPLICATION UsingCAD/CAM to Design a New TennisRacket, 59813.2.7 CAD Techniques, 605

13.3 Developments, 60513.3.1 Classifications, 60513.3.2 Parallel-Line Developments, 60613.3.3 Solids Developments, 60713.3.4 Transition Piece

Developments, 61313.3.5 Approximate Developments, 61613.3.6 CAD Techniques, 616


xxvi Contents

Part

STANDARD TECHNICAL GRAPHICS PRACTICES 4

14 Section Views, 631

Objectives, 63114.1 Sectioning Basics, 632

14.1.1 CAD Technique, 63614.1.2 Visualization of Section

Views, 63614.2 Cutting Plane Lines, 639

14.2.1 Placement of Cutting PlaneLines, 639

14.3 Section Line Practices, 64114.3.1 Material Symbols, 64114.3.2 Drawing Techniques, 64114.3.3 Outline Sections, 64214.3.4 Thin Wall Sections, 643

14.4 Section View Types, 64414.4.1 Full Sections, 64414.4.2 Half Sections, 64414.4.3 Broken-Out Sections, 64514.4.4 Revolved Sections, 64614.4.5 Removed Sections, 64614.4.6 Offset Sections, 64714.4.7 Assembly Sections, 64914.4.8 Auxiliary Sections, 649

14.5 Special Sectioning Conventions, 65114.5.1 Ribs, Webs, and Other Thin

Features, 651INDUSTRY APPLICATION AdjustableMountain Bike Suspension, 65214.5.2 Aligned Sections, 65314.5.3 Conventional Breaks, 654

14.6 3-D CAD Techniques, 65514.7 Summary, 656


15 Dimensioning and Tolerancing Practices, 668

Objectives, 66815.1 Dimensioning, 66915.2 Size and Location Dimensions, 669

15.2.1 Units of Measure, 66915.2.2 Terminology, 67015.2.3 Basic Concepts, 67315.2.4 Size Dimensions, 673

Contents xxvii

15.2.5 Location and OrientationDimensions, 674

15.2.6 Coordinate Dimensions, 67415.2.7 Standard Practices, 675

15.3 Detail Dimensioning, 67915.3.1 Diameter versus Radius, 68115.3.2 Holes and Blind Holes, 68115.3.3 Counterbored Holes, 68315.3.4 Spotfaces, 68315.3.5 Countersinks, 68315.3.6 Screw Threads, 68315.3.7 Grooves, 68315.3.8 Manufacturers’ Gages, 683INDUSTRY APPLICATION Global DesignTeams Using Computers to Communicateand Exchange Data, 684

15.4 Dimensioning Techniques, 68515.4.1 The Dimensioning Process, 68615.4.2 Dimensioning Guidelines, 68815.4.3 ASME Standard Dimensioning

Rules, 68915.5 Tolerancing, 691

15.5.1 Interchangeability, 69115.6 Tolerance Representation, 692

15.6.1 General Tolerances, 69215.6.2 Limit Dimensions, 69315.6.3 Plus and Minus Dimensions, 69315.6.4 Single Limit Dimensions, 69315.6.5 Important Terms, 69315.6.6 Fit Types, 69415.6.7 Fit Type Determination, 69615.6.8 Tolerance Costs, 69615.6.9 Functional Dimensioning, 69615.6.10 Tolerance Stack-Up, 69615.6.11 Metric Limits and Fits, 69815.6.12 Standard Precision Fits: English

Units, 70315.7 Tolerances in CAD, 709

15.7.1 Geometric Accuracy, 71015.7.2 Associative Dimensioning, 710


16 Geometric Dimensioning and TolerancingBasics, 721

Objectives, 72116.1 Overview, 72216.2 GDT Symbols, 723

16.3 GDT Rule 1, 72416.4 Maximum Material Condition, 725

16.4.1 Material Condition Symbols, 72516.4.2 Departure from MMC, 72516.4.3 Perfect Form at MMC, 72516.4.4 Separation of Control Types, 726

16.5 Inspection Tools, 72616.6 Datums and Datum Features, 728

16.6.1 Datum Uses, 72816.6.2 Datums and Assembly, 72816.6.3 Datum Feature Control, 72916.6.4 Datum Reference Frame, 72916.6.5 Primary Datum, 72916.6.6 Secondary and Tertiary

Datums, 73016.6.7 Datum Feature Identifiers, 730INDUSTRY APPLICATION CompaniesCollaborate to Produce Ships Faster, 730

16.7 Geometric Controls, 73116.7.1 Perfection, 73116.7.2 Tolerance Zones, 73116.7.3 Virtual Condition, 73116.7.4 Inspection Processes, 73116.7.5 Form Controls, 73216.7.6 Orientation Controls, 73616.7.7 Location Controls, 738

16.8 Tolerance Calculations, 74416.8.1 Floating Fastener

Tolerancing, 74416.8.2 Fixed Fastener Tolerancing, 74416.8.3 Hole Diameter Tolerancing, 744

16.9 Design Applications, 74416.9.1 Five-Step GDT Process, 74416.9.2 Application Example, 745

16.10 Statistical Process Control, 74616.10.1 SPC and Geometrics, 74616.10.2 Tolerance Analysis, 747


17 Fastening Devices and Methods, 750

Objectives, 75017.1 Fasteners, 75117.2 Threaded Fasteners, 751

17.2.1 Applications, 75117.2.2 Thread Terminology, 752

17.3 Thread Specifications: English System, 75217.3.1 Form, 753

17.3.2 Series, 75417.3.3 Class of Fit, 75417.3.4 Single and Multiple Threads, 75517.3.5 Right- and Left-Hand

Threads, 75517.3.6 Thread Pitch, 75517.3.7 Thread Notes, 75517.3.8 Thread Grades, 756INDUSTRY APPLICATION Design forManufacturability (DFM) Reduces Numberof Fasteners, 758

17.4 Thread Specifications: Metric System, 75917.5 Thread Tables, 76017.6 Thread Drawings, 762

17.6.1 Simplified Representation, 76217.6.2 Schematic Representation, 76417.6.3 Assembly Sections, 76617.6.4 Pipe Threads, 76617.6.5 CAD Techniques, 767

17.7 Design for Assembly (DFA), 76817.8 Standard Bolts, Studs, and Screws, 769

17.8.1 Standard Bolts, 77017.8.2 Standard Nuts, 77417.8.3 Head Style Design

Considerations, 77617.8.4 Standard Cap Screws, 77617.8.5 Standard Machine Screws, 77717.8.6 Standard Set Screws, 77717.8.7 Other Threaded Fastener

Types, 77717.8.8 Locking Devices, 77917.8.9 Templates, 78017.8.10 CAD Techniques, 780

17.9 Nonthreaded Fasteners, 78117.9.1 Standard Plain Washers, 78117.9.2 Standard Lock Washers, 78117.9.3 Pins, 78117.9.4 Keys, 78217.9.5 Rivets, 783

17.10 Springs, 78317.11 Summary, 784


18 Production and Automated ManufacturingProcesses, 790

Objectives, 79018.1 Historical Overview, 79118.2 Quality Management, 793

xxviii Contents

18.3 Automation, 79518.3.1 Computer-Integrated

Manufacturing (CIM), 79518.3.2 Design for Manufacturability

(DFM), 79618.4 General Production Process, 797

18.4.1 Cycle Time, 797INDUSTRY APPLICATION RapidPrototyping, 79818.4.2 Customer Focus, 799

18.5 Manufacturing Production Process, 79918.5.1 Planning, 79918.5.2 Controlling, 80018.5.3 Processing, 804

18.6 Production Materials, 80518.6.1 Ferrous Metals, 80518.6.2 Nonferrous Metals, 80718.6.3 Powdered Metals, 80818.6.4 Nonmetals, 808

18.7 Metalworking Processes, 80918.7.1 Foundry Processes: Casting, 81118.7.2 Hot Working Processes, 81218.7.3 Cold Working Processes, 814

18.8 Metal Machining Tools, 81418.8.1 Workpiece Clamping

Devices, 81418.8.2 Tools and Related Processes, 815

18.9 Surface Texture Symbols, 81718.10 Modern Machining Techniques, 817

18.10.1 Mechanical Machining, 81718.10.2 Electrical Machining, 81918.10.3 Thermal Machining, 82018.10.4 Chemical Processes, 82018.10.5 Rapid Prototyping, 820

18.11 Specific Manufacturing ProcessDrawings, 82118.11.1 Casting Drawings, 82118.11.2 Forging Drawings, 82118.11.3 Sheet Metal Drawings, 822


19 Working Drawings, 825

Objectives, 82519.1 Basic Concepts, 82619.2 Working Drawings, 826

19.2.1 Detail Drawings, 82719.2.2 Assembly Drawings, 833

Contents xxix

19.2.3 Part Numbers, 83619.2.4 Drawing Numbers, 83619.2.5 Title Blocks, 83919.2.6 Parts Lists, 84019.2.7 Part Identification, 84119.2.8 Revision Block, 84119.2.9 Scale Specifications, 84319.2.10 Tolerance Specifications, 84319.2.11 Zones, 84419.2.12 Accuracy Checks, 844INDUSTRY APPLICATION ConcurrentEngineering and 3-D CAD Produce NewCar in Record Time, 84519.2.13 Tabular Drawings, 84519.2.14 Working Assembly Drawing, 84619.2.15 Engineering Change Orders, 846

19.3 Reprographics, 84819.3.1 Drawing Storage: Traditional

Drawings, 84819.3.2 Reproduction Techniques, 84819.3.3 Digital Technologies, 850


SUPPLEMENT Design Problems, 921

General Instructions, 921Problems, 921Reverse Engineering Problems, 926Problem-Solving Activities, 927INDUSTRY APPLICATION The Design ofthe Boeing 777 Commercial Aircraft, 928

Part

TECHNICAL GRAPHICS IN INDUSTRY 5

20 Technical Data Presentation, 935

Objectives, 93520.1 Data Visualization in Engineering and

Design, 93620.2 Data Visualization Elements, 936

20.2.1 Data Types, 93820.2.2 Marks, 93920.2.3 Encoding Data Variables, 940

20.3 Visualization Methods, 94120.3.1 Visualization for One

Independent Variable, 942

20.3.2 Visualizations for TwoIndependent Variables, 946

20.3.3 Visualizations for ThreeIndependent Variables, 952

20.3.4 Glyphs for ComplexRelationships, 953

20.3.5 Visualizations for FunctionalRelationships, 954

20.4 Effective Graphics Design, 95520.4.1 Use of Depth: The Third

Dimension, 95520.4.2 Use of Area and Volume, 95720.4.3 Use of Color, 95820.4.4 Shape and Pattern Coding, 96120.4.5 Perceptual Accuracy, 96320.4.6 Line Weight and Placement, 96520.4.7 Scale Transformation, 96620.4.8 Using Text in a Visualization, 968

20.5 Tools for Visualization, 97020.5.1 Hand Tools, 97020.5.2 Computer Tools, 97120.5.3 Combinations of Hand and

Computer Tools, 97320.6 Applications, 974

20.6.1 Finite Element Analysis, 97420.6.2 Electronic Circuit Board

Design, 97420.6.3 Manufacturing Process

Simulation, 97520.6.4 Soil Hydrology Analysis, 97620.6.5 Wind Shear Analysis, 97720.6.6 Manufacturing Process

Control, 97720.7 Summary, 978


21 Technical Illustration, 984

Objectives, 98421.1 Historical Background, 98521.2 Object Rendering, 98521.3 Computer Renderings, 986

21.3.1 The Rendering Pipeline, 98621.3.2 Visible Surface

Determination, 98621.3.3 Light Definition, 98921.3.4 Basic Shading Techniques, 99021.3.5 Advanced Shading

Techniques, 993

21.3.6 Color Definition, 99421.3.7 Surface Detail Definitions, 999

21.4 Object Group Representations, 100021.4.1 Pictorial Assembly

Drawings, 100021.4.2 Projection Techniques, 100021.4.3 Line Work: Assemblies, 100521.4.4 Line Work: Exploded

Assemblies, 100721.4.5 3-D Model Drawings

Generation, 101321.5 Hard-Copy Output, 101521.6 Information Integration, 1018

21.6.1 Text and Graphics, 101821.6.2 Animation, 102021.6.3 Multimedia, 102121.6.4 Hypermedia, 1022


22 Mechanisms: Gears, Cams, Bearings, andLinkages, 1027

Objectives, 102722.1 Basic Definitions, 102822.2 Gears, 1028

22.2.1 Gear Classifications, 102922.2.2 Parallel Shafting, 102922.2.3 Intersecting Shafting, 103022.2.4 Nonintersecting Shafting, 103122.2.5 Gear Teeth Geometry, 103222.2.6 Pressure Angle, 103322.2.7 Gear and Pinion Ratios, 103322.2.8 Spur Gears: Definitions and

Formulas, 103322.2.9 Spur Gears: Graphical

Representation, 103522.2.10 CAD Applications, 104022.2.11 Racks, 104122.2.12 Worm Gears, 104222.2.13 Bevel Gears, 1043

22.3 Cams, 104622.3.1 Cam Types, 104622.3.2 Follower Types, 104722.3.3 Displacement Diagrams, 104722.3.4 Motion Types, 104822.3.5 Uniform Motion Displacement

Diagram, 1048

xxx Contents

22.3.6 Harmonic Motion DisplacementDiagram, 1048

22.3.7 Uniformly Accelerated MotionDisplacement Diagram, 1050

22.3.8 Combination MotionDisplacement Diagram, 1050

22.3.9 Cam Profile, 105222.3.10 Offset Cam Profile Drawing, 105322.3.11 CAD Applications, 1053

22.4 Linkages, 105522.4.1 Symbols, 105522.4.2 Linkage Types, 105522.4.3 Linkage Analysis, 1055

22.5 Bearings, 105922.5.1 Plain Bearings, 105922.5.2 Rolling Contact Bearings, 106022.5.3 Graphical Representations, 1060


23 Electronic Drawings, 1071

Objectives, 107123.1 Block Diagrams, 107223.2 Schematic Drawings, 107323.3 Wiring and Cabling Diagrams, 107823.4 Printed Circuit Boards, 1080

23.4.1 Circuit Board Drawings, 108023.4.2 Circuit Board Layout and

Design, 108223.4.3 CAD Layout and Design

Software, 108423.5 Summary, 1084


24 Piping Drawings, 1087

Objectives, 108724.1 Overview, 108824.2 Pipe Types, 1088

24.2.1 Steel, 108924.2.2 Cast Iron, 108924.2.3 Copper, 109024.2.4 Plastic, 109024.2.5 Other Pipe Materials, 1090

24.3 Pipe Connections, 109024.3.1 Weld Connections, 1090

Contents xxxi

24.3.2 Screw Connections, 109024.3.3 Flange Connections, 1090

24.4 Pipe Fittings, 109124.5 Valves, 1091

INDUSTRY APPLICATION AutomatedPiping Design, 1092

24.6 Pipe Drawings, 109324.6.1 Plan Drawings, 109324.6.2 Isometric Drawings, 109524.6.3 Spool Drawings, 109524.6.4 Dimensions and Notes, 1096

24.7 CAD-Based Process Plant DesignPrograms, 1098


25 Welding Drawings, 1111

Objectives, 111125.1 Overview, 111225.2 Welding Processes, 1112

25.2.1 Gas and Arc Welding, 111225.2.2 Resistance Welding, 1114

25.3 Welded Joint Types, 111425.4 Weld Symbols, 111425.5 Weld Types, 1116

25.5.1 Fillet Welds, 111625.5.2 Groove Welds, 111625.5.3 Plug Welds, 112125.5.4 Spot Welds, 112125.5.5 Seam Welds, 112125.5.6 Surface Welds, 1123

25.6 Weld Length and Increments, 112325.7 Welding Templates, 112325.8 Weld Symbols and CAD, 112525.9 Summary, 1125


Glossary, G-1

APPENDIXES

1. Abbreviations for Engineering Drawings, A-42. Metric Equivalents, A-163. Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing

Symbols, A-17

4. Values for Important Properties of Materials, A-185. Trigonometry Functions, A-196. Properties of Geometric Elements, A-207. ANSI Running and Sliding Fits (RC), A-288. ANSI Clearance Locational Fits (LC), A-299. ANSI Transition Locational Fits (LT), A-30

10. ANSI Interference Locational Fits (LN), A-3111. ANSI Force and Shrink Fits (FN), A-3212. Description of Preferred Metric Fits, A-3313. ANSI Preferred Hole Basis Metric Clearance

Fits, A-3414. ANSI Preferred Hole Basis Transition and

Interference Fits, A-3515. ANSI Preferred Shaft Basis Metric Clearance

Fits, A-3616. ANSI Preferred Shaft Basis Metric Transition and

Interference Clearance Fits, A-3717. Unified Standard Screw Thread Series, A-3818. Thread Sizes and Dimensions, A-3919. Tap Drill Sizes for American National

Thread Forms, A-4020. Hex Cap Screws (Finished Hex Bolts), A-4021. Socket Head Cap Screws (1960 Series), A-4122. Square Head Bolts, A-4223. Hex Nuts and Hex Jam Nuts, A-4324. Square Nuts, A-4425. ANSI Metric Hex Jam Nuts and Heavy

Hex Nuts, A-4526. ANSI Metric Hex Nuts, Styles 1 and 2, A-4527. ANSI Metric Slotted Hex Nuts and Hex

Flange Nuts, A-4628. ANSI Square and Hexagon Machine Screw Nuts

and Flat Head Machine Screws, A-4729. ANSI Slotted Flat Countersunk Head Cap

Screws, A-4830. ANSI Slotted Round and Fillester Head Cap

Screws, A-4831. Drill and Counterbore Sizes for Socket Head Cap

Screws, A-4932. ANSI Hexagon and Spline Socket Head Cap

Screws, A-4933. ANSI Hexagon Socket Head Shoulder Screws,

A-5034. Drill and Counterbore Sizes for Metric Socket

Head Cap Screws, A-5035. ANSI Socket Head Cap Screws—Metric

Series, A-5136. ANSI Metric Hex Bolts, A-5137. ANSI Metric Hex Cap Screws, A-52

38. ANSI Hex and Hex Flange Head MetricMachine Screws, A-53

39. ANSI Slotted Flat Head Metric MachineScrews, A-54

40. ANSI Slotted Headless Set Screws, A-5541. ANSI Hexagon and Spline Socket Set Screws, A-5542. ANSI Hexagon and Spline Socket Set Screw

Optional Cup Points, A-5643. ANSI Square Head Set Screws, A-5744. ANSI Taper Pipe Threads (NPT), A-5845. ANSI Metric Plain Washers, A-5946. ANSI Type A Plain Washers—Preferred Sizes, A-6047. ANSI Type A Plain Washers—Additional

Sizes, A-6048. ANSI Type B Plain Washers, A-6149. ANSI Helical Spring Lock Washers, A-6250. ANSI Internal and External Tooth Lock

Washers, A-63

xxxii Contents

51. ANSI Keyseat Dimensions for WoodruffKeys, A-64

52. ANSI Standard Woodruff Keys, A-6553. Key Size versus Shaft Diameter—Key Size and

Keyway Depth, A-6654. ANSI Standard Plain and Gib Head Keys, A-6655. ANSI Chamfered, Square End, and Tapered

Pins, A-6756. British Standard Parallel Steel Dowel Pins—Metric

Series, A-6857. ANSI Cotter and Clevis Pins, A-6958. Piping Symbols, A-7059. Electronic Symbols, A-7760. Welding Symbols, A-80

Name Index, INSubject Index, IN-2

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