CONNECTICUT

N E W HAVEN, CONN.

BULLETIN 1 9 1 , APRIL, 1 9 1 6 .

T E S T S O F S O Y B E A N S , 1915. By E. H . JENKINS, J O H N PHILLIPS STREET A N D

C. D. HUBBELL.

Corn and Soy Ijeans at Mt. Carmcl.

C O N T E N T S . Page

Yield of Seed from new, unnamed Varieties.. ... . . .. .. ... . . . . .. . ...... 3

Comparison of Yield of Feed of Soy Beans, Alfalfa a n d Ensilage

Soy Beans a s Food for Diabetics .. . . . . . . . . ... . . . .. . . . ... .. . . ... . .. ... I 3

Report on named Varieties grown in 191j . . .. . . . . ... ..... . .. . . .... . . .. 4 Number of Days to Maturity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ 5 Comparison of Avcrage Yields in 1914and 1915. .. . . . . .. . . ... ... 5 Comparison of Varieties.. . . . . . . .. . . ....... . ... . .. .... . . . .... . . 6

Corn and of Mixtures ..................................... 7 Note on Time of Planting. .. . .. ... . . . .. . . . ....... . . ... .... . ... . 8

Soy R e a n s a s Green Manure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Results of Field Tests on Soy Beans . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .. . . ... . .... . .. . . . 9 Directions for planting Soy Beans . . ... . . . . . . .... . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 13

The Bulletins of this Station are mailed free to citizens of Con-necticut who apply for them, and to others as far as the editions permit.

CONNECTICUT AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

OFFICERS AND STAFF.

BOARD O F CONTROL.

His Excellency, Marcus H. Holcomb, ex-oficio, President. Prof. H. W. Conn, Vice President ......................... Middletown George A. Hopson, Secretary ..............................Wallingford E. H. Jenkins, Director and Treasurer .....................New Haven Joseph W. Alsop ................................................Avon Wilson H. Lee ................................................Orange Frank H. Stadtmueller ...................................... Elmwood James H. Webb :.............................................Hamden

Administration. E. H. JENKINS, Plr.D., Director and Treasurer. MISS V. E. COLE,Librarian and Stenographer. MISS L. hf. BRAUTLECHT,Bookkeeper and Stenographer. WILLIAM VEITCH, I n charge o f B~rildings and G r o u ~ d s .

Chemistry. Analytical Laboratory. JOHN PHILLIP^ STREET, M.S., Chc?nist i n Charge.

E. MONROEBAILEY, PH.D., C. B. MORISON, B.S., C. 2. SHEPARD,G. L. DAVIS,Assistants. HUGOLANCE,Laboratory Helper. V. L. CHURCHILL,Sampling Agcnt. AIrss E. B. WIIITTLESEY, Stenographer.

Proteid Research. T. B. OSBORNE,PH.D., D.Sc.. Cdelnisl i n Charge. MISS 2. L. FERRY, M.S., Assistant.

Botany. G. P. CLINTON, Sc.D., Botanist. E. hf. STODDARD,B.S., Assistant Botanist. MISS E. B. WHITTLESEY, Herbarium Assistant. G. E. GRAHAM, General Assistant.

Entomology. W. E. BRITTON,Px.D., Entomologist; S fa te Entotirologist. B. H . WALDEN.B.AGR.,Fks t Assistant. Q. S. LOWRY,B.Sc., I. W. DAVIS, B.Sc.,/ AsSiStants. 14. P. ZAPPE, B.S:, MISS G. A. POOTE, B.A., Stenographer.

Forestry. WALTER0.FILLEY,Forester; also State Forester and State Forest Fire Warden.

A. E. Moss, M.F., Assistant Station Forester. MISS E. L. AVERY,Stenographer.

Plant Breeding. DONALDF. JONES, B.S., Plant Breeder. C. D. HUBBELL, AsSiStaut.

Vegetable Growing. H o w ~ mF. HUBER, B.S.

TESTS OF SOY BEANS IN 1915.

This Bulletin is a continuation of the study of the soy bean under Connecticut conditions, which has been carried on for some years and has been described in part in Bulletins 179 and 185. I t presents the data gathered in 1915.

Twenty varieties, chiefly new introductions, as yet unnamed, were grown in I915 in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, to determine their period of growth and yield of seed. I t was not possible to determine their' yield of forage. The results are given in Table I.

These varieties were planted May 26 in rows 30 inches apart, plants standing about 4 inches apart in the row. The calculated area for each variety was 250 square feet or only T-;T of an acre. Soy beans had been grown on this same land for two years pre- viouslp, between the trees in an apple orchard five years old. This land was dressed in 1915 with 45 pounds of nitrogen and 95 pounds of phosphoric acid in form of nitrate of soda, acid phosphate and tankage. No potash was applied because of its scarcity and high price.

No. Date of

Rlossom. Days to

Maturity.

Yield per Acre in Bushels.

37063 36914

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. ................ July

" 12

14 97 97

19.6 18.6

36919 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 18 I 0 0 26.I 36653 ................. " 14 100 22.9

*Mr. C. D. Hubbell, the farm manager, has had charge of the field work and gathering the field data, the chemical work has been done under the direction of Mr. J. P. Street, chief chemist, and the results have been arranged and discussed by the director.

4 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 191.

No. Date of

Blossom. Days to

Maturity.

Yield perAcre in Bushels.

................. July 18

................. " 18

................. " 20

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 18

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (' 18

................. ' I 20

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 18

................. " 18

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 18

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 18

................. 25

................. " 20

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 20

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 20

................. Aug. 12

................. " 15

The last variety did not mature seed, being killed by frost. Four others, marked +, did not mature their seed uniformly at one time but it was dry when threshed and lost no weight during a month's storage. The average yield of all varieties was at the rate of 23.3 bushels per acre. No comparison of the yields of these varieties is attempted because of the small size of the plots and lack of duplication. W e are advised that No. 30744 is Black Eyebrow. Fifteen of these 20 varieties could be grown for forage and even seed production in the southern part of the state, and fully half of them would give a crop of forage anywhere in Connecticut.

REPORTON NAMEDVARIETIES GROWN IN 1915.

In Table I1 are given the data regarding named varieties grown by the Station, being the same as those grown in I914 and described in Bulletin 185. . Quebec 92 and Quebec 537 obtained from Macdonald College, Quebec, appear to be selections of I to San.

Kentucky is a mixed variety from Manchuria, grown one year in Kentucky and one year in Connecticut.

The beans were planted May 19th in the same orchard and with the same treatment as those already described. They were cultivated a few times but not after July I.

The figures given in the table are chiefly interesting in com-parison with those for the same varieties grown last year and given in Bulletin 185.

Number of Days to Maturity-The number of days to matur- ity was slightly greater this year than last. Hollybroolc and Pelting were I5 days later, Quebec and Arlington 10days later in 1915,and the other thirteen varieties were not more than 6 days apart in time of maturity in the two years.

The crops in 1915 were perhaps a little less mature when cut for forage. They contained 7.1 per cent more water than those of 1914.

Comparison of Average Yields in I9I4 and 1915-Further comparison of average yields follows, based only on those varieties which were grown for two years until harvest without accident, and expressed in pounds per acre.

DryForage. Matter. Protein. Seed.

Thirteen varieties in 1914 ......... 17357 5275 902 1438 Same varieties in fgrj ............. 16941 4056 739 1408

The average, maximum and minimum yields per acre in the two years (of those varieties only which were successfully grown in both years) are as follows:-

Fresh Forage. Max. Min. Av.

Dry Matter. Max. Min. Av.

Protein in Pounds. Max. Min. Av.

1914 . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6 6.5 8.6 3.1 1.6 2.6 1,116 624 902

1915 ........... 9.9 5.9 8.4 2.6 1.3 2.0 1,001 475 739

Nitrogen in Pounds. Seed in Bushels. Max. Min. Av. Max. Min. Av.

1914 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 99 144 30.9 14.8 23.9 1915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 76 rrg 29.0 18.6 23.4

The average yield of dry feed was about 1200 pounds less in 1915than in 1914.The dry feed was however somewhat richer in protein in 1915, containing about 18.2per cent, whereas the same varieties in I914 contained 17.1per cent.

-- ~. .

Data regarding yield of forage.

I !

Variety. Yield of seed

I to San ...... 114 Quebec No. 537 I14

Quebec No. 92 : * I I ~ Medium Yellow 114

Manhattan Kentucky . .. . . . . . . 1 114 119 O'Kute . . . . . . . 119 Ebony ........ 119 Medium Green 126 Wilson ....... 126 Mongol ....... 126 Morse ........ 126 Mikado ....... 126 Arlington .... . 134 Swan ......... 134 Peking ... . . .. 139 Cloud ......... 139 Hollybrook . . . 145

From this it appears that the average harvest of green forage and also of seed was but little smaller in 1915 than in the previous year.

But when cut for forage in 1915 only about three-quarters as much dry matter and protein were harvested as in 1914. The crops of green forage in 1914 contained an average of only 69.0 per cent of water when cut, whereas those in 1915 contained 76.1, a difference of 7.1 per cent.

Soy beans have been grown on the same land for three years in succession, which may account in part at least for the some- what smaller yields in 1915.

Comparison of Varieties-The results of two years' tests of those varieties which grew successfully in both years, indicate that the Wilson, Ebony and Cloud were in both years among the six which yielded most dry matter in the green forage. These are small, black seeded varieties, Cloud is distinctly twining, Ebony is erect but falls easily. W e consider Manhattan, Arlington and Kentucky to be excellent kinds also.

* Past maturity, leaves falling.

- - - - - - -

7 COMPARISON O F SOY BEANS, ALFALFA AND CORN.

is a mixture of similar strains. have been separated this year and two of the most promising are to be propagated.

The soy bean appears to cross fertilize sparingly. The early, medium and late varieties which we have grown

are given below, and in each group the varieties are in the order of their maturing, the earliest first.

Early Varieties-Mature in 104-118 days. Quebec 92, Quebec 537, Medium Yellow, Ito San, Kentucky, Manhattan, Ebony.

Mediunz Varieties-Mature in 120-124 days. Medium Green, Mongol, Miltado, Pelting, O'ICute, Wilson, Arlington.

Late Varieties-Mature in 130-135 days. Hollybrook, Swan, Morse and Cloud.

As is. to be expected, the earliest maturing varieties yield less dry forage than the others.

The latest varieties as a rule yield rather more than the earliest and the medium maturing varieties have been, in general, the most productive.

Comparison of i~zlze Yield of Feed of Soy Beans, Alfalfa and Ensilage Corn and of Mixtures-The tests made in the last two years fix with sufficient accuracy the approximate average yield of forage which may be expected from an acre of soy beans cut when the foliage is still green but mature.

There may fairly be expected a t least 8% tons of fresh forage having the following composition: For comparison is given in Table 111the average yield of seven varieties of ensilage corn

~ e n t u c l c ~ By selection, these

Mature Soy Ben11 Fornpe. Alfalfa. Ensilage Corn. ---C----. A , A _ _ -

Water . . . . . . . . 73.0 12,410 .... .... .... .... .... Ash .......... 2.4 408 .... .... . . . . .... . . . . Protein ....... 4.6 782 602 1,360 1,006 559 347 Fiber ......... 7.9 1,343 604 2,276 956 2,223 1,423 Nitrogen-f ree

Extract . . . . . 10.7 1,819 1,365 3,133 2,256 5,297 4,078 Fat ........... 1.4 238 1 2 6 . 167 63 159 121

100.0 .... 5697 6,936 4,281 .... 5,969

*The coefficients of digestibility used in this bulletin are those given in Henry's Feeds and Feeding, 15th Ed.

8 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 191.

grown in 1914, averaged 21% tons of fresh fodder per acre, and of a year's yield from a measured acre of alfalfa.

A mixture of one part soy bean forage with three parts ensilage corn is recommended by several stations as making an excellent silage, and the Ohio Station states that a mixture of one to two may be used successfully.

The composition of such mixtures, based on the composition of the corn and soy beans as grown in our tests, is given in Table IV.

TABLE IV. NUTRIENTS (STATED IN POUNDS)I N ONE TON OF

ENSILAGECORN, SOY BEAN FORAGE MIXTURESAND

OF THE TWO. One ton One ton

One ton One ton mixture mixture ensilage

corn. soy bean

forage. 3 parts corn I " SOY.

2 parts corn I " . soy.

Protein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.12 70.80 29.8 34.4 Fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.18 71.10 67.4 67.8 Nitrogen-free Extract . . 189.73 160.50 182.4 180.0 Fat .................... 5.62 14.84 7.9 8.7

~ 7 . 6 5 Nutritive ratios . . . . . . . . I :16.6

From this table it appears that the three to one mixture has in a ton 13.7 pounds more of digestible protein, and 2.3 pounds more of digestible fat and a much narrower nutritive ratio than ensilage corn alone. The two to one mixture has more than twice as much digestible protein and 1% times as much digestible fat, with a still narrower ratio. At a time when concentrated feeds are very expensive it seems likely that soy beans may profitably be substituted for a considerable part of them. This is a question of farm economics which the station is not in a position to solve.

Note on Time of Planting-Our experience indicates that soy beans may be planted at any time'after danger of frost is over and that a slight frost on the young plants is not absolutely destructive.

In 1915 seed of the Hollybrook was planted in small plots, each of 175 square feet, at three different dates, and harvested Oct. 11. The yields were as follows:

SOY B E A N S AS GREEN M A N U R E .

Pounds of P o u ~ d s of mature forage dry niatter Pounds of Pounds of

Date of planting. per acre. per acre. protein. seed. May 5th ............ 25,389 6,896 hog6 1,045

" 15th ............ 19,415 4,902 81I 1 , 1 2 0

" 29th ............ 24,643 6,030 1,158 971

These tests are inconclusive and need to be repeated on a larger scale, but indicate no disadvantage from early planting.

Soy Beans as a Green Manure-In some cases it may be desir- able to turn under soy beans as a green manure. Where sown for this purpose they may be drilled in rows seven inches apart, which may be done with an ordinary seed drill.

An average crop of soy beans such as we have grown at Mt. Carmel in the last two years may be expected to contain, exclusive of roots, per acre

Organic matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,255 pounds Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 "

Phosphoric acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 "

Potash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 "

What part of the nitrogen is taken directly from the air by the crop cannot be determined. I t has been variously estimated from one-half to two-thirds and even more.

Recent experience indicates that it is wise to turn under a legume crop ten days or two weeks before planting the land. If immediately planted on land filled with fresh legume forage ger- mination may be retarded or prevented. W e had one experience of this kind in 1915.

Results of Field Tests of Soy Beans-Accepting the offer made in Bulletin 185, twenty-one farmers received enough seed, chiefly of the Hollybrook variety, to plant a half acre in 1915.

With the seed was sent to each a culture (Farmogerm from the Earp-Thomas Co. of Bloomfield, N. J.) sufficient to inoculate the seed.

With one exception all made report of their results to the station. One was prevented from making the test; in several cases the crop was practically ruined by woodchucks or deer; in two cases weeds suppressed the soys.

One reports that cows did not take readily to the feed but "the soys were mixed with weeds which got ahead of them."

I 0 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 191.

All the others got a good or excellent growth, full inoculation and satisfactory results.

Some of the reports are here given as a valuable supplement to the work in our experiment field:-

Harry S. Ferry, So. Glastonbury. On Sept. 14 the writer saw the crop, which stood 38-40 inches high and looked very vigor- ous. One-half of the piece was cut for hay but it moulded in the barn. The other half matured seed and was harvested Oct. 23. The estimated yield was 16 bushels per acre. He says "My driving horse will leave his hay to eat a small quantity of the threshed vines, the stems of which are as large round as a lead pencil."

Wm. Coleman, Westport, grew and fed it successfully. W. C. Robinson, Columbia, planted on clay soil with a corn

planter June st, and cut for silage Oct. 1st. The crop was three feet high and the roots well supplied with nodules.

Thomas H. Williams, Southington, planted May 28th after harrowing in 250 lbs. of acid phosphate; rows 2 5 feet apart. .Sept 15th the crop stood 44 inches high and from a measured rod yielded 150 lbs., which is equivalent to 24,000 pounds per acre, a very large yield. On Oct. 11 the seed was harvestec but owing probably to difficulty of threshing he got only g bushels of seed per acre.

Albert T. Rowe, East Glastonbury, writes : "I am satisfied that they are valuable for feeding green and

a good soil improve'r. They grew very rapidly, had nodules, some of them inch in diameter. Planted 28 inches apart the vines met between the rows and showed an unbroken green field. Have tried alfalfa with poor success and if soy beans give me the satisfaction in future that they ha;e this year I do not think I will try alfalfa again. The only objection to them is that the stems grew rather tough before I .finished feeding them."

\V. H. Brown, R. F. D., Easthampton: "In answer to your inquiry of the 9th as to soy beans I beg

to say I planted them May 25th in drills 30 inches apart and I commenced feeding them to my hogs July 24th and have fed every day since that date. The hogs like them and seem to do well on them.

I think soy beans might be a remarlcable crop to grow; in fact I think they have done remarkably for me under the condi-

FIELD TESTS O F SOY BEANS. I I

tions. I planted them on the poorest land I have, sandy river bank, and put no fertilizer on land a t all. I cultivated them only once, and when they were about six inches up we had a heavy hail storm and cut them up very bad, and yet I have a good piece of beans. I think they will average about three feet high.

I expect to let part of mine go to seed so as to plant several acres next year for hay on this same land where I have never been able to grow anything a t a profit. I can report more fully later on. I live just across the river from Higganum depot."

J. D. Kelsey Pr Son, Madison, used them successfully in a young orchard for a corn crop. They also sowed a small area broadcast. The beans grew well and the forage was fed green to two milch cows with excellent results. "We think they are great for milk."

Orrin Case, East Granby: "The soys could not be planted till June 16. They were planted in drills 2 feet apart on land quite free from weeds and cultivated once. They now, Sept. 15, stand over 4 feet tall and are very large and dark green in color. Pods are just forming." '

N. E. Whiting, Norwich, planted the crop June 2d in drills 3 feet apart. On Sept. g the plants stood 3% feet high and the lower leaves were beginning to mature. The roots were covered with nodules, and the crop, mixed with corn, was to be cut into the silo.

The following very interesting reports we copy entire: "About one-third of our patch of S/4 acre was nibbled off by

woodchucks before we were able to control these by methods suggested by the farm bureau agent, Mr. Wright. This hap- pened when plants were six inches high, but these plants recovered and made a fine second growth of tops.

The inoculation was perfect. All roots were thickly covered with nodules, and the crop was a fine healthy green color and made a sturdy growth. W e fed a small area green to some six month old heifers and these ate the plants eagerly, stripping the stalks and eating all the branches except a portion of the main stalk.

W e intended to put the main part of the crop into the silo, but put only about 2% tons in, as our silo got full before we finished the piece. This portion was cut on September 10th.

I 2 CONNECTICUT EXPERIIIENT STATION BULLETIN 191.

W e have no report yet on the feeding value of the ensilage, as we do not open this silo until about January 15th. The ensilage looked very good and packed nicely.

W e did not touch the remainder of the field until September 22d, when we moved it and cured it in coclcs for hay. I t was too late for best results as hay, I am afraid, as the stalks were woody, and the beans were almost full in the pod. The hay yielded us, by weight, after curing in the cock ten days, under covers,--IOI pounds from 25 feet square plot, or 625 square feet." (This equals 3% tons per acre.)

"The beans moulded slightly in the pod, but not much. W e fed one large two-horse load of this cured hay to our milkers. This was used in the stable to supplement our late fall pasturage, and a slight increase of milk flow resulted all throughout the herd. The cows were eager a t all times for the hay and cleaned up all but the stalks, which were used as bedding. The increased milk flow, however, was also maintained by following the soy bean hay with mixed hay rowen.

The rest of 'the soy beans were fed out of the coclcs to the young heifers in pasture. They would all come running down the hill to the fence as soon as the beans were thrown over. They cleaned the hay up very well and seemed to make a perceptible increase in growth while the hay lasted. The soil used was a fairly rich piece of light loam. A big root development was made.

W e were, in all, well pleased with the crop, and will use it next season as a forage crop for our milkers, cutting it earlier than we did this past season.

W e also used a variety of soy bean, Harris's Medium Early Green. W e planted this variety in the hills with our silo corn, also in the hills with our Evergreen sweet corn, for forage, and were much pleased with that arrangement and also with that variety. I t blossomed and formed pods earlier than the Holly- brook, and although its height was less, its stalk was less woody. W e expect our ensilage to be much better because of it.

W e are convinced that soy beans are a valuable crop and one that can be grown to advantage on New England dairy farms.

W e consider it a mistake to plant the soy beans in rows 26 inches apart. They should be from 32 to 36 inches apart, so that a horse cultivator can be used."

SOY BEANS AS FOOD FOR DIABETICS. '3

Choose land in fair condition; poor rather than rich. Liming is not essential ; 200 pounds of acid phosphate per acre may pay.

Inoculation is generally desirable, using 500 pounds of soil from a soy bean field or an artificial culture which can be bought.

Plant at corn planting time or not later than the first week in June.

For forage, drill in rows 28 inches apart, plants about 2 to 3 inches apart in the row and cover seed about one inch deep.

Keep weeds down by cultivation till the crop is a foot high. Cutting for soiling may begin when the pods form, and for

ensilage soy beans should be harvested before the lower leaves turn yellow and drop.

For seed, cut or pull plants after all leaves have fallen and the pods are brown.

SOY BEANS AS FOOD FOR DIABETICS.

Following is a very brief outline of a paper* by Messrs. J. P. Street and E. M. Bailey of this Station.

In recent years various soy bean preparations have come into quite extensive use as special foods for the diabetic. The soy bean is especially suited for such a dietary as it is very rich in protein and fat, and furthermore contains only traces of starch, although analysis shows from 20 to 25 per cent of "nitrogen-free extract."

The form of the carbohydrates, ho~vever, is vital to the claims of special value of soy beans as food for diabetics, for starch is not by any means the only carbohydrate which is objectionable in their diet.

The authors have therefore made a thorough study of the nitrogen-free extract and fiber of 3Iollybrook soy bean seed grown at Mt. Carmel and thoroughly ripe when harvested.

The proximate percentage composition of the beans was Water .......................................... 12.67 Ash ............................................ 4.64 Protein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36.69 Nitrogen-free extract and fiber .................. 31.08 Fat ............................................. 14.92

I00.00

*Journal of Indust. and Engineering Chem., Vol. 7, No. 10, p: 853.

I 4 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 191.

The analysis of nitrogen-free extract and fiber, by n~et l~ods described in the paper, yielded

Galactan* ....................................... 4.86 Pentosan ....................................... 4.94 Organic acids (as citric) ........................ I .44 Invert sugar .................................... 0.07 Sucrose ........................................ 3.31 Raffinose ....................................... 1.13 Starch ......................................... 0.50 Cellulose ........................................ 3.29 Undetermined hemicelluloses .................... 0.04 Dextrin ......................................... 3.14 Waxes, color principles, tannins, etc. (by diff.) ..

-8.60

31.32 Galactan from raffinose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.24

The organic acids, celluloses and ~vaxes, etc., certainly cannot be regarded as objectionable, nor are galactans or the pentosans generally considered dangerous. This leaves only 8.15 per cent of "extract" ~vhich is considered objectionable in a strict diabetic diet. This is less, it is believed, than occurs in any other unmanipulated vegetable products having a considerable protein content.

* Including 0.24 per cent derived from raffinose.