testing of protective outdoor garments
TRANSCRIPT
1
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
Testing of Protective Outdoor Garments
Charlie ThwaitesW. L. Gore & Associates Inc., Livingston, Scotland
Uli SpindlerW. L. Gore & Associates GmbH, Putzbrunn, Germany
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
Content
1. General testing approach: from fabrics to garments in the field
2. Lab tests• protection against rain• protection against wind
3. Methods to predict the protection from• cold strain• heat strain
4. Tests that differentiate good and bad base-layers
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
Content
1. General testing approach: from fabrics to garments in the field
2. Lab tests• protection against rain• protection against wind
3. Methods to predict the protection from• cold strain• heat strain
4. Tests that differentiate good and bad base-layers
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
Level One: Physical analysis of fabrics using the Sweatinghot plate, Base layers - sensorial tests
Level Two: Biophysical analysis of clothingsystems using moving thermal manikin
Ventilation measurements
Level Four: Controlledand limited Field test
Predictive CalculationsPhysiological / empirical
models
Predictive Calculationsclothing models
General testing approachFrom fabrics in the lab to garments in the field for comfort
According to:
Level Three: Controlled wearer testswith subjects in a Climatic Chamber
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
Fabrics are tested on the Skin ModelRct and Ret Measurements (ISO 11 092) “ Physiological effects”
RctThermal Resistance to conductiveheat transfer (textile)The larger the value,the more insulating the fabric
RetThermal Resistance to evaporativeheat transfer (textile)The smaller the value,the more water vapour permeable the fabric
>20Unsatisfactory
13 to 20Satisfactory
6 to 13Highly Breathable
<6Extremely Breathable
Ret [m2 . Pa / W]Rating
Regarding shell fabric
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
Level 2Manikin evaluation of clothing for evaporative and thermal resistance
Manikin withsweating skin
• heated
• articulated
• measurement of thermalinsulation
• calculation or measurement ofevaporative resistance
Dressed manikin
2
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0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
Dry Rain - good DWR Rain - no DWR
Man
ikin
Rc
Tors
oin
cl. a
ir b
ound
ary
laye
r [m
²*s/
W]
Influence of Water Repellency on Heat Loss in the RainEffect Decreases with Increasing Insulation
Gore internal study on manikin at Cord2-Layer unlined jacket + long sleeved t-shirt
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
RainWet Clothing loses its Thermal Insulation
SourceFour Inns walk - G Pugh study on Clothing insulation and accidental hypothermia 1966
Thermal insulation [m²*K/W]
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
Typical clothing + plastic over anorak[=DRY]Four Inns walk: typical clothing anorak +hood, cotton garments =[WET]
Insulation value of wet clothing is reducedby about 70% over a wide range ofwater content
• Heat loss in wet clothing is about 3times higher than in dry clothing
• Wind speed 14 kph
• Thermal insulationmeasured on movingsubjects
• Values are of the clothingalone, omitting theboundary air layer
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
Level 2Ventilation can be measured on manikins or more naturally on humans
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
WIN
DS
TOP
PE
R®
stan
ding
ven
tscl
osed
WIN
DS
TOP
PE
R®
wal
king
ven
tscl
osed
WIN
DS
TOP
PE
R®
wal
king
ven
tsop
en
air p
erm
flee
cest
andi
ng v
ents
clos
ed
air p
erm
flee
cew
alki
ng v
ents
clos
ed
air p
erm
flee
cew
alki
ng v
ents
open
Vent
ilatio
n ra
te [
L / m
in ]
Ventilation rate of standard fleece and air impermeable fleeceNo change if worn under rain suit
• Ventilation rate of GORE-TEX® suitworn with either windproof or air permeable fleece underneath
• no difference in ventilation rates under these conditions
Vents open = Pit zips, cuffs neck
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
Thermal insulation vs. ventilation rate
0.000
0.025
0.050
0.075
0.100
0.125
0.150
0.175
0.200
0.225
0.250
0 5 10 15 20 25
Ventilation rate L / min
Tota
l the
rmal
Insu
latio
nm
2 K /
W
See Withey, Relationship between clothingventilation and thermal insulationAIHA 2002 63 ; 262-268
Correlation of ventilation rate and thermal insulationMeasured simultaneously on a thermal manikin
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
• Measurement of physiological effectof clothing
– thermal strain• core body temperature
– skin temp– microclimate temperature and
relative humidity– work rate– perceived exertion– tolerance time etc.
Level 3Human subject testing in climatic chambers
3
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Disadvantages of chamber testingChamber tests should be done only if strictly needed
• Can involve considerable discomfort(see pictures)
• Human subject tests– time consuming (at least 4 to 8
weeks)– costly (£ 40 to 80,000)– minimum of 8 subjects needed
• To avoid them, enormous amounts oftime and effort were invested to relatemanikin data with wear trials
• Human subject tests will always beneeded, but with predictive modelsthey can be minimised
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
Content
1. General testing approach: from fabrics to garments in the field
2. Lab tests• protection against rain• protection against wind
3. Methods to predict the protection from• cold strain• heat strain
4. Tests that differentiate good and bad base-layers
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
TestsWaterproofness and durability of waterproofness
• Hydrostatic head test
• Dry flex followed by suter testing• Wet flex followed by suter testing
• Shower tests• Field testing
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
FabricHydrostatic head test ISO 811 – destructive
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
WaterproofnessDifferent requirements of hydrostatic head pressure
1.1 1.9
30.0
25.0
2.9
0
5
10
15
20
25
EN 343class 1,2
EN343class 3
EN 469class 2
NFPA 1971(2007 ed)
Fire hoseSDF
EuropeanMilitary
common
US Military
Hyd
rost
ativ
hea
d M
etre
s w
ater
hea
d
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
P.S.
I.
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
Durability of waterproofness of laminatesFlex testing followed by constant pressure suter testing
• Dry Flexing –followed by Sutertesting
• Wet Flexing –followed by Sutertesting
4
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
Test for waterprofness of garmentsRain tower testing depending on end use
• Vertical “rain” is equivalent to a violent shower– 76 mm / hr
• Side nozzle flow is 4 L/min through each
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
European standard for shower tests (EN 14360 – 2004)Overhead rain only – for some applications not severe enough
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
Field Tests for durability of waterproofness
• Need– Sufficient number of
garments (>40) for statistics– Reference fabric of known
durability• Half and half garments
ensure equal use andreduce number ofsamples
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
Effect of wind on thermal insulationMeasured with a heated cylinder or preferably a thermal manikin
Tore manikin, SwedenHeated cylinder test
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
Wind reduces the total insulation value of clothingInsulation of air permeable clothing drops drastically in the wind
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
Content
1. General testing approach: from fabrics to garments in the field
2. Lab tests• protection against rain• protection against wind
3. Methods to predict the protection from• cold strain• heat strain
4. Tests that differentiate good and bad base-layers
5
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
Protection from the ColdRequired insulation levels can be estimated
• ISO 11079 (pub. 2005):Determination of Required ClothingInsulation (IREQ)
• Calculation applet at:wwwold.eat.lth.se/Research/Thermal/IREQ2002alfa.htm
• Input– clothing thermal insulation– activity– environmental conditions
• Output– prediction of the exposure time– Required basic insulation value
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
Clothing insulation dataValues for typical clothing ensembles from ISO 11079
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Metabolic rate estimationExamples for general activities from ISO 11079 – use with care
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
How much protection from the cold is needed?Example calculation with the IREQ-software
• IREQver4 ISO 11079 Oct 2008
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
Required minimal insulation (ISO 11079)Influence of work rate and temperature
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
Protection against heat strain Influencing Factors on Body CoreTemperature and PerformanceReducing heat strain requires lowest possible evaporative resistance
Clothing• Thermal Insulation (Rc)• Waterproofness• Windproofness• evaporative Resistance (Re)• Ventilation
Ambient• Temperature• Humidity• Precipitation• Wind• Radiation
Activity• Physical power• Duration
Body temperature / Sweat rate
Person• Sex • Fitness • Age • Size • Weight
Comfort / Performance
6
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
Level One: Physical analysis of fabrics using the Sweatinghot plate, Base layers - sensorial tests
Level Two: Biophysical analysis of clothingsystems using moving thermal manikin
Ventilation measurements
Level Four: Controlledand limited Field test
Predictive CalculationsPhysiological / empirical
models
Predictive Calculationsclothing models
General testing approachFrom fabrics in the lab to garments in the field for comfort
According to:
Level Three: Controlled wearer testswith subjects in a Climatic Chamber
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
Fabric 1 Fabric 2Ret [m2*Pa/W] 5 10
skin modelFabrics• Vapour permeability (Ret)• Insulation (Rct)
Typical jacket Fabric 1 Fabric 2
Re [m2*Pa/W] 9.7 16.7
calculationsGarment pieces• Vapour permeability (Re)• Insulation (Rc)
Wearing scenario• Ambient Conditions• Activity Levels
physiology model Prediction of body temperature, heart rate,skin wettedness comfort and performance
According to NATO AC PP1
• Design, Construction• Pockets, Doublings, Linings, Tape...
Ensemble (long underwear + rain suit)
Fabric 1 Fabric 2Re [m2*Pa/W] 24.3 33
manikinClothing ensemble• Vapour permeability (Re)• Insulation (Rc)
• Underwear, Mid layers, Socks, Shoes...• Air layers, ventilation
• Wearer, Activity, Weather
Lab Testing and Prediction MethodsEffect of shell fabric Ret moistute vapour permeability) on ensembleperformance
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37.0
37.2
37.4
37.6
37.8
38.0
38.2
38.4
38.6
38.8
39.0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Time[min]
Body temperature [Tr in °C]
tolerance limit for trained
tolerance limit for untrained
decrease of psychomotoricabilities (e.g. tracking)
Ret 5 Ret 13 Ret 20 Ret 40
Source: GORE simulation based on
Hohenstein physiology model
Influence of shell Ret only on heat strainGarments with lower shell Ret ( higher MVP) reduce heat strain
Ret 10
• varying fabric Ret
• Long Underwear+ Rain suit
• Ambient10°C / 80%
• Activity level450 W
Predicted Core Temperatures for different ShellFabric Ret for same activity
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Heat Stress affects performance e.g. diminishes vigilance
Study• Analysis of literature on vigilance and thermal
stress– Goal
understand the influence of thermal stresson vigilance
– Conductionauditory signal detection while walking ona treadmill in different temperatureconditions
– FindingIncreasing body temperature impairsattention and vigilance
Missed signals perminute of exposure
0
10
20
30
40
50
37 38 39 40
body temperature [°C](0.64 Tr + 0.36 Ts)
Missed signals [%]
Source: Hancock, Sustained Attention under Thermal Stress, Psych. Bul. 1986, Vol.99, No 2, p 263ff, data from Benor and Shvartz, 1971
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Heat stressed helicopter pilots more likely to crash
Study• Severe helicopter pilot errors in Israel
– GoalFind out why there are many morecrashes in summer
– ConductionInvestigation of temperaturedistribution of days with andwithout accidents and near missoccurrences
– FindingHigher heat stress on hot daysincreases significantly the chanceof severe pilot errors
odds for a day with severe pilot errorsdepending on ambient temperature
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
24°Cand
lower
25 to29°C
30 to34°C
35°Cand
higher
Source: Froom et al, J. o. Occ. Med., Vol. 35, No 7, 1993, p 271 ff
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Content
1. General testing approach: from fabrics to garments in the field
2. Lab tests• protection against rain• protection against wind
3. Methods to predict the protection from• cold strain• heat strain
4. Tests that differentiate good and bad base-layers
7
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
Differentiation between good and bad base-layers
Opinion of professional field testers (KLETS)
• Comments from a report of a test field comparing base-layers includingCapilene® and Cotton
• “The Capilene® vest is previously nominated here as among the bestbase-layers available
• In low activity all testers had no complaint until the Cotton vest becamedamp and adhered against the skin.
• In high activity the Cotton vests became saturated and a chill effect wasexperienced during short stops. It retained this accumulated wetnessand clung to the skin and was very uncomfortable”
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
Measurement of thermal absorptivity with Alambeta TesterCorrelates well with “coldness to touch” feeling
Fabric
Bottomplatecontaining heatfluxsensor
10
Metal plates with heat fluxsensors- The upper plate is
10ºC warmer than the lower plateFabric
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
Coolness to touch of wet fabricsThermal absorbtivity vs. water content of Cotton and Capilene®
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1 2 3 4 5 6Water content [g m-2 *100]
Th. A
bsor
ptiv
ity [W
s0.
5m
- ² K-1]
Capilene®
Cotton
Warmer to touch
Cooler to touch
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
Coolness to touch of wet fabricsCotton much colder than Capilene ® inner
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1 2 3 4 5 6Water content [g m-2 *100]
Th. A
bsor
ptiv
ity [W
s0.
5m
- ² K-1]
Cotton
Capilene® inner
Capilene® outer
Cooler to touch
Warmer to touch
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
Thermal resistance (insulation) of wet base-layersComparison of Rct of wet cotton and Capilene®
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Water content [g m-2 *100]
Ther
mal
Res
ista
nce
m2 K
/ W *
10-3
Cotton
Capilene®
Warmer
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
Moisture Management TesterThe movement of sweat on either side of a fabric
Measures electrical resistance between theupper and lower sets of pins and alsoconcentric circles of pins.
8
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Moisture Management TesterExample: “Water penetration fabric”
Properties• Small spreading area• Excellent one-way
transport
Changed !
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
Moisture Management TesterExample: “Moisture management fabric”
Properties• Medium to fast wetting• Medium to fast absorption• Large spread area at bottom
surface• Fast spreading at bottom
surface• Good to Excellent one-way
transport
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
Dry and wet clingForce to pull a fabric over a smooth dry and wet surface
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
UK Mil Cottondry
UK Mil Cottonwet
Capeline®Yellow dry
Capilene®Yellow wet
Pulli
ng fo
rce
[N]
© 2006 W. L. Gor e & Associates GmbH. GORE®, GORE-TEX®, WINDSTOPPER®, CROSSTECH®, GORE CHEMPAK®, and designs are trademar ks of W. L. Gore & Associates | Gore C ompany Confidenti al
Conclusions
• Testing all aspects of protective clothing performance and comfort isrelatively complex,and takes much effort.
• For comfort, the use of thermal manikins and physiological modellingcuts the evaluation cost considerably, whilst at the same time enablingmore questions to be answered.
• Testing for product integrity, performance, and durability is a severe costfactor e.g.
Garment Shower Testing
Factory support for seam sealing etc.