textbook; principles of development, lewis wolpert and cheryl tickle. review papers;
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Reading list. Textbook; Principles of Development, Lewis Wolpert and Cheryl Tickle. Review papers; Lecture 1 and 2 Alexandre (2001) International Journal of Developmental Biology 45, p457-467 Rossant (2001) Stem Cells 19, p477-82 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Textbook; Principles of Development, Lewis Wolpert and Cheryl Tickle. Review papers;Lecture 1 and 2 Alexandre (2001) International Journal of Developmental Biology 45, p457-467 Rossant (2001) Stem Cells 19, p477-82 Yamanaka et al, (2006). Developmental Dynamics 235, p2301-2314 Katsuyoshi and Hamada, (2012) Development 139, p3-14 Lecture 3 and 4 Arnold and Robertson (2009) Nature reviews Molecular cellular biology, 10, p91-103 Robb and Tam (2004) Seminars in Cell and Developmental biology 15, p43-54 Hayashi et al (2007) Science 316, p394-396. Hashimoto and Hamada (2010) , Curr Opin Genet Dev 20, p433-7
Hanna et al (2010) Cell 143, p508-525. Yamanaka and Blau (2010) Nature 465, p704-712
Reading list
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Model systems for studying vertebrate development
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Positional informationCell Fate
Anterior (Head)
Posterior (Tail)
Dorsal (Back)Ventral (Front)
Left
Right
Overview of Lectures
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Lecture 1
• Overview of early mammalian development• Fertilisation and parthenogenesis • Mosaic vs regulated development
You should understand
• Non-equivalence of maternal and paternal genomes • Mammalian development is highly regulated
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In utero development in mouse occurs over 19-21 days
• E (embryo stage) = dpc (days post coitum). Most commonly referred to from 0.5 onwardsas mating takes place at night.
• Preimplantation development occurs up to E3.5. All other development occurs postimplantation.
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Preimplantation Development
Trophectoderm
Primitive (primary) endoderm
Inner cell mass/Primitive ectoderm
Cleavage stages
Zona pelucida
Blastocoel cavity
Activation of embryonic genome
Blastomere
0 1 2 3 4 days
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Early Post-implantation Development
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Gastrulation and Beyond
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Extraembryonic tissues
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Germ layers, Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm, give rise to all tissuesof the developing embryo
Blastocyst
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Non-equivalence of maternal and paternal genomes
• Penetration of cumulus cells
• Acrosomal reaction penetrates zona pellucida made up of glycoproteins
• Sperm and egg plasma membranes fuse and sperm nucleus enters egg.
• Fertilization triggers dramatic release of calcium in the egg, setting in train completion of female meiosis etc.
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Pronuclear Maturation
12 24
Replicationinitiation
M-phase
hr post fertilization0
Second polar bodyZona pelucida
• Maternal and paternal haploid genome remains separate (pronuclei) until first metaphase.
Male pronucleus. Female pronucleus.
Syngamy
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Parthenogenesis
• Limited viability suggests either that sperm/fertilization confers essential properties for development or that maternal genome alone is incapable of supporting development
Parthenogenetic activation
- Genetic background- In vitro manipulation- Pronase/hyalouronidase- Heat shock- Ethanol- Strontium chloride
• Oocytes can be activated in the absence of fertilization, leading to parthenogenetic development
• Parthenogenetic embryos have limited viability, contrasting with other model organisms
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Non-equivalent contribution of maternal and paternal genomes
?Recipient zygote
Donor zygote
Barton, Surani , Norris (1984)Nature 311, p374-6McGrath and Solter, (1984)Cell 37, p179-183
• Gynogenetic embryos have retarded growth/development of extraembryonic tissues
• Androgenetic embryos have retarded growth/development of embryonic tissues
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Epigenesis vs Preformation
Nicolas Hartsoeker, 1695
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• Roux (1888) shows ‘mosaic development’ of frog embryo following ablation of one cell in two-cell embryo – formation of ‘half’ embryo.• Driesch (1895) finds opposite is true for sea urchin, normal albeit smaller embryo develops from one of two cells – ‘regulated development’.
Mosaic and Regulated development
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Tarkowski, (1959)Nature 184, p1286-7
2-cellembryo
Donor
Recipient
Regulated development in mouse embryos
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Chimeras from aggregaton of 8-cell stage embryos
8-cell embryos
Remove zona pellucida
Aggregate in dish
Culture in vitro
Chimeric blastocyst
Transfer to foster mother
Chimeric progeny
Tarkowski (1961) Nature 190, 857-860
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Chimeras from transfer of ICM cells
• Gardner later demonstrated this for ICM cells of the blastocyst stage embryo. • In these experiments ICM cells did not contribute to trophectoderm or primitive endoerm lineages
Gardner (1968), Nature 220, p596-7
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End lecture 1