testo, tessuto e calcolatori it is known as a fact that the jacquard loom is capable of weaving any...

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Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori “It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It is also the constant practice for skilled artists to be employed by manufacturers in designing patterns. These patterns are then sent to a peculiar artist, who, by means of a certain machine, punches holes in a set of pasteboard cards in such a manner that when those cards are placed in a Jacquard loom, it will then weave upon its produce the exact pattern designed by the artist. … “ (C. Babbage, 1864)

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Page 1: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori

“It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It is also the constant practice for skilled artists to be employed by manufacturers in designing patterns. These patterns are then sent to a peculiar artist, who, by means of a certain machine, punches holes in a set of pasteboard cards in such a manner that when those cards are placed in a Jacquard loom, it will then weave upon its produce the exact pattern designed by the artist. … “ (C. Babbage, 1864)

Page 2: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Tessere formule algebriche

Now the manufacturer may use, for the warp and weft of his work, threads which are all of the same colour; let us suppose them to be unbleached or white threads. In this case the cloth will be woven all of one colour; but there will be a damask pattern upon it such as the artist designed. But the manufacturer might use the same cards, and put into the warp threads of any other colour. Every thread might even be of a different colour, or of a different shade of colour; but in all these cases the form of the pattern will be precisely the same--the colours only will differ.

Page 3: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Il telaio Jacquard

Page 4: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Tessere formule algebricheThe analogy of the Analytical Engine with this well-known process is nearly perfect. The Analytical Engine consists of two parts:-- 1. The store in which all the variables to be operated upon, as well as all those quantities which have arisen from the result of other operations, are placed. 2. The mill into which the quantities about to be operated upon are always brought.(…)Every formula which the Analytical Engine can be required to compute consists of certain algebraical operations to be performed upon given letters, and of certain other modifications depending on the numerical value assigned to those letters. (…)

The Analytical Engine is therefore a machine of the most general nature. Whatever formula it is required to develop, the law of its development must be communicated to it by two sets of cards. When these have been placed, the engine is special for that particular formula.

Page 5: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

La Macchina Analitica

The Difference Engine

Page 6: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

La Macchina Analitica (2)

Page 7: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

L’architettura di Von Neumann

ALU

Control Unit

OutputInputProgramma

Dati

Page 8: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

La Memoria

. . .0 1 2 N-1

Cella

512 31

Unita’ atomica, bitCella (o Parola)

ValoriIndirizzi

Page 9: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Organizzazione dei Dati

Ogni informazione per poter essere elaborata necessita di una esplicita rappresentazione in memoriaTipi di dati

NumericiTestualiIbridiMultimedialiAvanzati (e.g. MP3)

Diverse tipologie richiedono organizzazioni e strutture diverse

Page 10: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Dati in un DBMS (record)

Page 11: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Dati in un DBMS (record) (2)

Page 12: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Dati in un DBMS (pagine)

Page 13: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Dati in un DBMS (pagine) (2)

Page 14: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Strutture dei dati

Tipi dati primitivi (es. interi, date, …)Record (es. <nome-cognome-CF-Media>)Array di records - File di recordsOggetti e classi

TDP

record

record set

Oggetti - TDA

Page 15: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Grafi

Il problema del commesso viaggiatore …

I ponti di Konigsberg

Soluzione di Eulero

"Solutio problematis ad geometriam

situs pertinentis" (1736)

Page 16: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Equivalenza e Generalizzazione

Es. frazioni:1/2, 2/4, 6/123/5, 15/25, 30/50

Molti dati (puntuali) esprimono una informazione equivalenteRelazione di Equivalenza ()

(riflessivita’) A A (simmetria) A B B A (antisimmetria)AB not (BA) (transitivita’) A B e B C A C

1/2 3/5

Page 17: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Equivalenza e Generalizzazione

Tipi di Equivalenze (vs. proprietà)Es. sostituibilita’ nelle lingue, categorie grammaticali, e.g. nomi/verbi/aggettiviGenere e numero (nomi)Isotopie

Fonetiche (…. perche’, … fuorche’)Fonetiche e semantiche ( … onde, tacque, donde, acque)

Le proprietà distinguono oggetti nelle stesse classi

N Stessa categoria Sint.

Stesso genere

V A

m f

Page 18: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Equivalenza e Generalizzazione

Classi di equivalenza diverse non possono essere confrontate

Isotopie di natura diversaIl genere vs. la forma verbale

Classi di equivalenza in livelli diversi danno luogo ad ordinamenti parziali

Es. tutti le parole x che sono “f” sono nomi N,

x f(x) N(x) f N

Page 19: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Relazioni di ordine parziale

{1,2,3}

{1,3}

{2}

{1} {3}

{2,3}{1,2}

2A ,

A={1,2,3} 2A = {, {1},{2},{3},{1,2},…,{1,2,3} }

Page 20: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Ereditarietà

La nozione di sottoclasse stabilisce una relazione d’ordine parziale tra gli insiemi, cioe’ le classi, che implica un meccanismo di ereditarieta’ tra gli individui che appartengono a tali s.i.

Ogni x in f eredita anche tutte le proprieta’ di N, Ogni N,V ed A possiede tutte le caratteristiche delle P

P

N Stessa categoria Sint.

Stesso genere

V A

m f

Page 21: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Semantica della Elaborazione dei Dati

Una struttura di dati anche molto complessa fornisce sempre una precisa semantica definita da

Proprietà intrinseche (per es. numero di figli per ogni nodo della gerarchia)Insieme di operazioni legali su tale struttura (per es. propagazione della ereditarietà)

Una struttura di dati implicitamente determina la sua interpretazione (cioè le caratteristiche richieste al suo interprete)

Page 22: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Verso l’IA: Logica ed Inferenza

Le strutture in cui sono organizzati dati piu’ i meccanismi di navigazione ed elaborazione che essi rendono disponibile forniscono strumenti di ragionamento automatico:

Inferenza logicaEreditarietà (subsumption)AnalogiaSimilarita’Abduzione

Page 23: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Reti semantiche

Page 24: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It
Page 25: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It
Page 26: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Applicazioni (4): TAL

Grammatiche

Page 27: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Disambiguazione

Page 28: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Ontologie

Madre

Donna

Femmina

Persona

Genitore

figli (1,0)

Donna Persona Femmina

figli(ANNA,JACOPO)

Page 29: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Navigando tessuti elettronici …

Page 30: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Reti Neuronali e Memorie Associative

Page 31: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Memorie Associative

Page 32: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Modelli Markoviani di fenomeni testuali

Page 33: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Diagramma degli stati e Trellis

Page 34: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Lattice (1)

Page 35: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Applicazioni nel TAL

POS tagging

Page 36: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Approccio Markoviano

Stati POS tag pi (i time stamps)

Transizioni pi pi+1

Emissione simbolo: zi+1

Page 37: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Conclusioni (?)

Il calcolo sin presenta si dalle origini come “tessitura” cioè intreccio tra operazioni e dati,

rappresentati in modo equivalente in trame,funzionale ad uno obbiettivo specifico

Le strutture dei dati in informatica rappresentano informazioni di crescente complessità e si adattano alle realta’ (significati) che intendono modellare ma …forniscono una semantica univoca ai processi di calcolo fino ad includerne alcune caratteristiche

Page 38: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Conclusioni (2)

In modo ricorsivo le organizzazioni dei dati complesse consentono il trattamento dei fenomeni testuali complessi …Ribaltamento dei ruoli tra

le organizzazioni dei dati (testi come strutture gerarchiche) e le operazioni su di essi (es. disambiguazione come navigazione nei modelli “testuali” di ragionamento)

Tali meccanismi di inferenza sono applicati ricorsivamente dagli elementi più semplici fino alla generazione delle strutture complesse (e.g. grafi alle dipendenze a partire dalla disambiguazione sintattica locale alle parole)

Page 39: Testo, Tessuto e Calcolatori It is known as a fact that the Jacquard loom is capable of weaving any design which the imagination of man may conceive. It

Elaborazione, Programmazione e Linguaggi

Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace (1815-1852)

Rappresentazione dei datiControllo delle sequenze e loop

Il linguaggio di programmazione, ADA