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Testing of Flexible Metamaterial RF Filters Implemented through Micromachining LCP Substrates Jonathan Richard Robert Dean Michael Hamilton

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Page 1: Testing of Flexible MetamaterialRF Filters Implemented ...deanron/example_presentation.pdf · • Keep hands away from LCP and connectors during data capture to avoid stray capacitance

Testing of Flexible Metamaterial RF Filters Implemented through 

Micromachining LCP Substrates

Jonathan RichardRobert Dean

Michael Hamilton

Page 2: Testing of Flexible MetamaterialRF Filters Implemented ...deanron/example_presentation.pdf · • Keep hands away from LCP and connectors during data capture to avoid stray capacitance

Metamaterials Definition

• Metamaterials exhibit interesting properties not readily observed in nature

• These properties emerge due to specific interactions with electromagnetic fields or due to external electrical control.

Page 3: Testing of Flexible MetamaterialRF Filters Implemented ...deanron/example_presentation.pdf · • Keep hands away from LCP and connectors during data capture to avoid stray capacitance

Introduction to Metamaterials

• Double Negative materials a.k.a. Left handed

• Has negative index of refraction• Use of specially built structures• Special structures use normal

materials such as Rogers board,LCP, and Polyimides.

Page 4: Testing of Flexible MetamaterialRF Filters Implemented ...deanron/example_presentation.pdf · • Keep hands away from LCP and connectors during data capture to avoid stray capacitance

Combining Technologies

• Smaller feature size• More complex structures• Additional materials with useful properties• Rigid or flexible substrates• Integrated electronics

Metamaterials MEMS

EnhancedDevices

Page 5: Testing of Flexible MetamaterialRF Filters Implemented ...deanron/example_presentation.pdf · • Keep hands away from LCP and connectors during data capture to avoid stray capacitance

Common Uses

• Mirrors and lenses• Transmission Lines Filters• Invisibility cloaks

Page 6: Testing of Flexible MetamaterialRF Filters Implemented ...deanron/example_presentation.pdf · • Keep hands away from LCP and connectors during data capture to avoid stray capacitance

Cloak Structure

Physical Layout E‐field view with and without structure

Note:  Only works at small frequency range and for one type of EM wave (i.e. TE01)

Page 7: Testing of Flexible MetamaterialRF Filters Implemented ...deanron/example_presentation.pdf · • Keep hands away from LCP and connectors during data capture to avoid stray capacitance

Common Filter Structures

• Split Ring Resonators (SRR)• Complementary Split Ring Resonators (CSRR)• Bandwidth is narrow• Must be electrically small for lumped element assumptions

• Lumped element parameters derived from empirical data

Page 8: Testing of Flexible MetamaterialRF Filters Implemented ...deanron/example_presentation.pdf · • Keep hands away from LCP and connectors during data capture to avoid stray capacitance

CSRR StructureLumped Element Representation• Cg = Gap Capacitance• Lc and Cc represent the 

resonator as a tank circuit• L and C relate to the line

per unit length

Physical Layout• Orange = ground plane• White = etch off ground plane• Blue = metal on surface

Page 9: Testing of Flexible MetamaterialRF Filters Implemented ...deanron/example_presentation.pdf · • Keep hands away from LCP and connectors during data capture to avoid stray capacitance

CSRR Gap Capacitance EffectNo Gap – Band Stop Gap – Band Pass

Page 10: Testing of Flexible MetamaterialRF Filters Implemented ...deanron/example_presentation.pdf · • Keep hands away from LCP and connectors during data capture to avoid stray capacitance

Metamaterial Simulations• ADS Momentum uses method of moments

• CSRR arrays constructed in ADS layout

• Frequency sweep and calculate S‐parameters

Single Element

10 Element Array

Page 11: Testing of Flexible MetamaterialRF Filters Implemented ...deanron/example_presentation.pdf · • Keep hands away from LCP and connectors during data capture to avoid stray capacitance

Simulation Results (10 Element Array)

Expected bandpassfilter response 

Page 12: Testing of Flexible MetamaterialRF Filters Implemented ...deanron/example_presentation.pdf · • Keep hands away from LCP and connectors during data capture to avoid stray capacitance

LCP Fabrication Overview

• Place mask on Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) with photolithography process

• Copper etching techniques• LCP etching techniques

Page 13: Testing of Flexible MetamaterialRF Filters Implemented ...deanron/example_presentation.pdf · • Keep hands away from LCP and connectors during data capture to avoid stray capacitance

Photolithography Process

• Inspect and clean substrate with HCl bath• Add HMDS to promote adhesion• Spin on photoresist• UV expose PR• Develop PR

Page 14: Testing of Flexible MetamaterialRF Filters Implemented ...deanron/example_presentation.pdf · • Keep hands away from LCP and connectors during data capture to avoid stray capacitance

Copper Etching

• Before etching, cover opposite side with tape or photoresist since LCP comes double clad with copper

• Wet etching is isotropic which is accounted for with photolithography mask

• Slower wet etching causes less variance across the substrate

• Therefore an LCP with thin Cu cladding is desirable

Page 15: Testing of Flexible MetamaterialRF Filters Implemented ...deanron/example_presentation.pdf · • Keep hands away from LCP and connectors during data capture to avoid stray capacitance

Copper Etching Continued

Over etched CSRR etched transmission gap

Page 16: Testing of Flexible MetamaterialRF Filters Implemented ...deanron/example_presentation.pdf · • Keep hands away from LCP and connectors during data capture to avoid stray capacitance

LCP Etching• After copper has been fully removed where desired, E‐beam Al onto substrate

• Add mask using photolithography process• Etch thin film Al mask with highly select etchant (PR developer)

• Use O2 RIE to remove LCP followed by chemical Al mask removal

• Realizes holes and vias in metamaterialsstructures

Page 17: Testing of Flexible MetamaterialRF Filters Implemented ...deanron/example_presentation.pdf · • Keep hands away from LCP and connectors during data capture to avoid stray capacitance

Testing Procedure Setup

• Since the T‐lines were impedance matched to 50Ω, sma connectors could be easily connected

• Provide extra T‐line on masks to help with soldering and providing more surface area between LCP and Cu

• End Launch Connectors simplified testing and provided accurate results

Page 18: Testing of Flexible MetamaterialRF Filters Implemented ...deanron/example_presentation.pdf · • Keep hands away from LCP and connectors during data capture to avoid stray capacitance

Testing Procedure

• Short/open/load procedure• Keep hands away from LCP and connectors during data capture to avoid stray capacitance

• Elevate LCP into the air to avoid affecting fringing capacitance for air calibration

• Test of flat PCB section• Use PVC pipe of various radii to perform flexibility tests

Page 19: Testing of Flexible MetamaterialRF Filters Implemented ...deanron/example_presentation.pdf · • Keep hands away from LCP and connectors during data capture to avoid stray capacitance

T‐Line Calibration

Air calibration PVC calibration

Page 20: Testing of Flexible MetamaterialRF Filters Implemented ...deanron/example_presentation.pdf · • Keep hands away from LCP and connectors during data capture to avoid stray capacitance

Flexibility Testing• Multiple filters were flexed over 6 different sized pvc pipes

• Tested with respect to T‐line orientation both up and down

• Larger radii approached being flat

Number 1 2 3 4 5 6

PVC Diameter 1/2" 3/4" 1" 1 1/4" 1 1/2" 2"

Radius of Curvaturein inches 0.542 0.65 0.804 0.984 1.115 1.3585

Page 21: Testing of Flexible MetamaterialRF Filters Implemented ...deanron/example_presentation.pdf · • Keep hands away from LCP and connectors during data capture to avoid stray capacitance

Testing Results

• Expected bandpassresponse observed

• Slightly lower frequency than simulation

• Flexing up or down had little effect on frequency response

• ½“ PVC pipe flex testing:

10 12 14 16 18 20 22-100

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

Frequency (GHz)

S21

(dB

)

1/2" pvc pipe S21

S21 - Cal downS21 - Cal upS21 - down 1 aS21 - down 1 bS21 - up 1 aS21 - up 1 b

Page 22: Testing of Flexible MetamaterialRF Filters Implemented ...deanron/example_presentation.pdf · • Keep hands away from LCP and connectors during data capture to avoid stray capacitance

Applications

• Quality passive high order filters on flexible substrates– Wearable electronics– Flexible electronics

• RF cloaking– Conformal to airfoils or vehicle bodies– Reduction of radar cross‐section– EMI/EMC improvement

Page 23: Testing of Flexible MetamaterialRF Filters Implemented ...deanron/example_presentation.pdf · • Keep hands away from LCP and connectors during data capture to avoid stray capacitance

Conclusions• RF metamaterials possess interesting and useful properties

• Combining with MEMS technology enhances the usefulness of metamaterials

• LCP is a flexible substrate material with excellent RF properties

• RF metamaterials on flexible LCP substrates yield RF filters that can be conformably attached to nonplanar surfaces

Page 24: Testing of Flexible MetamaterialRF Filters Implemented ...deanron/example_presentation.pdf · • Keep hands away from LCP and connectors during data capture to avoid stray capacitance

Thanks