textbook of catheter-based cardiovascular interventions
TRANSCRIPT
Textbook of Catheter-Based Cardiovascular Interventions
Peter Lanzer
Editor
Textbook of Catheter-Based Cardiovascular InterventionsA Knowledge-Based Approach
Second Edition
EditorPeter LanzerMiddle German Heart Center andHealth Care Center Bitterfeld-Wolfen, gGmbHBitterfeld-Wolfen Germany
First edition published 2013 with the title “Catheter-Based Cardiovascular Interventions; Knowledge-Based Approach”
ISBN 978-3-319-55993-3 ISBN 978-3-319-55994-0 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55994-0
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018933378
© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2013, 2018This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recita-tion, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or infor-mation storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publica-tion does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Printed on acid-free paper
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer NatureThe registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Labor omnia vincit.Georgica (37–29 BC)Publius Vergilius Maro (70–19 BC)
Preface
Four years have passed since the first edi-tion of the Catheter-Based Cardiovascular Interventions went to press. Based on Springer statistics, the Textbook was a suc-cess, holding stably in the upper ranks of the Springer bestseller lists. The main incentives for this early second edition were the dramatic new developments and amazing progress in catheter-based cardio-vascular interventions in this brief span of time. The number of cardiovascular inter-ventions continues to grow; nearly astro-nomical numbers of interventions are performed worldwide today. Yet, besides simple multiplications of numbers, numer-ous other important changes have also transpired. While even 4 years ago the field was still dominated by largely vascular interventions, the pendulum has now moved toward new targets and frontiers allowing minimally invasive management of a steadily growing number of increas-ingly complex cardiovascular disorders. Besides broadening of the spectrum the interventional field has dramatically changed in a number of other areas as well. Heightened public expectations of trans-parency, efficacy, and safety of interven-tional therapies have placed multiple new demands on health care providers and operators alike. To meet these new chal-lenges new strategies of training and better knowledge transfer are required; deliberate practice, computer simulation, and explo-ration of the potential of robotics are but a few examples of new directions in which the field is moving and will need to explore. The second edition of the Textbook addresses these new needs and new targets.
In the first section, the professional exper-tise required in catheter-based cardiovas-cular interventions is reviewed and an outlook into the new strategies of interven-tional knowledge acquisition is provided. Topics concerning interventional diagnos-
tics are covered in the second section, fol-lowed by a section on interventional access and hemostasis. In subsequent sections, the state of the art of interventional pro-cedures is exposed in detail, allowing both experts and less advanced operators easy access to both knowledge-that (theory) and knowledge-how (practice) in each of the cardiovascular fields of expertise. In the final section of the Textbook, a historical review of interventional cardiology, inter-ventional radiology, and interventional neuro-radiology is covered.
To keep up with the pace of progress the vast majority of chapters have been written anew by established and emerging leaders in their respective domains of expertise.
The wide spectrum of interventional treatments and required specific demands stresses the need for complementarity of expertise. Clearly, the ultimate arbiters of success and quality of interventional treatments already are and shall become even more so in the future—the proce-dural skills of individual operators and the overall quality of interventional services. Exquisite competence of individual opera-tors and comprehensive complementary team expertise are the road to take to assure a bright future of catheter-based cardiovascular interventions.
We are convinced that regardless of the speed and the direction that the interven-tional field will be taking, the importance of pioneers, leaders and role models will con-tinue to grow. While many of the pioneers should be named, clearly two of them must be: Charles Theodore Dotter (1920–1985) and Andreas Grüntzig (1939–1985). It was them who blazed the trail, and it was them who faced the most severe resistance and sometimes even threats, not uncommonly inspired by their peers.
VII
It is a privilege of the editor to risk a per-sonal note in this context. While more than 30 years of interventional practice, spanning two continents and many labo-ratories, have left countless impressions of remarkable experts and exceptional skills, in my memory, two figures clearly stand out—solid, singular, and outstand-ing in the respectable crowd; two lead-ers and remarkable teachers, as they were: Cass A. Pinkerton (1947–2011), an interventional cardiologist, and Donald E. Schwarten (1941–2007), an interventional radiologist, both at the St. Vincent’s Hospital in Indianapolis ( Indiana, USA).
Cass, easy going, cool, witty, extremely meticulous, always with time at hand, always friendly and amazingly even minded in the face of adversities not uncommon in the prestent era, often confronted with inappropriate questions asked by novices at the most inappropriate times in the heat of the battle he always managed to keep straight face and never refused this add on challenge; Don, gentle as it gets, staggeringly patient, a paragon of diligence (there were three needles of different lengths to perform “painless and complete” local anesthesia) and never ceasing concern for the well-being of entrusted and trusting patients. These two men were my personal role models, two characters who made me wish to become like them. I wished to acquire their expertise, masterful confidence and their sustained and amazingly consistent procedural success. While both Cass and Don were more than willing to share their expertise the secret of their unique profes-sional expertise has not been fully unveiled. Despite numerous open, friendly, and long discussions, it seemed hard to get to the core of their professional cognitive and manual phenomenal skills. The desire to model Cass’s and Don’s expertise, and to learn to understand their professional “secret”, have become lifelong motifs and inspirations.
The Textbook is an attempt to promote professional excellence by explicating inter-ventional expertise. I am deeply indebted to all colleagues who have participated in this educational project and were willing to donate their time, excellence and expertise in their respective fields. All of them have created a unique panorama of the state of the art of catheter-based cardiovascular inter-ventional therapy. I wish to thank them all, colleagues and friends, for this tremendous effort. It has been a great personal honor to read and review the manuscripts, to engage in discussion concerning individual themes and topics, and to debate all the particulars of knowledge-that and knowledge-how worthy to explicate, to transfer, and to communicate to all of you, dear and worthy readers.
. Cass, catching fire
. Don, sporting smiles, reading minds
Preface
VIII
Clearly, expertise is not enough to promote medical science. It has been a great privi-lege to join forces with the staff of Springer Nature publishers, a remarkable house and home for physicians and scientists alike. Renewal and continuation of the well-established collaboration has been again an exciting and highly rewarding experi-ence. I am thankful to Karin Bartsch, the Associate Editor, who has guided and streamlined the complex process leading to production and publication of the Text-book. Donatella Rizza, Executive Editor at Springer, was instrumental in getting this project on track and took responsibil-ity for the multitude of the old, new and emergent publisher’s risks in the current
demanding and highly competitive multi-media environment in Medicine and Sci-ence. Of course, Karin and Donatella were supported by a team of highly skilled pro-fessionals belonging to the newly created prestigious and worldwide largest pub-lisher in Medicine and Science, Springer Nature. Thank you all.
While nothing gets ever finished, and indeed nothing is ever perfect, we have done our best to produce a Textbook that shares and disseminates interventional knowledge, skills, and expertise, and aims to promote professional excellence.While achievements are shared, all shortcomings are sole responsibility of the editor.
Peter LanzerBitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany
Preface
IX
Contents
I Knowledge and Professional Expertise in Catheter-Based Cardiovascular Interventions
1 Knowledge ........................................................................................................................................ 3
Tim Thornton and Peter Lanzer
2 Judgment and Reasoning in Professional Contexts ..................................................... 15
Joy Higgs
3 A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective on Skill Acquisition in Catheter-Based Interventions ............................................................................................ 27
Katja Isabel Paul and Fokie Cnossen
4 Cognitive Skills in Catheter- Based Cardiovascular Interventions ......................... 35
Peter Lanzer
5 Ethics in Catheter-Based Cardiovascular Interventional Therapy ......................... 57
Peter Lanzer and Tim Thornton
6 Legal Expertise ............................................................................................................................... 67
Christian Rybak and Alexander P. F. Ehlers
7 Curriculum in Interventional Cardiology: Setting Up Professional Standards ....................................................................................... 83
Jared M. O’Leary, Elias V. Haddad, and Henry S. Jennings III
8 Image Reading and Interpretation ....................................................................................... 113
Elizabeth A. Krupinski
9 Focus on Professional Expertise Acquisition: Simulation Training ....................... 125
Daniel Schimmel
10 Robotic Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ................................................................ 133
Mark E. Jacoby, Manivannan Veerasamy, and Ryan D. Madder
II Cardiovascular Interventional Diagnostics
11 Cardiovascular X-ray Imaging: Physics, Equipment, and Techniques.................. 147
Arnold R. Cowen
12 Radiation Protection .................................................................................................................... 199
Aris Karatasakis, Barbara A. Danek, and Emmanouil S. Brilakis
13 Transthoracic and Transesophageal Echocardiography in Interventional Cardiovascular Catheter- Based Therapy ............................................................................ 217
Ratnasari Padang and Sunil V. Mankad
X
14 Diagnostic Tools: Cardiac MRI for Structural Heart Disease and Catheter-Based Cardiovascular Interventions ................................................................. 245
Frank E. Corrigan III, Kweku Appau, and Stamatios Lerakis
15 Interventional X-ray Coronary Angiography ................................................................... 267
Peter Lanzer
16 Interventional Cerebral and Spinal Angiography ......................................................... 285
Ahmad M. Thabet, Phillip M. Meyers, and Fawaz Al-Mufti
17 Interventional Peripheral Angiography ............................................................................. 301
Frank Vermassen
18 Fractional Flow Reserve ............................................................................................................. 313
F. M. Zimmermann, N. H. J. Pijls, and W. A. L. Tonino
19 Intravascular Ultrasound ........................................................................................................... 329
Kozo Okada, Peter J. Fitzgerald, and Yasuhiro Honda
20 Optical Coherence Tomography in the Catheterization Laboratory .................... 365
Luca Di Vito, Laura Gatto, and Francesco Prati
III Access and Hemostasis
21 Transfemoral Retrograde/Antegrade Access ................................................................... 377
George V. Moukarbel and Frederic S. Resnic
22 Transfemoral Access for Large-Bore Interventions ...................................................... 387
George V. Moukarbel and Frederic S. Resnic
23 Transbrachial Access .................................................................................................................... 395
George V. Moukarbel and Frederic S. Resnic
24 Transpopliteal Access .................................................................................................................. 399
Lars Kamper and Patrick Haage
25 Transpedal Access ......................................................................................................................... 407
Lars Kamper and Patrick Haage
26 Transaxillary Access...................................................................................................................... 415
Lars Kamper and Patrick Haage
27 Transradial Approach for Coronary Interventions ........................................................ 419
Giovanni Amoroso
28 Manual, Mechanical, and Device Hemostasis.................................................................. 435
Pei-Hsiu Huang, Ayman Khairy M. Hassan, and Frederic S. Resnic
29 Access Site Complications ......................................................................................................... 465
Rory Bricker and Javier Valle
Contents
XI
IV Coronary Artery Interventions
30 Coronary Artery Anatomy and Anomalies ........................................................................ 487
Adriana D. M. Villa and Amedeo Chiribiri
31 Coronary Collateral Circulation .............................................................................................. 505
Novalia Purnama Sidik, James Spratt, and Margaret McEntegart
32 Synopsis of Clinical Coronary Physiology ......................................................................... 517
Tim P. van de Hoef
33 Synopsis of Clinical Coronary Artery Imaging ................................................................ 543
Konstantinos C. Koskinas and Lorenz Räber
34 Relationship Between Procedure Volumes and Outcomes in Catheter-Based Coronary Artery Interventions ........................................................ 555
Muhammad Rashid and Mamas A. Mamas
35 Instrumentation: Working Chain ........................................................................................... 565
Panagiotis Xaplanteris and Guy R. Heyndrickx
36 Guiding Catheters ......................................................................................................................... 583
Dushen Tharmaratnam, Martin T. Rothman, and Ajay Jain
37 Coronary Guidewires ................................................................................................................... 603
Gábor G. Tóth, Masahisa Yamane, and Guy R. Heyndrickx
38 Coronary Stenting ......................................................................................................................... 623
Trevor Simard, Juan J. Russo, Edward R. O’Brien, and Benjamin Hibbert
39 Bioresorbable Scaffold Stability and Mechanical Properties .................................. 641
Hui Ying Ang, Heerajnarain Bulluck, Philip Wong, Soo Teik Lim, Subbu S. Venkatraman, Yingying Huang, and Nicolas Foin
40 Coronary Stent Deployment Technique ............................................................................. 659
Srikanth Vallurupalli and Barry F. Uretsky
41 Rotational Atherectomy in Coronary Arteries ................................................................ 669
Adam de Belder and Osama Alsanjari
42 Coronary Orbital Atherectomy ............................................................................................... 681
Michael S. Lee, Brad J. Martinsen, Richard Shlofmitz, and Jeffrey W. Chambers
43 Excimer Laser Coronary Atherectomy ................................................................................. 699
Takashi Ashikaga
44 Coronary Artery Aspiration Thrombectomy .................................................................... 713
Dhruv Mahtta, Islam Y. Elgendy, Ahmed N. Mahmoud, and Anthony A. Bavry
45 Interventional Therapy of Left Main Coronary Artery Disease ............................... 723
Pil Hyung Lee, Duk-Woo Park, and Seung-Jung Park
Contents
XII
46 Treatment of Coronary Bifurcation Lesions...................................................................... 745
Marco Spaziano, Yves Louvard, and Thierry Lefèvre
47 Chronic Total Occlusions ............................................................................................................ 777
Marouane Boukhris and Alfredo R. Galassi
48 Coronary Aorto-Ostial Lesion Interventions .................................................................... 803
Marc Sintek and Jasvindar Singh
49 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease ................................................................................. 823
Khola S. Tahir and Matthew A. Cavender
50 Coronary Venous Bypass Lesions .......................................................................................... 839
Judit Karacsonyi, Anil Poulose, Ivan Chavez, Yale Wang, Imre Ungi, Subhash Banerjee, and Emmanouil S. Brilakis
51 Coronary Arterial Bypass Lesions .......................................................................................... 853
Judit Karacsonyi, Mario Gössl, Daniel Lips, Michael Mooney, Imre Ungi, Subhash Banerjee, and Emmanouil S. Brilakis
52 Coronary Interventions: Thrombus Aspiration, Pros and Cons .............................. 869
Mark J. Schneider and James C. Blankenship
53 Revascularization Strategies in Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease ................ 881
Cristiano Giovanni Caputi, Fabrizio Ricci, Carlo De Innocentiis, Raffaele De Caterina, and Marco Zimarino
54 Strategies in Stable Chronic Coronary Disease .............................................................. 901
David Corcoran, Damien Collison, Tom Ford, and Colin Berry
55 Strategies in Acute Coronary Syndrome ............................................................................ 921
Abhijeet Dhoble and H. Vernon Anderson
56 Interventional Therapy of Patients with Complex Coronary Lesions .................. 939
Stephen G. Ellis
57 Complications of Coronary Artery Interventions: Overview ................................... 951
Francesco Giannini and Antonio Colombo
58 In-Stent Restenosis: Definition, Entity of the Problem, Etiopathogenesis and Treatment Options ............................................................................................................... 975
Davide Piraino, Giuliana Cimino, Dario Buccheri, and Giuseppe Andolina
59 Coronary Stent Thrombosis ...................................................................................................... 995
Geraud Souteyrand, Nicolas Combaret, Nicolas Amabile, and Pascal Motreff
60 No-Reflow Phenomenon ............................................................................................................ 1007
Alessandro Durante
Contents
XIII
61 Complications of Coronary Intervention: Coronary Wall Dissection and Perforation ....................................................................................................... 1017
Kevin Kwok, Lawrence Yeung, Catalina Trana, Brahim Harbaoui, Christan Roguelov, Olivier Muller, Michael Lee, Kam Tim Chan, Daniel Wagner, and Eric Eeckhout
62 Coronary Embolization ............................................................................................................... 1039
Gautam Reddy and Oluseun Alli
63 Myocardial Rupture Following PCI: Incidence, Diagnosis and Treatment ......... 1051
Nicolas Amabile, Mohamed Yahya Bechiri, Patrice Dervanian, and Christophe Caussin
64 Complication Management: Foreign Body Retrieval ................................................... 1061
Anshul Kumar Gupta
V Neuro-Vascular Interventions
65 Intravenous Thrombolytic and Endovascular Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke ........................................................................................................... 1073
Ameer Al-Wafai, William Humphries, and Lucas Elijovich
66 Treatment of Intracranial Atherosclerotic Stenoses..................................................... 1099
Wiebke Kurre, Hansjörg Bäzner, and Hans Henkes
67 Intracranial Dissection ................................................................................................................ 1125
P. Bhogal, M. Aguilar Pérez, H. Bäzner, O. Ganslandt, and H. Henkes
68 An Overview of the Endovascular Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms .......... 1131
Phil White, Johann du Plessis, and Dipayan Mitra
69 Embolization of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations ........................................... 1171
Bruno C. Flores, Alfred P. See, Andrew F. Ducruet, and Felipe C. Albuquerque
70 Spinal Vascular Malformations ............................................................................................... 1189
Maksim Shapiro
71 Tumor Treatment ........................................................................................................................... 1219
Srikanth R. Boddu, Thomas W. Link, and Athos Patsalides
72 Venous Structures of the Brain ............................................................................................... 1249
Maria Angeles de Miquel
73 Venous Intracranial Interventions ........................................................................................ 1269
Srikanth R. Boddu and Athos Patsalides
74 Recent Advances in Carotid Artery Stenting ................................................................... 1291
Roberto Nerla, Kumara Ganesan, Antonio Micari, Fausto Castriota, and Alberto Cremonesi
Contents
XIV
75 Carotid Artery Interventions: Thromboembolic Protection ..................................... 1309
Salvatore Cassese, Sebastian Kufner, and Massimiliano Fusaro
76 Pediatric Neurovascular Disease............................................................................................ 1321
Brian P. Curry, Daniel S. Ikeda, Randy S. Bell, Shahid M. Nimjee, and Ciarán J. Powers
VI Peripheral Artery Interventions
77 Angiosome System and Principle .......................................................................................... 1343
Vlad-Adrian Alexandrescu and Jean-Olivier Defraigne
78 Instrumentation: Guidewires for Peripheral Interventions ...................................... 1361
Lorenzoni Roberto, Lorenzoni Giulia, and Ferraresi Roberto
79 Rotational Atherectomy in Peripheral Arterial Interventions ................................. 1377
Nuri Ilker Akkus and Abdulrahman Abdulbaki
80 Peripheral Artery Orbital Atherectomy: Principles and Clinical Applications ........................................................................................................... 1389
Vinayak Subramanian, Ivy Smith, and George L. Adams
81 Directional Atherectomy in Peripheral Arterial Interventions ............................... 1397
Abdulrahman Abdulbaki and Nuri Ilker Akkus
82 Laser Atherectomy in Peripheral Arterial Interventions ............................................ 1405
Nuri Ilker Akkus and Abdulrahman Abdulbaki
83 Endovascular Treatment of Pelvic Arteries and Inguinal Arteries ......................... 1413
John H. Rundback and Kevin “Chaim” Herman
84 Endovascular Treatment of Infrapopliteal Arteries ...................................................... 1435
Stephen W. Waldo and Ehrin J. Armstrong
85 Endovascular Treatment of the Arteries of the Foot .................................................... 1451
Roberto Ferraresi, Luis Mariano Palena, Giovanni Mauri, Roberto Lorenzoni, and Marco Manzi
86 Classification, Evaluation, and Management of Congenital Peripheral Vascular Malformations ...................................................................................... 1473
Naiem Nassiri and Lauren A. Huntress
87 Post-angioplasty and In- stent Restenosis ......................................................................... 1495
Piotr Sobieszczyk
88 Renal Artery Stenosis .................................................................................................................. 1513
Thomas A. Sos
89 Renal Denervation ........................................................................................................................ 1553
Mark C. Bates and Christopher Adams
Contents
XV
VII Aortic Interventions
90 Endovascular and Surgical Therapy of Thoracic and Thoraco-Abdominal Disease of the Aorta ..................................................................................................................... 1575
Aamir S. Shah and Ali Khoynezhad
91 Open and Endovascular Surgery for Diseases of the Abdominal Aorta............. 1605
Aamir S. Shah, Ali Khoynezhad, and Bruce L. Gewertz
VIII Venous Interventions
92 Interventional Therapy of Deep Venous Thrombosis .................................................. 1635
Mohamad Akram Kawsara, Farhan Raza, Riyaz Bashir, and Mohamad Alkhouli
93 Endovascular Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism ........................................................ 1649
Nathan L. Liang, Adham N. Abou Ali, Efthymios D. Avgerinos, and Rabih A. Chaer
94 Venous Interventions .................................................................................................................. 1661
Dierk Vorwerk
IX Interventions in Structural Heart Diseases
95 Alcohol Septal Ablation for Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy ......... 1675
Michael A. Fifer, Igor F. Palacios, Danita M. Yoerger Sanborn, and Ulrich Sigwart
96 Patent Foramen Ovale Closure ............................................................................................... 1689
Jennifer Franke, Stefan C. Bertog, and Horst Sievert
97 Atrial Septum Defect Closure .................................................................................................. 1697
Jennifer Franke, Stefan C. Bertog, and Horst Sievert
98 Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion: State of the Art ........................................................ 1707
Apostolos Tzikas
99 Aortic Stenosis Percutaneous Interventions.................................................................... 1717
Ahmad Edris and Emin Murat Tuzcu
100 Cerebral Embolic Protection Devices During TAVI ........................................................ 1739
Zouhair Rahhab and Nicolas M. Van Mieghem
101 Mitral Valve Regurgitation—MitraClip ............................................................................... 1751
Friso Alexander Kortlandt, Martin John Swaans, and Jan Antoon Simon van der Heyden
102 Mitral Loop Cerclage Annuloplasty ...................................................................................... 1763
June-Hong Kim
Contents
XVI
103 Mitral Valve Catheter- Based Interventions: Auxiliary Techniques and Work in Progress ................................................................................................................... 1773
Oscar Millan Iturbe and Vinayak (Vinnie) Bapat
104 Interventions in Structural Heart Diseases: Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation ................................................................................................. 1789
Shingo Kuwata, Fabian Nietlispach, Francesco Maisano, and Maurizio Taramasso
105 Future Perspectives of Catheter-Based Treatment in Valvular Heart Diseases .............................................................................................................. 1807
Hans R. Figulla and Alexander Lauten
106 Interventional Management in Patients with Paravalvular Leaks ........................ 1817
Ted Feldman, Michael H. Salinger, Mayra Guerrero, and Paul Pearson
X Historical Account
107 Historical Account Cardiology ................................................................................................ 1837
Oliver Gaemperli, Tobias A. Fuchs, and Thomas F. Lüscher
108 Historical Account: Cardiovascular Interventional Radiology ................................ 1851
Josef Rösch and Frederick S. Keller
109 Historical Account of Interventional Neuroradiology ................................................. 1863
Eric R. Cohen, Philip M. Meyers, Sean D. Lavine, and Randall T. Higashida
Supplementary Information Glossary ................................................................................................................................................. 1878
Contents
XVII
Contributors
Abdulrahman Abdulbaki, MD, FACC, FSCAILouisiana State University – Shreveport Department of Medicine – Section of Cardiology Shreveport, LA, [email protected]
Adham N. Abou Ali, MDDivision of Vascular Surgery Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, PA, USA
George L. Adams, MD, MHSUNC School of Medicine Cardiovascular and Peripheral Vascular Research, UNC REX Hospital4420 Lake Boone Trail Raleigh, NC, [email protected]
Christopher Adams, MD, FACCCharleston Area Medical Center Health Education and Research Institute and West Virginia University School of Medicine Department of Vascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Intervention Charleston, WV, USA
M. Aguilar PérezNeuroradiological Clinic, Neurocenter Klinikum Stuttgart Stuttgart, Germany
Nuri Ilker Akkus, MD, FACC, FSCAIBaptist Health Cardiology Little Rock, AR, [email protected]
Felipe C. Albuquerque, MDDepartment of Neurosurgery Barrow Neurological Institute St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center Phoenix, AZ, USA
c/o Neuroscience Publications; Barrow Neurological Institute St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center Phoenix, AZ, [email protected]
Vlad-Adrian Alexandrescu, MDCardio-Vascular and Thoracic Surgery Department CHU Sart Tilman Hospital University of Medicine Liège, [email protected]
Mohamad Alkhouli, MDDepartment of Cardiovascular Disease West Virginia University1 Medical Center Dr Morgantown, WV, [email protected]
Oluseun Alli, MD, FACC, FSCAINovant Health and Vascular Institute University of Alabama Birmingham Charlotte, NC, [email protected]
Fawaz Al-Mufti, MDRutgers University, New Jersey Medical School Department of Neurosurgery Newark, NJ, USA
Columbia University, Departments of Radiology and Neurosurgery New York, NY, [email protected]
Osama Alsanjari, BSc, MRCPBrighton and Sussex University Hospitals Eastern Road, Brighton, UK
Ameer Al-WafaiDepartment of Neurology University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center Memphis, TN, USA
XVIII
Nicolas Amabile, MD, PHDDepartment of Cardiology Institut Mutualiste Montsouris Paris, [email protected]
Giovanni Amoroso, MD PhDOLVG Amsterdam, Department of Cardiology Amsterdam, The [email protected]
Giuseppe AndolinaInterventional Cardiology Unit Department of Cardiology «P.Giaccone» Universitary Hospital of Palermo Palermo, Italy
Hui Ying Ang, PhDNational Heart Research Institute National Heart Centre Singapore 5 Hospital Drive Singapore, [email protected]
Kweku Appau, MDEmory University School of Medicine Department of Radiology and Department of Medicine Division of Cardiology, Emory University Hospital, 1365 Clifton Road NE, Suite AT-503 Atlanta, GA, [email protected]
Ehrin J. Armstrong, MD, MScInterventional Cardiology Denver VA Medical Center University of Colorado Denver, CO, [email protected]
Takashi Ashikaga, MD, PhDDepartment of Cardiology and Regional Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku Tokyo, [email protected]
Efthymios D. Avgerinos, MD, PhDDivision of Vascular Surgery Department of Surgery University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Hansjörg BäznerDepartment of Neurology Klinikum Stuttgart Stuttgart, [email protected]
H. BäznerNeurological Clinic, Neurocenter Klinikum Stuttgart Stuttgart, Germany
Subhash Banerjee, MDVA North Texas Health Care System and UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX, USA
Vinayak (Vinnie) Bapat, MBBS, MS, FRCS, FRCSCThDepartment of Cardiothoracic Surgery Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, [email protected]
Riyaz Bashir, MBBSDivision of Cardiovascular Diseases Temple University School of Medicine 3401 North Broad Street (9 PP) Philadelphia, PA, [email protected]
Mark C. Bates, MD, DSc (Hon), FACC, FSVM, FSCAICharleston Area Medical Center Vascular Center of Excellence, Department of Vascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Intervention and West Virginia University School of Medicine Charleston, WV, [email protected]
Anthony A. Bavry, MD, MPHUniversity of Florida, Department of Medicine – Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, [email protected]
Mohamed Yahya Bechiri, MDCardiology Department Institut Mutualiste Montsouris Paris, [email protected]
Contributors
XIX
Randy S. Bell, MD, CDR, USN, MCUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Department of Surgery Service of Neurosurgery Bethesda, MD, [email protected]
Colin Berry, PhD, FRCPWest of Scotland Heart and Lung Centre Golden Jubilee National Hospital Clydebank, UK
British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Scotland, [email protected]
Stefan C. Bertog, MDCardiovascular Center Frankfurt Seckbacher Landstraße 65 Frankfurt, Germany
Department of Invasive Cardiology Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center 1 Veterans Drive Minneapolis, MN, USA
P. BhogalNeuroradiological Clinic, Neurocenter Klinikum Stuttgart Stuttgart, [email protected]
James C. Blankenship, MD, FACC, FSCAIGeisinger Medical Center Department of Interventional Cardiology Danville, PA, [email protected]
Srikanth R. Boddu, MSc, MRCS, FRCR, MDDivision of Interventional Neuroradiology Department of Neurological Surgery Weill Cornell Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital New York, NY, USA
Marouane Boukhris, MD, FESCDepartment of Cardiology Abderrahmen Mami Hospital Faculty of Medicine of Tunis Univesity of Tunis El Manar Ariana, [email protected]
Rory Bricker, MDUniversity of Colorado Department of Cardiology Aurora, CO, [email protected]
Emmanouil S. Brilakis, MD, PhDMinneapolis Heart Institute Minneapolis, MN, USA
Minneapolis Heart Institute 920 E 28th Street #300 Minneapolis, MN, [email protected]
Dario BuccheriInterventional Cardiology Unit Department of Cardiology «P.Giaccone» Universitary Hospital of Palermo Palermo, Italy
Heerajnarain Bulluck, MDNational Heart Research Institute National Heart Centre Singapore 5 Hospital Drive Singapore, Singapore
Cristiano Giovanni Caputi, MDInstitute of Cardiology and Center of Excellence on Aging, “G. d’Annunzio” University – Chieti Chieti, Italy
Salvatore Cassese, MD, PhDDeutsches Herzzentrum München Technische Universität München Munich, [email protected]
Fausto Castriota, MDInterventional Cardiology Unit GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital Via Corriera 1 Cotignola, (RA), Italy
Contributors
XX
Christophe Caussin, MDCardiology Department Institut Mutualiste Montsouris Paris, [email protected]
Matthew A. Cavender, MD, MPHUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Division of Cardiology Chapel Hill, NC, [email protected]
Rabih A. Chaer, MD, MScDivision of Vascular Surgery Department of Surgery University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Jeffrey W. Chambers, MDMetropolitan Heart and Vascular Institute Mercy Hospital Minneapolis, MN, [email protected]
Kam Tim ChanQueen Elizabeth Hospital Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Hong Kong, [email protected]
Ivan Chavez, MDMinneapolis Heart Institute 920 E 28th Street #300 Minneapolis, MN, USA
Amedeo ChiribiriDivision of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering King’s College London, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital NHS Foundation Trust London, [email protected]
Giuliana CiminoInterventional Cardiology Unit Department of Cardiology «P.Giaccone» Universitary Hospital of Palermo Palermo, Italy
Fokie CnossenInstitute of Artificial Intelligence & Cognitive EngineeringNijenborgh 9, AG Groningen, The [email protected]
Eric R. Cohen, MDDepartment of Radiology Division of Interventional Neuroradiology Columbia University Medical Center New York, NY, [email protected]
Damien Collison, MB, MRCPIWest of Scotland Heart and Lung Centre Golden Jubilee National Hospital Clydebank, UK
British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow, Scotland, UK
Antonio Colombo, MDInterventional Cardiology Unit San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan, Italy
Interventional Cardiology Unit EMO-GVM Centro Cuore Columbus 48 Via M. Buonarroti, Milan, [email protected]
Nicolas Combaret, MDDepartment of Cardiology CHU Clermont-Ferrand Clermont-Ferrand, [email protected]
David Corcoran, BMedSci, MBChB, MRCPWest of Scotland Heart and Lung Centre Golden Jubilee National Hospital Clydebank, UK
British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascu-lar Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, Scotland, UK
Contributors
XXI
Frank E. Corrigan III, MDEmory University School of Medicine Department of Radiology and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology Emory University Hospital 1365 Clifton Road NE, Suite AT-503 Atlanta, GA, [email protected]
Arnold R. Cowen, PhDDivision of Medical Physics LIGHT, University of Leeds Clarendon Way Leeds, [email protected]
Alberto Cremonesi, MD, FESCInterventional Cardiology Unit GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital Via Corriera 1 Cotignola (RA), Italy
Brian P. Curry, MD, LT, USN, MCWalter Reed National Military Medical Center Department of Surgery Service of Neurosurgery Bethesda, MD, [email protected]
Barbara A. Danek, MDVA North Texas Health Care System and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Division of Cardiology Dallas, TX, [email protected]
Adam de Belder, MD, FRCPBrighton and Sussex University Hospitals Eastern Road, Brighton, [email protected]
Raffaele De Caterina, MD, PhDInstitute of Cardiology and Center of Excellence on Aging, “G. d’Annunzio” University – Chieti Chieti, Italy
Carlo De Innocentiis, MDInstitute of Cardiology and Center of Excellence on Aging, “G. d’Annunzio” University – Chieti, Chieti, Italy
Maria Angeles de Miquel, MD, PhDSección de Neuroradiología Vascular, Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, [email protected]
Jean-Olivier Defraigne, MD, PhDCardio-Vascular and Thoracic Surgery Department, CHU Sart Tilman Hospital University of Medicine Liège, [email protected]
Patrice Dervanian, MDCardiac Surgery Department Institut Mutualiste Montsouris Paris, [email protected]
Abhijeet Dhoble, MDUniversity of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Cardiology Division Houston, TX, USA
Luca Di VitoCardiology, San Giovanni-Addolorata Hospital Rome, Italy
CLI Foundation, Rome, Italy
Johann du PlessisNewcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Andrew F. Ducruet, MDDepartment of Neurosurgery Barrow Neurological Institute St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center Phoenix, AZ, USA
Alessandro DuranteValduce Hospital Como, [email protected]
Ahmad Edris, MDCleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi Heart and Vascular Institute Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Contributors
XXII
Eric EeckhoutCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Service de Cardiologie Lausanne, [email protected]
Alexander P.F. Ehlers, MD, PhDEhlers, Ehlers & Partner Rechtsanwaltsgesellschaft mbB Widenmayerstrasse 29 Munich, [email protected]
Islam Y. Elgendy, MDUniversity of Florida Department of Medicine – Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Gainesville, FL, [email protected]
Lucas ElijovichDepartment of Neurology University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center Memphis, TN, USA
Department of Neurosurgery Semmes-Murphey Neurologic Institute University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center 6325 Humphries Blvd Memphis, TN, [email protected]
Stephen G. Ellis, MDCleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cardiovascular Medicine 9500 Euclid Avenue, J2-3 Cleveland, OH, [email protected]
Ted Feldman, MD, FESC, FACC, MSCAINorthShore University HealthSystem Evanston, IL, USA
Evanston Hospital, Cardiology Division-Walgreen Building 3rd Floor 2650 Ridge Ave Evanston, IL, [email protected]
Roberto FerraresiPeripheral Interventional Cathlab Diabetic Foot Clinic, Humanitas Gavazzeni Bergamo, [email protected]
Michael A. Fifer, MDCardiology Division, Department of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, [email protected]
Hans R. Figulla, MDFriedrich Schiller Universität Jena, [email protected]
Peter J. Fitzgerald, MD, PhDDivision of Cardiovascular Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine 300 Pasteur Drive, Room H3554 Stanford, CA, USA
Bruno C. Flores, MDDepartment of Neurosurgery Barrow Neurological Institute St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center Phoenix, AZ, USA
Nicolas Foin, MSc, PhDNational Heart Research Institute National Heart Centre Singapore 5 Hospital Drive Singapore, Singapore
Duke-NUS Medical School 8 College Road Singapore, [email protected]
Tom Ford, MBChB (Hons), MRCP, FRACPWest of Scotland Heart and Lung Centre Golden Jubilee National Hospital Clydebank, UK
British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, Scotland, UK
Jennifer Franke, MDCardiovascular Center Frankfurt Seckbacher Landstraße 65 Frankfurt, [email protected]
Contributors
XXIII
Tobias A. FuchsAndreas Gruntzig Cardiac Catheterization Laboratories, Cardiovascular Center University Hospital Zurich Raemistrasse 100 Zurich, Switzerland
Massimiliano Fusaro, MDDeutsches Herzzentrum München Technische Universität München Munich, [email protected]
Mario Gössl, MDMinneapolis Heart Institute 920 E 28th Street #300 Minneapolis, MN, USA
Oliver GaemperliAndreas Gruntzig Cardiac Catheterization Laboratories, Cardiovascular Center University Hospital Zurich Raemistrasse 100 CH, Zurich, [email protected]
Alfredo R. Galassi, MD, FESC, FACC, FSCAIDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania Catania, [email protected]
Kumara Ganesan, MDInterventional Cardiology Unit GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital Via Corriera 1 Cotignola (RA), Italy
O. GanslandtNeurosurgical Clinic, Neurocenter Klinikum Stuttgart Stuttgart, Germany
Laura GattoCardiology, San Giovanni-Addolorata Hospital, Rome, Italy
CLI Foundation, Rome, Italy
Bruce L. GewertzH and S Nichols Distinguished Endowed Chair Interventional Services Academic Affairs Cedars-Sinai Health System 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Suite 8215 NT Los Angeles, CA, [email protected]
Francesco Giannini, MDInterventional Cardiology Unit San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan, Italy
Interventional Cardiology Unit EMO-GVM Centro Cuore Columbus 48 Via M. Buonarroti Milan, Italy
Lorenzoni Giulia, MDDepartment of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Pisa Pisa Tuscany, [email protected]
Mayra Guerrero, MD,FACC, FSCAItNorthShore University HealthSystem Evanston, IL, USA
Anshul Kumar GuptaDepartment of Cardiology Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences & Research Bangalore, Karnataka, [email protected]
Patrick HaageHELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal University Witten/Herdecke, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Heusnerstr. 40 Wuppertal, [email protected]
Elias V. Haddad, MD, FACC, FSCAIInterventional Cardiology Section Vanderbilt Heart & Vascular Institute Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN, [email protected]
Contributors
XXIV
Brahim HarbaouiCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Service de Cardiologie Lausanne, [email protected]
Ayman Khairy M. Hassan, MD, PhDCardiology Department, Assuit University Hospitals P.O. Box 71526 Assuit, Egypt
Hans HenkesDepartment of Neuroradiology Klinikum Stuttgart Stuttgart, [email protected]
H. HenkesNeuroradiological Clinic, Neurocenter Klinikum Stuttgart Stuttgart, Germany
University Duisburg-Essen Essen, Germany
Kevin Chaim Herman, MDInterventional Institute Holy Name Medical Center Teaneck, NJ, USA
Guy R. Heyndrickx, MD, PhDCardiovascular Center Aalst OLV-Clinic Aalst, [email protected]
Benjamin Hibbert, MD, PhDCapital Research Group, Division of Cardiology University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, [email protected]
Randall T. Higashida, MDDepartments of Radiology and Neurological Surgery, Division of NeuroInterventional Radiology, Neurology, and Anesthesiology University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, [email protected]
Joy HiggsCharles Sturt University Sydney, NSW, [email protected]
Yasuhiro Honda, MDDivision of Cardiovascular Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine 300 Pasteur Drive, Room H3554 Stanford, CA, [email protected]
Pei-Hsiu Huang, MDSutter Heart & Vascular Institute 2825 L Street, Sixth Floor Sacramento, CA, USA
Yingying Huang, PhDSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University Nanyang Avenue Singapore, [email protected]
William HumphriesDepartment of Neurosurgery, Semmes-Murphey Neurologic Institute, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center 6325 Humphries Blvd Memphis, TN, USA
Lauren A. Huntress, MSVascular & Endovascular Surgery Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School 1 Robert Wood Johnson Place New Brunswick, NJ, [email protected]
Daniel S. Ikeda, MD, LCDR, USN, MCUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Department of Surgery Service of Neurosurgery Bethesda, MD, [email protected]
Oscar Millan Iturbe, MD, MPH, MScDepartment of Interventional Cardiology The Heart Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen, Denmark
Contributors
XXV
Mark E. Jacoby, MDFrederik Meijer Heart & Vascular Institute Spectrum Health100 Michigan Street NE Grand Rapids, MI, [email protected]
Ajay Jain, MD, MRCPDepartment of Cardiology Barts and the London NHS Trust London Chest Hospital Bonner Road London E2 9JX, [email protected]
Henry S. Jennings III, MD, FACC, FSCAIInterventional Cardiology Section Vanderbilt Heart & Vascular Institute Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN, [email protected]
Lars KamperHELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal University Witten/Herdecke Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Heusnerstr. 40 Wuppertal, [email protected]
Judit Karacsonyi, MDVA North Texas Health Care System and UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX, USA
Division of Invasive Cardiology Second Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology Center, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
Aris Karatasakis, MDVA North Texas Health Care System and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Division of Cardiology Dallas, TX, [email protected]
Mohamad Akram Kawsara, MDDepartment of Cardiovascular Disease West Virginia University 1 Medical Center Dr Morgantown, WV, [email protected]
Frederick S. Keller, MDDotter Interventional Institute Oregon Health and Science University 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, L342 Portland, OR, [email protected]
Ali KhoynezhadDivision of Cardiothoracic Surgery Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute 127 S. San Vincente Boulevard Suite A3600 Los Angeles, CA, [email protected]
June-Hong Kim, MD, PhDSchool of Medicine, Pusan National University Cardiology Department Yangsan, South [email protected]
Friso Alexander KortlandtSt. Antonius Hospital Koekoekslaan 1, 3435 CM Nieuwegein Utrecht, The [email protected]
Konstantinos C. Koskinas, MD, MScDepartment of Cardiology Bern University Hospital Bern, Switzerland
Elizabeth A. Krupinski, PhDEmory University Department of Radiology & Imaging Science Atlanta, GA, [email protected]
Sebastian Kufner, MDDeutsches Herzzentrum München Technische Universität München Munich, [email protected]
Wiebke KurreDepartment of Radiology and Neuroradiology Klinikum Passau Passau, [email protected]
Contributors
XXVI
Shingo Kuwata, MD, PhDUniversity Heart Center Zurich University Hospital of Zurich University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
Kevin KwokQueen Elizabeth Hospital Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Hong Kong, [email protected]
Peter Lanzer, MDMiddle German Heart Center Health Care Center Bitterfeld-Wolfen gGmbH-Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 2 Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany
Division of Cardiovascular Disease Center of Internal Medicine Health Center Bitterfeld-Wolfen GmbH Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 2 Bitterfeld-Wolfen, [email protected]
Alexander Lauten, MDCharité- Universitaetsmedizin Berlin Department of Cardiology Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin Berlin, Germany
Sean D. Lavine, MDDepartment of Neurological Surgery Neuroendovascular Services, Neurological Institute, Columbia University Medical Center New York, NY, [email protected]
Michael S. Lee, MDUCLA Medical Center 100 Medical Plaza Suite 630 Los Angeles, CA, [email protected]
Pil Hyung LeeDivision of Cardiology Department of Medicine University of Ulsan College of Medicine Seoul, South [email protected]
Michael LeeQueen Elizabeth Hospital Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Hong Kong, [email protected]
Thierry Lefèvre, MD, FESC, FSCAIInstitut Cardiovasculaire Paris Sud Hopital Privé Jacques Cartier Massy, [email protected]
Stamatios Lerakis, MD, FACC, FAHA, FACCP, FASE, FASNCEmory University School of Medicine Department of Radiology and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology Emory University Hospital 1365 Clifton Road NE, Suite AT-503 Atlanta, GA, [email protected]
Nathan L. Liang, MD, MSDivision of Vascular Surgery Department of Surgery University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, PA, [email protected]
Soo Teik Lim, MDDepartment of Cardiology National Heart Centre Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
Thomas W. Link, MD MSDivision of Interventional Neuroradiology Department of Neurological Surgery Weill Cornell Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
Daniel Lips, MDMinneapolis Heart Institute 920 E 28th Street #300 Minneapolis, MN, USA
Roberto LorenzoniDepartment of Diagnostic and Interventional Cardiology San Luca Hospital, Lucca, Italy
Contributors
XXVII
Yves Louvard, MD, FSCAIInstitut Cardiovasculaire Paris Sud Hopital Privé Jacques Cartier Massy, [email protected]
Thomas F. LuscherAndreas Gruntzig Cardiac Catheterization Laboratories, Cardiovascular Center University Hospital Zurich Raemistrasse 100 Zurich, Switzerland
Ryan D. Madder, MDFrederik Meijer Heart & Vascular Institute Spectrum Health 100 Michigan Street NE Grand Rapids, MI, [email protected]
Ahmed N. Mahmoud, MDUniversity of Florida, Department of Medicine – Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Gainesville, FL, [email protected]
Dhruv Mahtta, MD, MBAUniversity of Florida, Department of Medicine Gainesville, FL, [email protected]
Francesco Maisano, MDUniversity Heart Center Zurich University Hospital of Zurich University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
Mamas A. MamasKeele Cardiovascular Research Group Keele University Stoke-on-Trent, UK
Sunil V. Mankad, MDDepartment of Cardiovascular Diseases Mayo Clinic 200 First Street SW Rochester, MN, [email protected]
Marco ManziInterventional Radiology Unit Policlinico Abano Terme Abano Terme, Italy
Brad J. Martinsen, PhDCardiovascular Systems, Inc. St. Paul, MN, [email protected]
Giovanni MauriRadiology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato Milan, Italy
Margaret McEntegartGolden Jubilee National Hospital, Cardiology Glasgow, Scotland, [email protected]
Philip M. Meyers, MDDepartments of Radiology and Neurological Surgery, Neuroendovascular Services Neurological Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
Columbia University, Departments of Radiology and Neurosurgery New York, NY, [email protected]
Antonio Micari, MD, PhDInterventional Cardiology Unit GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital Via Corriera 1 Cotignola (RA), Italy
Dipayan MitraNewcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Michael Mooney, MDMinneapolis Heart Institute 920 E 28th Street #300 Minneapolis, MN, USA
Pascal Motreff, MD, PhDDepartment of Cardiology CHU Clermont-Ferrand Clermont-Ferrand, [email protected]
George V. Moukarbel, MDUniversity of Toledo Medical Center Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Toledo, OH, USA
Contributors
XXVIII
University of Toledo College of Medicine Toledo, OH, [email protected]@utoledo.edu
Olivier MullerCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Service de Cardiologie Lausanne, [email protected]
Naiem Nassiri, MD, RPVIVascular & Endovascular Surgery Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School 1 Robert Wood Johnson Place New Brunswick, NJ, USA
Vascular Anomalies & Malformations Program (VAMP), Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital New Brunswick, NJ, USA
Bristol-Myers Squibb Children’s Hospital 125 Paterson Street, Suite New Brunswick, NJ, [email protected]
Roberto Nerla, MDInterventional Cardiology Unit GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital Via Corriera 1 Cotignola (RA), [email protected]
Fabian Nietlispach, MD, PhDUniversity Heart Center Zurich University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
Shahid M. Nimjee, MD, PhDDepartment of Neurological Surgery The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus, OH, [email protected]
Edward R. O’Brien, MDDivision of Cardiology Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta University of Calgary Calgary, AB, [email protected]
Jared M. O’Leary, MDInterventional Cardiology Section Vanderbilt Heart & Vascular Institute Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN, [email protected]
Kozo Okada, MD, PhDDivision of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine 300 Pasteur Drive, Room H3554 Stanford, CA, USA
Ratnasari Padang, MBBS PhDDepartment of Cardiovascular Diseases Mayo Clinic200 First Street SW Rochester, MN, USA
Igor F. Palacios, MDCardiology Division, Department of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, [email protected]
Luis Mariano PalenaInterventional Radiology Unit Policlinico Abano Terme Abano Terme, Italy
Duk-Woo ParkDivision of Cardiology Department of Medicine University of Ulsan College of Medicine Seoul, South [email protected]
Seung-Jung ParkDivision of Cardiology Department of Medicine University of Ulsan College of Medicine Seoul, South [email protected]
Athos Patsalides, MD, MPHDivision of Interventional Neuroradiology Department of Neurological Surgery eill Cornell Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital New York, NY, [email protected]
Contributors
XXIX
Katja Isabel PaulInstitute of Artificial Intelligence & Cognitive Engineering and Max-Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Nijenborgh 9, 9747 AG Groningen and Stephanstrasse 1a Leipzig, The [email protected]
Paul Pearson, MD, PhD, FACCNorthShore University HealthSystem Evanston, IL, USA
N.H.J. Pijls, MD, PhDCatharina Hospital Eindhoven Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Davide Piraino, MDInterventional Cardiology Unit Department of Cardiology «P.Giaccone» Universitary Hospital of Palermo Palermo, [email protected]
Anil Poulose, MDMinneapolis Heart Institute 920 E 28th Street #300 Minneapolis, MN, USA
Ciarán J. Powers, MD, PhDDepartment of Neurological Surgery The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus, OH, [email protected]
Francesco Prati, MDCardiology, San Giovanni-Addolorata Hospital Rome, Italy
CLI Foundation Rome, Italy
Department of Interventional Cardiology San Giovanni-Addolorata Hospital Via Amba Aradam 9, IT00184 Rome, [email protected]
Lorenz Räber, MD, PhDDepartment of Cardiology Bern University Hospital Bern, [email protected]
Josef Rösch, MD†
Dotter Interventional Institute Oregon Health and Science University 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, L342 Portland, OR, USA
Zouhair Rahhab, MDDepartment of Cardiology Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Muhammad RashidKeele Cardiovascular Research Group Keele University Stoke-on-Trent, [email protected]
Farhan Raza, MBBSDivision of Cardiovascular Diseases Temple University School of Medicine 3401 North Broad Street (9 PP) Philadelphia, PA, [email protected]
Gautam Reddy, MDDepartment of Cardiology The Mayo Clinic Rochester, MA, [email protected]
Frederic S. Resnic, MD, MSc, FACC, FSCAIDepartment of Cardiovascular Medicine The Landsman Cardiovascular Center Burlington, MA, USA
Comparative Effectiveness Research Institute Lahey Hospital and Medical Center Burlington, MA, USA
Tufts University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center 41 Mall Road, Burlington, MA, [email protected]
Fabrizio Ricci, MDInstitute of Cardiology and Center of Excellence on Aging, “G. d’Annunzio” University – Chieti Chieti, Italy
Contributors
XXX
Lorenzoni Roberto, MD, FESC, FACCDepartment of Diagnostic and Interventional Cardiology, San Luca Hospital Lucca, Tuscany, [email protected]
Ferraresi Roberto, MDPeripheral Interventional and Diabetic Foot Unit, Humanitas Gavazzeni Bergamo, Lombardia, [email protected]
Christan RoguelovCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Service de Cardiologie Lausanne, [email protected]
Martin T. Rothman, FRCP, FACC, FESCDepartment of Cardiology Barts and the London NHS Trust London Chest Hospital Bonner Road, London, UK
Medtronic Inc Los Angeles, CA, [email protected]
John H. Rundback, MDInterventional Institute Holy Name Medical Center Teaneck, NJ, [email protected]
Juan J. Russo, MDCapital Research Group, Division of Cardiology University of Ottawa Heart Institute Ottawa, ON, [email protected]
Christian Rybak, PhDEhlers, Ehlers & Partner Rechtsanwaltsgesell-schaft mbB Widenmayerstrasse 29 Munich, GermanyWirtschaftsjurist (University of Bayreuth) Bayreuth, [email protected]
Michael H. Salinger, MD, FACC, FSCAINorthShore University HealthSystem Evanston, IL, USA
Daniel SchimmelBluhm Cardiovascular Institute Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology Chicago, IL, [email protected]
Mark J. Schneider, DOGeisinger Medical Center Department of Interventional Cardiology Danville, PA, [email protected]
Alfred P. See, MDDepartment of Neurosurgery Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center Phoenix, AZ, USA
Aamir S. ShahDivision of Cardiothoracic Surgery Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute 127 S. San Vincente Boulevard, Suite A3600 Los Angeles, CA, [email protected]
Maksim Shapiro, MDBernard and Irene Schwartz Interventional Neuroradiology Section, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center New York, NY, [email protected]
Richard Shlofmitz, MDDepartment of Cardiology, St. Francis Hospital Roslyn, NY, [email protected]
Novalia Purnama SidikHairmyres Hospital, Cardiology Lanarkshire, Scotland, [email protected]
Horst Sievert, MD, FSCAI, FACC, FESC, FICACardiovascular Center Frankfurt Seckbacher Landstraße 65 Frankfurt, Germany
Contributors
XXXI
Ulrich Sigwart, MDCardiology Center, L’Université de Genève Geneva, [email protected]
Trevor Simard, MDCapital Research Group, Division of Cardiology University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, [email protected]
Jasvindar SinghWashington University in St. Louis Division of Cardiology St. Louis, MO, [email protected]
Marc SintekWashington University in St. Louis Division of Cardiology St. Louis, MO, [email protected]
Ivy Smith, BSUNC REX Hospital UNC Health Care System 4420 Lake Boone Trail Raleigh, NC, [email protected]
Piotr Sobieszczyk, MDHarvard Medical School, Cardiovascular Division, Vascular Medicine Section Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston, MA, [email protected]
Thomas A. SosPeripheral Arterial Disease, Weill Cornell Interventional, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell 525 East 68th Street, Payson 521 New York, NY, [email protected]
Geraud Souteyrand, MDDepartment of Cardiology CHU Clermont-Ferrand Clermont-Ferrand, [email protected]
Marco Spaziano, MDInstitut Cardiovasculaire Paris Sud Hopital Privé Jacques Cartier Massy, France
McGill University Health Center Montreal, [email protected]
James SprattForth Valley Royal Hospital, Cardiology Larbert, Scotland, [email protected]
Vinayak Subramanian, BSUNC School of Medicine 321 S Columbia St Chapel Hill, NC, [email protected]
Martin John SwaansSt. Antonius Hospital Koekoekslaan 1 3435 CM Nieuwegein Utrecht, The Netherlands
Gábor G. TóthUniversity Heart Centre Graz Medical University Graz Auenbruggerplatz 15 Graz, [email protected]
Khola S. Tahir, MDUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Division of Cardiology Chapel Hill, NC, [email protected]
Maurizio Taramasso, MDUniversity Heart Center Zurich, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
Cardiovascular Surgery Department, University Hospital of ZurichRämistrasse 100 Zürich, [email protected]
Ahmad M. Thabet, MDRutgers University, New Jersey Medical School Department of Neurosurgery Newark, NJ, USA
Contributors
XXXII
Dushen Tharmaratnam, MBChB, MRCPDepartment of Cardiology Barts and the London NHS Trust London Chest Hospital Bonner Road, London, [email protected]
Tim Thornton, PhDFaculty of Health and Wellbeing Brook Building 239, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, [email protected]
Tim Thornton, PhDPhilosophy and Mental Health Health and Wellbeing, Brook Building 239, University of Central Lancashire Preston, LA, [email protected]
W.A.L. Tonino, MD, PhDCatharina Hospital Eindhoven Eindhoven, The [email protected]
Catalina TranaCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Service de Cardiologie Lausanne, [email protected]
Emin Murat Tuzcu, MDCleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Heart and Vascular Institute Abu Dhabi, United Arab [email protected]
Apostolos Tzikas, MD, PhDAHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Stilp. Kiriakidi 1 Thessaloniki, [email protected]
Imre Ungi, MDDivision of Invasive Cardiology, Second Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology Center, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
Barry F. Uretsky, MDDivision of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences 4300 West Seventh Street Little Rock, AR, [email protected]
Javier Valle, MD, MSCSUniversity of Colorado Department of Cardiology Aurora, CO, [email protected]
Srikanth Vallurupalli, MDDivision of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences 4300 West Seventh Street Little Rock, AR, [email protected]
Tim P. van de Hoef, MD, PhDAMC Heartcentre, Academic Medical Center – University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The [email protected]
Jan Antoon Simon van der HeydenSt. Antonius Hospital Koekoekslaan 1, 3435 CM Nieuwegein Utrecht, The [email protected]
Nicolas M. Van Mieghem, MD, PhDDepartment of Cardiology Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The [email protected]
Manivannan Veerasamy, MDFrederik Meijer Heart & Vascular Institute Spectrum Health 100 Michigan Street NE Grand Rapids, MI, [email protected]
Subbu S. Venkatraman, PhDSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, [email protected]
Contributors
XXXIII
Frank Vermassen, MD, PhDDepartment of Vascular and Thoracic Surgery Ghent University Hospital De Pintelaan 185, Ghent, [email protected]
H. Vernon Anderson, MDUniversity of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Cardiology Division Houston, TX, [email protected]
Adriana D.M. VillaDivision of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, [email protected]
Dierk Vorwerk, MDDepartment Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum Ingolstadt Ingolstadt, [email protected]
Daniel WagnerCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Service de Cardiologie Lausanne, [email protected]
Stephen W. Waldo, MDInterventional Cardiology Denver VA Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, CO, [email protected]
Yale Wang, MDMinneapolis Heart Institute 920 E 28th Street #300 Minneapolis, MN, USA
Phil WhiteNewcastle University, Institute of Neuroscience Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Newcastle upon Tyne, [email protected]
Philip Wong, MDNational Heart Research Institute, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive Singapore, Singapore
Duke-NUS Medical School 8 College Road Singapore, [email protected]
Panagiotis XaplanterisCardiovascular Center Aalst, OLV-Clinic Aalst, Belgium
Masahisa YamaneDepartment of Cardiology Sekishinkai Sayama Hospital Saitama, Japan
Lawrence YeungTuen Mun Hospital, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Hong Kong, [email protected]
Danita M. Yoerger Sanborn, MDCardiology Division, Department of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, [email protected]
Marco Zimarino, MD, PhDInstitute of Cardiology and Center of Excellence on Aging, “G. d’Annunzio” University – Chieti Chieti, [email protected]
F.M. Zimmermann, MDCatharina Hospital Eindhoven Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Contributors
Abbreviations
2D Two-dimensional
3D Three dimensional
4D Four-dimensional
6MWT Six-minute walk test
AAA Abdominal aortic aneurysm
AATS American Association for Thoracic Surgery
ABI Ankle brachial index
ABIM American Board of Internal Medicine
ABMS American Board of Medical Specialties
ABVM American Board of Vascular Medicine
ACA Anterior cerebral artery
ACC American College of Cardiology
ACC/AHA American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association
ACCF American College of Cardiology Foundation
ACCORD Effects of Intensive Blood-Pressure Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
ACD Arterial closure device
ACE Accreditation for Cardiovas-cular Excellence
ACEi Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
ACGME Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education
ACO Accountable care organization
AComm Anterior communicating artery
ACP American College of Physicians
ACR American College of Radiology
ACS Acute coronary syndrome
ACT Activated clotting time
ACT Activated coagulation time
ACT Adaptive Control of Thought
ACTH Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
ACUITY Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy
ADA American Diabetes Association
ADAPT-DES Assessment of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy with Drug-Eluting Stents
ADO Amplatzer duct occluder
ADP Adenosine diphosphate
ADRC Automatic dose rate control
AF Atrial fibrillation
AGE Advanced glycation end product
AHA American Heart Association
AHB Allgemeine Versicerungs-bedingungen für die Haftpflichtversicherung [General Conditions for Statutory Third-Party Liability Insurance]
AI Aortic insufficiency
AIS Arterial ischemic stroke
AL Amplatz left
ALARA As low as reasonably achievable
ALCAPA Left main coronary artery from pulmonary artery
AMA American Medical Association
AMETHYST Assessment of the Medtronic AVE Interceptor Saphenous Vein Graft Filter System
AMI Acute myocardial infarction
AO Aortic root
AOL Aorto-ostial lesion
AP Ankle pressure
AP Anteroposterior (radiograph)
APEX-AMI Assessment of Pexelizumab in Acute Myocardial Infarction
ApoB Apolipoprotein B
APPROACH Alberta Provincial Project for Outcome Assessment in Coronary Heart Disease
AR Amplatz right
AR Aortic regurgitation
ARC Academic Research Consortium
ARCAPA Right coronary artery from pulmonary artery
XXXV
ARD Angiotensin receptor blocker
ART Arterial Revascularization Trial
AS Aortic stenosis
ASA Alcohol septal ablation
ASA American Stroke Association
ASA Anterior spinal artery
ASD Atrial septum defect
ASE American Society of Echocardiography
ASO Amplatzer septal occluder
AT Aspiration thrombectomy
ATA Anterior tibial artery
ATD AMPLATZ thrombectomy device
ATP Posterior tibial artery
AUC Appropriate use criteria
AV Aortic valve
AV Arteriovenous
AV Atrioventricular
AVC Acute vessel closure
AVCx Atrioventricular groove branch of circumflex artery
AVF Arteriovenous fistula
AVIO Angiography vs. IVUS Optimization
AVM Arteriovenous malformation
AVP Amplatz Vascular Plug
AVP Amplatzer vascular plug
AVR Aortic valve replacement
AWMF Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Med-izinischen Fachgesellschaften [Association of Scientific Medical Societies of Germany]
BA Balloon angioplasty
BÄO Bundesärzteordnung [Federal Physicians Order]
BARC Bleeding Academic Research Consortium
BARI Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investiga-tion
BARRICADE Barrier Approach to Restenosis: Restrict Intima to Curtail Adverse Events
BASKET-SAVAGE Basel Kosten Effektivitäts Trial – Saphenous Venous Graft Angioplasty Using Glycoprotein 2b/3a Receptor Inhibitors and Drug-Eluting Stents
BAT Balloon-assisted tracking
BAT Balloon-assisted treatment
BAV Balloon aortic valvulopasty
BBB Blood–brain barrier
BC before Cchrist
BCIS British Cardiovascular Interventional Society
BD Blades down
BEIR Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation Committee
BES Balloon expandable stent
BEV Balloon-expandable valve
BGB Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch [German Civil Code]
BGH Bundesgerichtshof [German Federal Court of Justice]
BIPSS Bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling
BMI Body mass index
BMS Bare metal stent
BMSE Bare metal self-expanding stents
BMV-Ä Bundesmantelvertrag—Ärzte [Federal Collective Agreement— Physicians]
BP Blood pressure
BRS Bioresorbable scaffold
BSA Body surface area
BSR Basal stenosis resistance index
BTA Below-the-ankle
BTB Blood–tumor barrier
BTK Below-the-knee
BTO Balloon test occlusion
BU Blades up
BVS Bioabsorbable vascular scaffold
CAA Coronary artery anomaly
CABG Coronary artery bypass graft
CABG Coronary artery bypass grafting
CABG Coronary artery bypass surgery
CAC Coronary artery calcification
CAD Coronary artery disease
CAIC Canadian Association of Interventional Cardiology/Association canadienne de cardiologie d’intervention
CAL Coronary artery lesion
Abbreviations
XXXVI
CAPTIVE CardioShield Application Protects During Translumi-nal Intervention of Vein Grafts by Reducing Emboli
CARDS Cardiology Audit and Registration Data Standards
CART Controlled anterograde and retrograde subintimal tracking
CAS Carotid artery stenting
CAV Cardiac allograft vasculopathy
CBCVI Catheter-based cardiovascu-lar intervention
CBS Carotid blowout syndrome
CC Collateral connection
CCA Common carotid artery
CCC Clinical Competency Committee
CCL Cardiac catheterization labo-ratory
CCS Canadian Cardiovascular Society
CCTA Coronary computed tomography angiography
CDI Catheter-directed intervention
CDT` Catheter-directed thrombolysis
CE European Conformity
CEA Carotid endarterectomy
CEA Cost-effectiveness analysis
CE-MARC2 Clinical Evaluation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Coronary Heart Disease 2
CFA Common femoral artery
cFFR Contrast fractional flow reserve
CFI Collateral Flow Index
CFR Coronary flow reserve
CFVR Coronary flow velocity reserve
CI Confidence interval
CIA Common iliac artery
CI-AKI Contrast-induced acute kidney injury
CIN Contrast-induced nephropathy
CITI Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative
CK Creatine kinase
CKD Chronic kidney disease
CK-MB Creatinine kinase MB
CL Contralateral
CLER Clinical Learning Environ-ment Review
CLI Critical limb ischemia
CLI-OPCI Centro per la Lotta Contro l'Infarto–Optimisation of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
CLOVES Congenital Lipomatous Overgrowth, Vascular malformations, Epidermal nevi, and Skeletal/Spinal deformities syndrome
CMD Coronary microvascular dysfunction
CME Continuing medical education
CMR Cardiac magnetic resonance
CMR Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging
CMS US Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
CO2 Carbon dioxide
COCATS 4 2015 Core Cardiovascular Training Statement
CoCr Cobalt–chromium
COCTAIL II Randomized Trial of Standard vs ClearWay-infused Abciximab and Thrombectomy for Myocardial Infarction
COI Conflict of interest
Contrast FFR Fractional flow reserve determined at vasodilation induced by intracoronary contrast medium injection
COURAGE Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation
COX-1 Cyclooxygenase-1
CPR Common Program Requirements
CQA Continuous quality assurance
CQI Continuous quality improvement
CRH Corticotrophin-releasing hormone
CS Coronary sinus
CSA Cross-sectional area
CSF Cerebrospinal fluid
Abbreviations
XXXVII
CSI Cardiological Society of India
CSTV Coronary sinus and tricuspid protective device
CT Computed tomography
CTA Cognitive task analysiss
CTA Computed tomographic angiography
CTCA Computed tomography coronary angiography
CTEPH Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
CTG cardiotocogram
CTO Chronic total occlusion
CTPA CT angiography, pulmonary embolism protocol
CV Catheter venography
CVD Cardiovascular disease
CVLPRIT Complete Versus Culprit-Lesion Only Primary PCI Trial
CVP Central venous pressure
CVT Cardiovascular technologist
CVT Cerebral venous thrombus
CX Circumflex artery
CX Left circumflex coronary artery
D Diagonal
DA Directional atherectomy
DAC Distal access catheter
DANAMI 3- PRIMULTI Third Danish Study of
Optimal Acute Treatment of Patients With STEMI: Primary PCI in Multivessel Disease
DAP Dose area product
DAPT Dual antiplatelet therapy
DCA Diagnostic coronary angiography
DCB Drug-coated balloon
DCI Delayed cerebral ischaemia
DDT Diastolic deceleration time
DEB Drug-eluting balloon
DEFER Fractional Flow Reserve to Determine the Appropriateness of Angioplasty in Moderate Coronary Stenosis
DEFINE-FLAIR Functional Lesion Assessment of Intermediate Stenosis to Guide Revascu-larisation
DES Drug-eluting stent
DFT Distal flush tool
DIC Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
DICOM GSDF Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine Grayscale Standard Display Function
DICOM Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine
DIVA Drug-Eluting Stents Versus Bare Metal Stents In Saphenous Vein Graft Angioplasty
DM Decision – making
DM Diabetes mellitus
DM Distal main vessel
DMR Degenerative mitral regurgitation
DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide
DOCE Device Oriented Compos-ited Events
DOCTORS Does Optical Coherence Tomography Optimize Results of Stenting
DP Dorsal pedal artery
DPA Dorsalis pedis artery
dPv30 Pressure drop across a stenosis at a flow velocity of 30 cm/s
DQE Detective quantum efficiency
DR Direct revascularization
DRF Device-related factor
DSA Digital subtraction angiography
DSB Detachable silicon balloon
DSE Direct-stick embolization
DUS Duplex ultrasound
DVS Dural venous sinus
DVT Deep venous thrombosis
DWI Diffusion-weighted imaging
DW-MRI Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging
EACTS European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery
EAE European Association of Echocardiography
EAOD End-artery occlusive disease
EAPCI European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascu-lar Interventions
Abbreviations
XXXVIII
EBAC European Board of Accreditation in Cardiology
EBC European Bifurcation Club
EBM Einheitlicher Bemessungs-massstab [Medical Fee Schedule]
EBU Extra backup catheter
ECA External carotid artery
ECFMG Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates
ECG Electrocardiography
ECMO Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
EEM External elastic membrane
EES Everolimus-eluting stent
EHR Electronic health record
EHRA European Heart Rhythm Association
EIA External iliac artery
ELA Excimer laser atherectomy
ELCA Excimer laser coronary atherectomy
EMB Endomyocardial biopsy
EnligHTN Safety and efficacy of a multi-electrode renal sympathetic denervation system in resistant hypertension
EPC Endothelial progenitor cell
EPD Embolic protection device
ePTFE Polytetrafluorethylene
ERB Ethics review board
ERCTO European Registry of Chronic Total Occlusions
EROA Effective regurgitant orifice area
ESC European Society of Cardiology
ESRD End-stage renal disease
EU European Union
EVAR Endovascular aneurysm repair
EVEREST Endovascular Valve Edge-to-Edge Repair Study
EVOH Ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer
EVT Endovascular treatment
EXCEL Evaluation of XIENCE versus Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
EXPLORE Percutaneous Intervention for Concurrent Chronic Total Occlusions in Patients With STEMI
F French size
FA Fibular artery
FAME Fractional Flow Reserve Versus Angiography for Multivessel Evaluation
FAME-2 Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR) Guided Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) Plus Optimal Medical Treatment (OMT) Versus OMT
FAME-3 Fractional Flow Reserve-Guided Percutaneous Coronary Intervention versus Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery in Patients with Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease
FAVA Fibro-adipose vascular anomaly
FB Foreign body
FD Flow diverter (stent)
FD Frequency domain
FDA Food and Drug Administration
FFR Fractional flow reserve
FFRmyo Fractional flow reserve of the myocardium
FFS Fee-for-service
FIRE FilterWire EX Randomized Evaluation
FISH Femoral Introducer Sheath and Hemostasis
FIT Fellow in training
FKB Final kissing balloon inflation
FL Fluoroscopy
FMA Federal Medical Association
FMC First medical contact
FMEA Failure mode effects analysis
f-MR Functional mitral regurgitation
fMRI f Functional magnetic resonance imaging
FN False negative
FO Fossa ovalis
FOV Field of view
Abbreviations
XXXIX
FP False positive
FP Femoropopliteal
FPPE Focused professional practice evaluation
Fr French
FREEDOM Future Revascularization Evaluation in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: Optimal Management of Multivessel Disease
FUTURE Functional Testing Underlying Revascularization
FWR Free wall rupture
G Gauge
G-BA Gemeinsamer Bundesauss-chuss [Federal Joint Committee]
GBM Glioblastoma multiforme
G-CSF Granulocyte colony-stimu-lating factor
GCV Great cardiac vein
GEMS Generic error-modeling system
GFR Glomerular filtration rate
GG Grundgesetz [German Constitutional Law]
G-I-N Guidelines International Network
GL Geometric Left®
GL Guideline
GM-CSF Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor
GMEC Graduate Medical Education Committee
GP Glycoprotein
GPI Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors
GSM Grey scale median
GUSTO Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries
GW Guidewire
GWTG-CAD Get With the Guidelines Registry
Gy Gray
HALT Hypo-attenuated leaflet thickening
HAM Hypo-attenuation with affected motion
HCM Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
HCQIA Health Care Quality Improvement Act of 1986
HD High-definition
HDL High-density lipoprotein
HF Heart failure
HITS High-intensity transient signals
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus
HKaG Heilberufe-Kammergesetz [German Medical Professions Act]
HMR Hyperemic microvascular resistance index
HOCM Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
HR Hazard ratio
HRS Heart Rhythm Society
HSR Hyperemic stenosis resistance
HTN Hypertension
Hz Hertz
IA iInterventional action
IABP Intra-aortic balloon pump
IAS Interatrial septum
IB Integrated backscatter
IC Intermittent claudication
ICA Internal carotid artery
ICA Interventional coronary angiography
ICD Implantable cardioverter defibrillator
ICD-10 International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision
ICE Intracardiac echocardiography
iCMR Interventional cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging
ICRP International Commission on Radiological Protection
ICU Intensive care unit
Abbreviations
XL
ID Inner diameter
ID Internal diameter of a catheter
IDE Investigational device exemption
IEA Inferior epigastric artery
IEC Independent ethics committee
IEM Internal elastic membrane
iFR Instantaneous wave-free ratio
iFR-SWEDEHEART Instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio Versus Fractional Flow Reserve in Patients with Stable Angina Pectoris or Acute Coronary Syndrome
IFU Instructions for use
IHDVPS Instantaneous hyperemic diastolic velocity pressure slope index
IIH Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
IIT Integrated Iinformation Ttheory
IJV Internal jugular vein
IL Ipsilateral
ILUMIEN III: OPTIMIZE PCI Optical Coherence
Tomography Compared with Intravascular Ultrasound and with Angiography to Guide Coronary Stent Implantation
IMA Internal mammary artery
IMH Intramural hematoma
IMR Index of microcirculatory resistance
IN Ischemic nephropathy
IPS Inferior petrosal sinus
IPSS Inferior petrosal sinus sampling
IR Interventional routine
IR Indirect revascularization
IRA Infarct-related artery
IRB Institutional review board
IRI Ischemia-reperfusion injury
IS Interventional strategy
ISA Incomplete stent/strut apposition
ISAR-CABG Is Drug-Eluting Stenting Associated with Improved Results in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafts?
ISAT International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial
ISCHEMIA International Study of Comparative Health Effectiveness with Medical and Invasive Approaches
ISR In-stent restenosis
ISSVA International Society for Study of Vascular Anomalies
ISTH International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis
ISUIA International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms
IU International units
IV Interventricular
IV Intravenous
IVC Inferior vena cava
IVUS Intravascular ultrasound
IVUS-XPL Impact of Intravascular Ultrasound Guidance on Outcomes of Xience Prime Stents in Long Lesions
Ix Ramus intermedius
JAMA Journal of the American Medical Association
J-CTO Japanese multicenter CTO registry
JL Judkins left catheter
JNA Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
JR Judkins right catheter
Kerma Kinetic energy released in matter
KTS Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome
LA Left atrium
LA Lumen area
LAA Left atrial appendage
LAAO Left atrial appendage occlusion
LAD Left anterior descending artery
LAD Left anterior descending coronary artery
LAO Left anterior oblique
LAST Limited antegrade subintimal tracking
LBBB Left bundle branch block
LCA Left coronary artery
Abbreviations
XLI
LCB Left coronary bypass
LCBI Lipid core burden index
LCP Lipid core plaque
LCx Left circumflex coronary artery
LDL Low-density lipoprotein
LE-DVT Lower extremity DVT
LES Logistic EuroSCORE
LGE Late gadolinium enhancement
LIC Localized intravascular coagulopathy
LIMA Left internal mammary artery
LISA Late-acquired ISA
Lithoplasty Balloon expansion with integrated lithotripsy components (Shockwave, Fremont, CA)
LLL Late lumen loss
LM Left main
LM Lymphatic malformation
LMCA Left main coronary artery
LMVS Lateral Marginal Vein of Servelle
LP Lumbar puncture
Lp(a) Lipoprotein(a)
LPA Lateral plantar artery
LPDA Left posterior descending artery
LRA Left radial access
LRP Lipid-rich plaque
LS Lateral sinus
LSD Local stent delivery
LSD Longitudinal stent deformation
LSF Late stent failure
LSV Left sinus of Valsalva
LUPV Left upper pulmonary vein
LV Left ventricle
LVEDV Left ventricular end-diastolic volume
LVEF Left ventricular ejection fraction
LVOT Left ventricular outflow tract
LVSD Left ventricular systolic dysfunction
M&M Morbidity and mortality
MACCE Major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events
MACE Major adverse cardiovascu-lar events
MADS Main across double side (classification schema of bifurcation stenting techniques)
MALE Major adverse limb events
MATRIX Minimizing Adverse Haemorrhagic Events by Transradial Access Site and Systemic Implementation of AngioX
MB Myocardial bridging
MBG Myocardial blush grade
MBO-Ä Musterberufsordnung für die in Deutschland tätigen Ärztinnen und Ärzte [Professional Code of Conduct for Physicians in Germany]
MC Manual compression
MC MitraClip
MCA Middle cerebral artery
MCE Myocardial contrast echocardiography
MCM Monte CCcarlo method
MDCT Multidetector cardiovascular computed tomography
MDCT Multidetector computed tomography
MEC Microefficient compression
MI Myocardial infarction
MIC Main interventional cycle
MIT Maximum intimal thickness
MLA Minimal luminal area
MLC Mitral loop cerclage
MLD Minimal lumen diameter
MLD Minimal luminal diameter
MLD Minimum lumen diameter
MM&I Morbidity, mortality, and improvement
MMA Middle meningeal artery
Mn Number-averaged molecular weight
MO Microvascular obstruction
MOC Maintenance of certification
MPA Medial plantar artery
MPI Myocardial perfusion imaging
MR Magnetic resonance
MR Mitral regurgitation
MR Myocardial rupture
Abbreviations
XLII
MRA Magnetic resonance angiography
MRI Magnetic resonance imaging
MRV Magnetic resonance venography
MS Mitral stenosis
MSA Minimal stent area
MST Medial superior temporal
MT Middle temporal area
mTOR Mammalian target of rapamycin
MUSIC Multicenter Ultrasound Stenting in Coronaries
MV Mitral valve
MVCAD Multivessel coronary artery disease
MVP Microvascular plug
Mw Weight-averaged molecular weight
Mxy Transverse magnetization
NA Not applicable
NAL nNon-axiomatic logic
NAS Next Accreditation System
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
n-BCA n-Butyl cyanoacrylate
NBCA n-Butyl-2-cyanoacrylate
NCDR National Cardiovascular Data Registry
NC-P Noncoronary, posterior
NHLBI National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
NI Neointima
NICE UK National Institute for Clinical Excellence
NICOR National Institute for Cardiovascular Outcomes Research
NIRS Near-infrared spectroscopy
NIS National Inpatient Sample
NNH Number needed to harm
NNT Number needed to treat
NOAC Novel oral anticoagulant
NOBLE Nordic-Baltic-British left main revascularisation study
NP Nominal pressure
NPDB National Practitioner Data Bank
NPH Neutral protamine Hagedorn
NR No-reflow
NRMI National Registry of Myocardial Infarction
NSTE-ACS Non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome
NSTEMI Non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
NURD Nonuniform rotational distortion
NYHA New York Heart Association
OAS Orbital Atherectomy System
OAT Occluded Artery Trial
OCT Optical coherence tomography
OHSU Oregon Health Sciences University
OID Object-to-image distance
OM Obtuse marginal
OMT Optimal medical therapy
OPGs Objective performance goals
OPINION Optical Frequency Domain Imaging vs. Intravascular Ultrasound in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
OPPE Ongoing professional practice evaluation
OPTICO-BVS Optical Coherence Tomography to Improve Outcome for Coronary Revascularisation Using Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffolds
OR Odds ratio
OTW Over the wire
OWR Osler-Weber-Rendu
Pa Aortic pressure
PA Peroneal artery
PA Popliteal artery
PA Posterior-to-anterior
PA Pulmonary artery
PAD Peripheral artery disease
Pao Aortic pressure
PAO Parent artery occlusion
PAOD Peripheral artery obstructive disease
PAPVR Partial anomalous pulmo-nary venous return
Abbreviations
XLIII
PAR-1 Proteinase activated receptor 1
PARC Peripheral Academic Research Consortium
PBAV Percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty
PBMA Poyl n-butyl methacrylate
PBMV Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty
PC Phosphorylcholine
PC Polycarbonate
PCA Posterior cerebral artery
PCC Patient-centered care
PCC Pericardiocentesis
PCI Percutaneous coronary intervention
PCL Polycaprolactone
pcomm Posterior communicating segment
Pd Distal pressure (pressure distal to stenosis)
PD Posterior descending branch
PDA Posterior descending artery
PDA Patent ductus arteriosus
PDA Patient decision aid
PDA Posterior descending artery
PDA Posterior descending coronary artery
PDLA Poly(D-lactic acid)
PDLGA Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolic acid)
PDLLA Poly(D,L-lactic acid)
PDSA Plan–do–study–act
PE Pulmonary embolism
PED Pipeline embolisation device
PEG Polyethylene glycol
PES Paclitaxel-eluting stent
PET Positron emission tomography
PFO Patent foramen ovale
PGA Polyglycolic acid
PHIL Precipitating hydrophobic injectable liquid
PICA Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
PLGA Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
PLLA Poly(L-lactic acid)
PLV Posterolateral ventricular branch
PM Proximal main vessel
PMCT Pharmacomechanical catheter-based thrombectomy
PMR Papillary muscle rupture
PMT Percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy
PMV Percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty
POBA Plain old balloon angioplasty
Poccl Distal coronary occlusive or wedge pressure
POP Pressure optimization protocol
POT Proximal optimization technique
PPCI Primary percutaneous coronary intervention
PRAMI Randomized Trial of Preventive Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction
PRECISE Evaluation of the Safety and Effectiveness of the CorPath 200 System in Percutaneous Coronary Interventions
PRECISE Percutaneous Robotically-Enhanced Coronary Intervention
PREVENT IV Project of Ex-Vivo Vein Graft Engineering via Transfection
PRF Patient-related factor
PRIDE Protection During Saphenous Vein Graft Intervention to Prevent Distal Embolization
PROMISE Prospective Multicenter Imaging Study for Evalua-tion of Chest Pain
PROS PIK3CA-related Overgrowth Spectrum
PROXIMAL Proximal Protection During Saphenous Vein Graft Intervention
PSA Posterior spinal artery
PSV Posterior sinus of Valsalva
PSVR Peak systolic velocity ratio
PTA Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty
PTA Posterior tibial artery
PTCA Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
PtCr Platinum chromium
PTEF Polytetrafluoroethylene
Abbreviations
XLIV
PTEN Phosphatase and tensin
PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene
PTS Post-thrombotic syndrome
PV Pulmonary valve
PV Pulmonary vein
Pv Venous pressure
PVA Polyvinyl alcohol
PVC Premature ventricular contraction
PVD Peripheral vascular disease
PVL Paravalvular leak
PVO Parent vessel occlusion
PVR Paravalvular regurgitation
Pzf Zero-flow pressure
Q Quintile
QA Quality assurance
QALY Quality-adjusted life-year
QCA Quantitative coronary angiography
QI Quality improvement
QIT Quality Improvement Toolkit
Qnormal Maximum blood flow that would occur if the vessel was normal
QoL Quality of life
Qstenotic Maximum achievable blood flow in the presence of a stenosis
R3F Registre Français de la FFR
RA Right atrial branch
RA Right atrium
RA Rotational atherectomy
RAA Right atrial appendage
RADIAL CABG Radial Versus Femoral Access for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Angiography and Intervention
RAO Radial artery occlusion
RAO Right anterior oblique
RAS Renal artery stenosis
RCA Right coronary artery
RCA Root cause analysis
RCB Right coronary bypass
RCT Randomized controlled trial
RE Re-endothelialization
REB Research ethics board
RECOVERS European Multicenter Randomized Evaluation of Polytetrafluoroethylene Covered Stent in Saphenous Vein Grafts
ReI Renal insufficiency
rem Roentgen equivalent man
REMOTE-PCI Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Using a Combination of Robotics and Telecommunications by an Operator in a Separate Physical Location from the Patient
Rendevous procedures Intentionally re-establishing
flow through both femoral and transpedal punctures
Resting Pd/Pa Ratio of resting distal coronary pressure to aortic pressure
RF Radiofrequency
RHV Rotating hemostatic valve
RI Resistive Index
RIBS Restenosis Intra-Stent Balloon Angioplasty Versus Elective Stenting
RIFLE-STEACS Radial Versus Femoral Randomized Investigation in ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome
RIMA Right internal mammary artery
RIPCORD Does Routine Pressure Wire Assessment Influence Management Strategy at Coronary Angiography for Diagnosis of Chest Pain
R-ISR Recurrent ISR
RIVAL Radial vs Femoral Access for Coronary Intervention
RN Renal nerve
RND Renal nerve denervation
ROC Receiver operating characteristic
ROOBY Randomized On/Off Bypass
ROS Reactive oxygen species
RPDA Right posterior descending artery
RPH Retroperitoneal hemorrhage
RPLV Right posterolateral ventricular branch
Abbreviations
XLV
rpm Revolutions per minute
RR Risk ratio
RRA Right radial access
RRISC Reduction of Restenosis in Saphenous Vein Grafts with Cypher Sirolimus-Eluting Stent
RSV Right sinus of Valsalva
RT Rheolytic thrombectomy
RV Right ventricular branch
RV Right ventricle
RVD Reference vessel diameter
RVOT Right ventricular outflow tract
RX Rapid exchange
SA Sinoatrial
SAFARI Subintimal arterial flossing with antegrade–retrograde intervention
SAFER Saphenous Vein Graft Angio-plasty Free of Emboli Randomized
SAH Subarachnoid haemorrhage
SAM Systolic anterior motion
SAQ Seattle Angina Questionnaire
SAVED Saphenous Vein De Novo
SAVM Spinal arteriovenous malformation
SAVR Surgical aortic valve replacement
SB Side branch
SBME Simulation-based medical education
SBP Systolic blood pressure
SCA Single coronary artery
SCAD Stable coronary artery disease
SCAI Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interven-tions
SCB Sirolimus-coated balloon
SCCT Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography
SCD Sudden cardiac death
SCE Slender Club Europe
SCJ Slender Club Japan
SCMR Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
SCPC Society of Cardiovascular Patient Care
SCr Serum creatinine
SDF Spinal dural fistula
SDM Shared decision making
SDP Segmental Doppler pressures
SDT Signal detection theory
SEC Spontaneous echo contrast
SEI Stent eccentricity index
SES Self-expanding stent
SES Sirolimus-eluting stent
SEV Self-expanding valve
SFA Superficial femoral artery
SHI Statutory Health Insurance
SHIELD Combining Robotic-Stenting and Proactive Shielding Techniques in the Catheter-ization Laboratory to Achieve Lowest Possible Radiation Exposure to Physicians and Staff
SHOCK Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic Shock
SICP Society of Invasive Cardiovascular Professionals
SID Source-to-image distance
SIHD Stable ischaemic heart disease
SIS Small intestinal submucosa
SMC Smooth muscle cells
SMILE Single-Staged Compared With Multi-Staged PCI in Multivessel NSTEMI Patients
SN Sinoatrial nodal arter0079
SOD Source-to-object distance
SOLACI Sociedad Latino Americana de Cardiologia Intervencionista
SOP Standard operation operating procedure
SOS Satisfaction of search
SOS Stenting of Saphenous Vein Grafts
SPARC Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine
SPECT Single-photon emission computed tomography
SPF Spinal pial fistula
Abbreviations
XLVI
SPIDER Saphenous Vein Graft Protection in a Distal Embolic Protection Randomized Trial
SPRINT A Randomized Trial of Intensive versus Standard Blood-Pressure Control
SRF Systolic retrograde flow
SS Sigmoid sinus
SS Stainless steel
SSFP Steady-state free precession pulse sequence
SSS Superior sagittal sinus
ST Stent thrombosis
ST Systemic thrombolysis
STA Superficial temporal artery
STAR Subintimal tracking and reentry
STEMI ST-elevation myocardial infarction
STEMI ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
STEMI-RADIAL ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated by Radial or Femoral Approach
STICH Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure
STING Stents in Grafts
STR ST-segment resolution
STRAW Subintimal transcatheter withdrawal
STS Society of Thoracic Surgeons
STS Sodium tetradecyl sulfate
Sv Sievert
SVC Superior vena cava
SVG Saphenous vein aortocoro-nary bypass graft
SVG Saphenous vein graft
SVM Society for Vascular Medicine
SVS Society for Vascular Surgery
SYMBIOT III A Prospective, Randomized Trial of a Self-Expanding PTFE Stent Graft During SVG Intervention
SYMPLICITY A Controlled Trial of Renal Denervation for Resistant Hypertension
SYNTAX – SYNTAX Synergy Between PCI with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery
SYNTAX Synergy Between PCI with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery
SYNTAX Synergy Between Percutane-ous Coronary Intervention with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery
T1DM Type 1 diabetes mellitus
T2DM Type 2 diabetes mellitus
TA Transapical
TAG Trisacyl gelatin
TAGM Tris-acryl gelatin microspheres
TAPSE Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion
TASC TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus
TAVI Transcatheter aortic valve implantation
TAVR Transcatheter aortic valve repair
TAVR Transcatheter aortic valve replacement
TBLG Turbo booster laser guide
TCD Transcranial Doppler
TCFA Thin-cap fibroatheroma
TD Time domain
TE Turbo-Elite
TEE Transesophageal echocar-diography
TEVAR Thoracic endovascular aortic repair
TF Transfemoral
TFA Transfemoral approach
Tg Glass transition temperature
THI Tinnitus Handicap Inventory
THV Transcatheter heart valve
TIA Transient ischaemic attack
TIMI Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction
TJC The Joint Commission
TLR Target lesion revascularization
TMVR Transcatheter mitral valve replacement
TN True negative
TOF Time of flight (magnetic resonance angiography)
TP True positive
tPA Tissue plasminogen activator
TQM Total quality management
TR Transradial
Abbreviations
XLVII
TR Tricuspid regurgitation
TRA Transradial approach
TS Transverse sinus
TSP Trans-septal puncture
TT Turbo-Tandem
TTE Transthoracic echocardiography
TTO Temporary test occlusion
TV Tricuspid valve
TVann Tricuspid valve annular plane
TVF Target vessel failure
TVIV Transcatheter valve-in-valve
TV-MI Target vessel myocardial infarction
TVR Target vessel revascularization
TVT Transcatheter valve technology
TVT Transcatheter valve therapy
UAP Unstable angina pectoris
UAT Ultrasound-accelerated thrombolysis
UE-DVT Upper extremity DVT
UEMS European Union of Medical Specialists
UFH Unfractionated heparin
US Ultrasound
US United States
USAT Ultrasound-accelerated catheter-directed thrombolysis
USMLE US Medical Licensing Examination
UV Ultraviolet
VA Vessel area
VARC Valve Academic Research Consortium
VCD Vascular closure device
VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor
VELETI Moderate Vein Graft Lesion Stenting with the Taxus Stent and Intravascular Ultrasound
venc or VENC Encoded velocity
VGAM Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation
VH Virtual Histology™
VHD Valvular heart disease
VIV Valve-in-valve
VM Venous malformation
VPT Venous pulsatile tinnitus
VQI Vascular Quality Initiative
VSD Ventricular septal defect
VSMC Vascular smooth muscle cell
VSR Ventricular septal rupture
VSS Venous sinus stenting
VTE Venous thromboembolism
VVG Versicherungsvertragsge-setz [Insurance Contract Act]
WDR Wound-directed revascular-ization
WEB Woven endobridge
WHO World Health Organization
WSS Wall shear stress
XB Extra backup catheter
XCA X-ray coronary angiography
ZES Zotarolimus-eluting stent
Abbreviations