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Testimonyof

TalbotGee

ChiefExecutiveOfficerHeating,Air-conditioning,&RefrigerationDistributorsInternational

(HARDI)

SubmittedtotheSubcommitteeonInnovationandWorkforceDevelopment

Hearingon

Mindthe‘Skills’Gap:ApprenticeshipsandTrainingPrograms

2360RayburnHouseOfficeBuildingJune4,2019

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Thankyouforthisopportunitytoprovideinputonanimportantissuethataffectsmany

industriesacrossthecountry.MynameisTalbotGeeandIamtheChiefExecutiveOfficerof

Heating,Air-conditioning,&RefrigerationDistributorsInternational(HARDI),atrade

associationrepresentingwholesale-distributorsofheating,ventilation,air-conditioning,and

refrigeration(HVACR)equipment,parts,suppliesandcontrols.

HARDIiscomprisedofapproximately1,000membercompanies,nearly500ofwhichare

U.S.–basedwholesaledistributioncompanies.Morethan80percentofHARDI’sdistributor

membersareclassifiedassmallbusinessesthatcollectivelyemployover40,000U.S.workers,

representingmorethan$35billioninannualsalesandanestimated85percentoftheU.S.

wholesaledistributionmarketofHVACRproducts.HARDImembersdobusinessineveryU.S.

congressionaldistrict.Recently,85HARDImemberscametoWashington,DCtodiscussissues

importanttoourindustrywithlegislators.OneissuewehaveconstantlydiscussedonCapitol

HillisthelackofqualifiedworkersintheHVACRindustry.

TheSkillsGapintheHVACRIndustryisGrowing

TheHVACRindustryisvitaltoAmericans’everydaylives.Wesupplytheproductsthat

keephomesandbusinessescoolinsummerandwarminwinter.Ourindustryalsosuppliesthe

commercialrefrigerationusedinavarietyofindustriesrangingfromtheproduction,storage,

andpreparationoffoodandbeveragestoscientificresearchinhospitalsanduniversities.The

demandforjobsintheHVACRindustryisalsogrowing.AccordingthetheBureauofLabor

StatisticsdemandforHVACRmechanicsandinstallerswillgrowat15percentbetween2016

and2026,twicethegrowthrateofalljobs.1Thisjobgrowthisalsoaccompaniedbygrowing

1U.S.BureauofLaborStatistics,U.S.DepartmentofLaborStatistics,Heating,AirConditioning,and

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wages,themedianwagein2018was$47,610,2nearly50percenthigherthanthemedian

individualwageintheUnitedStates.3Thisgrowthofinstallersandmechanicsmustbematched

withmoreworkerstosupplytheproductsthroughwholesaledistribution,additional

manufacturingbothdomesticallyandabroad,andmoreengineerstodesignnewequipmentto

meetchangingcustomerneeds.WhilemanyviewHVACRasalow-to-mediumskillindustry,the

industryasawholeneedsworkersrangingfromhighschoolgraduatestoadvancedSTEM

degrees.Withoutsystematicchangestohowpotentialemployeesentertheindustry,HVACR

willnothaveenoughemployeestomeetdemand,andtheemploymentgapwillbeginwith

technicianswhoinstallandrepairHVACRequipment.

TheneedfortechnicianswillripplethrougheverylayeroftheHVACRindustry.Lackof

workerswillleadtoincreasedlaborcostsforhomebuilders,reducedsalesfordistributors,and

achangingmarketformanufacturers.Perhapsthemostimportantnegativeresultwillbeair-

conditioningbecomingmoreexpensiveformiddleclassfamilies,potentiallymovingitfroma

stapletechnologytoaluxuryitem.

Oneofthemostcommonstatisticsreportedacrosstheindustryisthat25percentofthe

technicianworkforcewillreachretirementageby2020.Additionally,theincreaseddemandfor

air-conditioningwillleadtoajobgrowthrateof15percent.4Basedonthepredictedlossesdue

RefrigerationMechanicsandInstallers.30May2019.www.bls.gov/ooh/installation-maintenance-and-repair/heating-air-conditioning-and-refrigeration-mechanics-and-installers.htm.2ibid3FederalReserve,EconomicData,RealMedianPersonalIncomeintheUnitedStates,31May2019,https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MEPAINUSA672N.4U.S.BureauofLaborStatistics,U.S.DepartmentofLaborStatistics,Heating,AirConditioning,andRefrigerationMechanicsandInstallers.30May2019.www.bls.gov/ooh/installation-maintenance-and-repair/heating-air-conditioning-and-refrigeration-mechanics-and-installers.htm.

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toretirementandgrowthindemand,theHVACRindustrywillfaceashortfallofmorethan

115,070workersby2022(Figure1).5

Evengiventhelargenumberofopportunities,thereisalackofpotentialemployees

searchingforcareersintheHVACRindustry.InasurveyofHVACRinstructorsand

administrators,56percentreportedtheirprogramswereunder-enrolledwhileonly10percent

reportedtheirprogramswereover-enrolled(Figure2).6Thisreportedlackofdemandstemsin

partfromthelackofinformationabouttheindustrysharedwithstudentsbytheindustry,trade

schools,parents,andguidancecounselors.

HVACRplaysanimportantroleinoureverydaylives,butisoneoftheleastthought

aboutindustrieswhenstudentsbegintolookforcareers.Only3percentofstudentsare

“extremely”or“very”awareofjobsintheHVACRindustry,while54percentare“notatall”

5HVACRWorkforceDevelopmentFoundation,TheNextGenerationofHVACRInstallersandTechnicians,September2015.www.careersinhvacr.org/Portals/_Appleseed/documents/Supply%20ReportExecutive%20Summary%20Labor%20Report.pdf6ibid

Figure1:ProjectedWorkforceGapforHVACRTechniciansin2022

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aware.7Withsuchasteeplackofawarenessabouttheindustry,andthetradesingeneral,itis

difficultforstudentstofindtheirwayintowellpaidmiddle-skillcareersinindustriessuchas

HVACR.

UsingNewMediatoReachPotentialEmployees

“Everybodysaysyoushouldtrycollege;youshouldatleasttryit.Whichisanice

thought,butit’sareallyexpensivethought.”8Thisisthequotethatstartsthedocumentary

“HotCommodity”commissionedbyHARDIwiththepurposeofattractingstudentsand

potentialemployeestotheHVACRindustry.HARDIpremieredthedocumentaryatourannual

conferenceinDecemberandweexpectthefilmtobeavailableonNetflixlaterthisyear.The

documentaryspotlightsmembersfromacrosstheHVACRdistributionandtechnician

communitywhilepromotingthewidevarietyofjobsavailableintheindustrythatdonot

requireafour-yeardegreebutstillprovideaqualityincomeandwork-lifebalance.More

7EGIAFoundation,BridgingtheHVACEmploymentGAP,2018,https://egiafoundation.org/report.8HARDI,HotCommodity,Trailer,2018.www.vimeo.com/298687332.

Figure2:HVACRProgramEnrollmentCapacity

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informationaboutHARDI’sworkforcerecruitmentinitiativeandthedocumentarycanbefound

atwww.hardinet.org/workforce-recruitment/.

AsurveyofownersofcontractingcompaniesspecializinginHVACRidentifiedseveral

negativepublicperceptionsabouttheindustrythatcouldleadapotentialemployeeawayfrom

acareerinHVACR.Inadditiontonegativeperceptionsabouttheindustry,twoofthemost

commonperceptionswerebasedonthebiasthatstudentsmustgotocollege:education

focusesstudentsonafour-yeardegreeandall“good”jobsrequireacollegedegree(Figure3).9

Thisbiastowardscollegeandawayfromtradeshasleadtoalackofawarenessoftheindustry

andispreventingstudentsfromenteringHVACR.Withoutchangingthebiasawayfromtrades

therewillbenowaytopreventthegrowingskillsgap.

Anadditionalsurveyfoundthatthetopfivecareercharacteristicsareeasilyattainable

9EGIAFoundation,BridgingtheHVACEmploymentGAP,2018,www.egiafoundation.org/report.

Figure3:NegativePerceptionsBiasingtheChoicetoPursueaTradeCareer

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intheHVACRindustry.Accordingtostudentsandparentssurveyed,thetopfivecharacteristics

studentsarelookingforinafuturecareerinclude:somethingthestudentisinterestedin,good

jobsecurity,offerssteadyyear-roundwork,goodopportunitiesforadvancement,andgood

potentialforincreasingearnings(Figure4).10AsimilarsurveyofHVACRcontractorsfound

severalcorrespondingattributesincluding:easytogetstartedinandprovidegrowthand

advancement,indemandandavailableanywhereintheU.S.,abletoprovidegoodjob

security/stability,andsteadyyear-longworkopportunities.Giventhesepositiveattributes,itis

easytoseewhystudentswhoenterapprenticeshipsandtrainingprogramshavehighratesof

retentionintheindustry.

Apprenticeshipsandtrainingprogramsarebetteratretainingstudentsthanfouryear

colleges

AccordingtotheDepartmentofLabor,lessthan30percentofcollegegraduatesplanto

havethesamejobthreeyearsaftergraduation,whileregisteredapprenticeshipshavean89

percentretentionratethreeyearsaftercompletion.11Additionally,morethan90percentof

individualscompletinganapprenticeshipretainemployment.

10ibid11U.S.DepartmentofLabor,ApprenticeshipsROIResearchandStatistics,www.apprenticeshipusa.workforcegps.org/-/media/Communities/21stcenturyapprenticeship/Files/Apprenticeship-ROI-Research-and-Statistics.ashx?la=en

Figure4:Top5CareerCharacteristicsFromStudentsandParents

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Trainingprogramsalsomaintainhighcompletionratesandresultinemploymentinthe

HVACRindustry.AccordingtoasurveybytheHVACRWorkforceDevelopmentFoundation,only

16percentofstudentsfailtocompletethecoursewithoutattainingemploymentinthefield.12

Sometrainingprogramsalsoofferhighschoolstudentstheabilitytograduatewitha

professionalcertificateuponcompletionofhighschoolallowingstudentstoenterthe

workforceatayoungerage.

BiasAgainstTradesPreventsQualityCandidatesfromEnteringHVACR

Contractorsandeducatorshavepointedtoperceivedstereotypesagainstthetradesas

onereasontherearealackofqualifiedcandidatesenteringtheindustry.Fartoooftenmass

mediaportraysstudentsenteringtradeschoolsastroubledandlesseracademicallythantheir

four-yearcollegepeers.Thepushforstudentstogotocollegehascausednearlyathirdof

middleskilledpositionstoseekcandidateswithanunneededbachelorsdegree.13Thisup-

credentialingputspressureonstudentstoseekoutthefour-yearcollegepathwhenmorethan

80percentofjobopportunitiesinHVACRdonotrequireabachelorsdegree.

Studentsalsoreceivepressurefromparentstoattendcollege.Accordingtoonesurvey,

“51percentofparentsexpecttheirchildtoattendafour-yearcollege.”14Whenstudentsare

askedasimilarquestion,61percentexpecttoattendafour-yearcollegewhileonly10percent

12HVACRWorkforceDevelopmentFoundation,TheNextGenerationofHVACRInstallersandTechnicians,September2015,www.careersinhvacr.org/Portals/_Appleseed/documents/Supply%20ReportExecutive%20Summary%20Labor%20Report.pdf13HVACRWorkforceDevelopmentFoundation,HeatingUp:TheSwelteringDemandforHeating,Ventilation,AirConditioning,andRefrigerationWorkers,July2015,www.careersinhvacr.org/Portals/_Appleseed/documents/Demand%20ReportHeating%20Up%20-%20The%20Sweltering%20Demand%20for%20HVACR%20Workers.pdf14EGIAFoundation,BridgingtheHVACEmploymentGAP,2018,www.egiafoundation.org/report.

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expecttoattendatradeschool.15Educatorshavelongtoutedthebenefitsofacollegedegree,

andrightlystatedthatcollegegraduatesearnmorethantheirpeerswithahighschooldiploma

orG.E.D.,unfortunatelylessthanhalfofstudentsadmittedtoafour-yearprogramactually

graduate.16Movingmorestudentsintowellpaidtradescouldreducethisdropoutrate.

Withsomanystudentspursuingcollege,manyoftheremainingcandidatesare

underpreparedforworkinHVACR.Accordingtoonesurvey,63percentofstudentslackmath

andcriticalthinkingskills,54percentlackinggeneraleducationreadiness,and32percentlack

verbalcommunicationskills.17Thislackofbasicskillsrequiresmanytrainingprogramstoteach

skillstobringstudentstoalevelwheretheycanbeeffectiveinlearningthetrade.Thisremedial

educationdelaysstudentsfromenteringtheworkforceandfurtherreinforcesthestereotype

thattradeschoolsareforstudentstrugglingacademically.

Anothersourceofstudentsenteringtrainingprogramsareconsidered“second-career

adults.”Thesestudentsarebetween22and29yearsoldwithamajoritychangingfromtheir

originalcareerpath.18Asurveyofcontractorsfoundthat31percenthadafour-yeardegree,

unfortunatelyitdidnotreporthowmanydegreeswereinunrelatedfields.19Removingthebias

fromtradeswouldallowmorestudentstochooseHVACRasafirstcareerpath.

BusinessesPromoteHVACRIndustryLocally

Thetighteninglabormarkethasmadeitevenmoreimportantforsmallbusinessesto

15ibid16NationalCenterforEducationStatistics,DigestofEducationStatistics,Graduationratefromfirstinstitutionattendedforfirst-time,full-timebachelor'sdegree-seekingstudentsat4-yearpostsecondaryinstitutions,https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_326.10.asp17EGIAFoundation,BridgingtheHVACEmploymentGAP,2018,www.egiafoundation.org/report.18ibid19ibid

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recruitstudentsasearlyaspossibleintotheHVACRindustry.SeveralHVACRbusinesseshave

developedprogramstobringstudentsintotheHVACRindustry:

1) DiFilippo’sService,Wayne,Pennsylvania(Pennsylvania6thCongressionalDistrict)

a) DiFilippo’sServicehasexpandedtheirpresenceatjobfairswiththeintentionof

educatingmorestudentsandparentsonthebenefitsofworkingintheHVACRindustry.

DiFilippo’sworksdirectlywithChesterCountyTechnicalCollegeandlocalhighschools’

CooperativeEducationProgramstofindapprentices.Qualifiedapplicantsareinvitedto

tourtheofficeandstateofthearttrainingfacility.Onceanapplicantjoinsanindividual

orgrouptrainingprogramtheyareabletouseamixofclassroomtimeforlearning

theoryandlabworktodevelophandsonskills.Apprenticesalsoutilizeoutsideclasses

forspecializedtraining.Afterfinishingtheirclassroomeducation,apprentices

participateinextensivehands-ontrainingwithexperiencedtechnicians.20

2) AuerSteel&HeatingSupplyCompany,Milwaukee,Wisconsin(Wisconsin4thCongressional

District)

a) AuerSteelutilizeslocalhighschooltechnicaleducationprogramstocreateapipelineof

interestedstudentsinHVACR.AuerSteelDirectorofBusinessDevelopmentJonHirsch

haspresentedtoover5,000highschoolstudentsandledover250in-classroom

presentationsthroughoutWisconsinandMinnesota.AuerSteelhasalsodevelopedand

launchedafiveday“IntrotoHVAC”trainingatHorlickHighSchoolinRacine,WIwhich

introducesstudentstocareersinHVACandprovidesparentswithmaterialsexplaining

thebenefitsofworkinginHVACR.Partneringwithtechnicaleducationteachersthrough

20LauraDiFilippo,President,Difilippo’sService

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theWisconsinTechnicalEducatorsAssociation,MinnesotaTechEngineeringEducators

Associationand12technicalcolleges,Auersteelhasdevelopedapipelinetoconnect

studentswiththeHVACRindustry.AuerSteelalsohelpshighschoolseniorsdualenroll

andreceivecreditforgraduationfromlocaltechnicalprogramsjumpstartingtheir

careersintheindustry.Finally,AuerSteelconnectstechnicalprogramgraduateswith

employersacrossWisconsin,Minnesota,andNorthDakotatobeplacedinacareer.21

3) IsaacHeating&AirConditioning,Rochester,NewYork(NewYork25thCongressional

District)

a) IsaacHeating&AirConditioningcreatedIsaacUniversityin2001asawayofincreasing

thetechnicalcapabilitiesoftheiremployees.Afterseeingsuccesseducatingemployees,

Isaacopeneduptheprogramtomembersofthepublicseekingcareersintheindustry.

TodayIsaacUniversityemploysafulltimetrainingdirector,asecondfulltimeinstructor,

andapart-timeadministratortomanageits16trainingprograms.Tofurtherexpandthe

programIsaacUniversitycreateda“bootcamp”wherestudentswithnoexperience

attend40hoursofpaidtrainingperweekfor12weekswiththeguaranteeofafulltime

positionuponcompletion.Bootcampstudentsmayreceiveupto18credithourswith

MonroeCommunityCollegetowardsanAssociatesDegreeinHVACTechnology.Since

2015,74studentshavegraduatedfromthebootcampwithnearly75percentstill

workingintheindustry.22

CongresscanmakeApprenticeships,TrainingPrograms,andJobsinHVACRmoreattractive

21JonHirsch,DirectorofBusinessDevelopment,AuerSteel&HeatingSupplyCo.22EricKnaak,IsaacHeating&AirConditioning

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HARDIisencouragedbyprogressthathasbeenmadeinCongressandfederalagencies

toimproveapprenticeshipsandtechnicalprograms,butmoreprogressisneeded.Lastyear,

HARDIsupportedpassageoftheStrengtheningCareerandTechnicalEducationforthe21st

CenturyActtoreauthorizetheCarlD.PerkinsCareerandTechnicalEducationprogram,also

knownasPerkinsV.23ThislegislationauthorizesCongresstoappropriateupto$1.2billionfor

localcareerandtechnicaleducationprograms.Increasingfundingfortheseprogramswillhelp

introducestudentstothetradesearlier.StartingonJuly1,2019,PerkinsVallowslocal

stakeholders,likeHVACRdistributorsandtechnicians,toprovideinputonthecurriculumused

toteachstudentsaboutthetrades.Statesarealsoincreasingfundingforcareerandtechnical

education,arecentColumbusDispatchEditorialsupportedLt.GovernorHusted’srequestfor

$69millionforworkforceeducationtopreparestudentsforcareersinthetrades.24HARDI

encouragesCongresstocontinuetofullyfundthisimportantprogram.

Anotherprioritythatwillhelpattractstudentsintoapprenticeshipsisextendingtheuse

of529accountfundstoapprenticeshipmaterialsandtools.TheHouseofRepresentatives

recentlypassedlegislationthatincludesaprovisionallowing529taxadvantagedfundstobe

usedformaterialsnecessaryforapprenticeships.Thiscommonsensepolicychangewillput

apprenticesonparwithfour-yearcollegestudentsusingtaxadvantagedfundsforcollege

materials.HARDIencouragesCongresstoadoptlanguagefromthe529OPTIONSAct25allowing

23U.S.Congress,House,StrengtheningCareerandTechnicalEducationforthe21stCenturyAct,HR2353,115thCongress,1stsession,www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/235324EditorialBoard,Lawmakersshouldincludeworkforcedevelopmentinstatebudget,ColumbusDispatch,31May2019,www.dispatch.com/opinion/20190531/editorial-lawmakers-should-include-workforce-development-in-state-budget25U.S.Congress,House,529OPTIONSAct,HR2679,116thCongress,1stsession,www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/2679

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apprenticestouse529fundsforapprenticeshipmaterialsandtools.

HARDIalsosupportslegislationthatallowsemployerstooffermoreflexibilityto

employees.HARDIhaslongsupportedtheWorkingFamiliesFlexibilityAct26whichallows

employeestheoptionofreceivingcompensatorytime(comptime)inlieuofovertimepay.

Employerswouldberequiredtogiveworkersthesamevalueincomptimeasovertimepay,

meaningemployeeswouldreceiveoneandahalfhourscomptimeforeveryhourofovertime

worked.ManyHVACRdistributionpositionsarewellpaidanddonotrequireemployeesto

workovertimetomakeendsmeet,thisaddedflexibilitywouldbewelcomedbypotential

employees.AccordingtoaBentlyUniversitystudy,77percentofmillennialsbelievethata

flexibleworkschedulewouldmakethemmoreproductive(Figure5).27Asmoretechniciansuse

smartphonesandmobiledevicestoreceivejobnotificationsatallhoursoftheday,workersare

nolongerboundtothe9-to-5routine.Allowingworkerstoreceivecomptimeisaneasywayto

provideflexibilityintheworkplacethatnolongerfollowssethour.HARDIencouragesCongress

26U.S.Congress,Senate,WorkingFamiliesFlexibilityAct,S1043,116thCongress,1stsession,www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/104327BentlyUniversity,TheMillennialMindGoestoWork,October2014,www.bentley.edu/newsroom/latest-headlines/mind-of-millennial

Figure5:MillennialsareSeekingFlexibilityintheWorkplace

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topasstheWorkingFamiliesFlexibilityAct.

InadditiontobillscurrentlyinCongress,HARDIsupportsrecentactionsbythe

DepartmentofLabortodevelopapilotprogramfor“IndustryRecognizedApprenticeship

Programs.”28Thisprogramallowstradeassociationstorecognizeapprenticeshiptraining

programswithouttherequiringthattheprogramsreceivegovernmentapproval.Thecurrent

iterationisapilotprogramthatexcludesconstructionapprenticeships.HARDIencourages

CongresstoworkwiththeDepartmentofLabortodevelopthe“IndustryRecognized

ApprenticeshipProgram”intoafullprogramusablebyallindustries.

Lastly,HARDIisconcernedrecenttechnologicaldevelopmentsaremakingregulations

developedundertheFairLaborStandardsAct(FSLA)29burdensomebynotaccountingfor

moderntechnology.Asanexample,manydistributorsmustcurrentlypolicetheuseofwork

smartphonesafterhourstopreventemployeesfromworkingovertimewithoutproper

reporting.UnderthecurrentinterpretationofFSLA,ifanhourlyemployeeanswersacalloran

emailfromacustomeranddoesnotreportit,theemployerislegallyliablefornotpayingthe

employeeovertime.Millennialsenteredtheworkforceatatimewhentheyarealways

connectedand89percentreportcheckingemailsafterhours.30Sinceemployershavenoability

topreventemployeesfromansweringtheirphonesorcheckingemailafterhours,otherthan

settingacompanypolicyitisdifficultforemployerstostayincomplianceevenwhilemaking

28U.S.DepartmentofLabor.(2018).“CreatingIndustry-RecognizedApprenticeshipProgramstoExpandOpportunityinAmerica”(NoticeNo.3-18).Washington,DC:U.S.DepartmentofLabor.29UnitedStates.2011.TheFairLaborStandardsActof1938,asamended.Washington,D.C.,U.S.Dept.ofLabor,WageandHourDivision.30BentlyUniversity,TheMillennialMindGoestoWork,October2014,www.bentley.edu/newsroom/latest-headlines/mind-of-millennial

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everyattempttocomplywithFLSA.HARDIencouragesCongresstomakeadeliberate

evaluationoftheFairLaborStandardsAct.ReviewingFLSAwillensuretechnologydoesnot

causeunwantedproblemsforsmallbusinessownerswhileprotectingtherightsofworkers.

CongressshouldmakerecommendationsforregulatorstomakechangesifanActofCongressis

unnecessary.

Conclusion

HARDIonceagainthankstheCommitteeforholdingahearingontheimportanceof

apprenticeshipsandtradeprogramsinreducingtheskillsgap.Additionalinformationonthe

technicianskillsgapisavailablefromHARDI’sindustrypartnertradeassociations:Air

ConditioningContractorsofAmericaandPlumbing-Heating-CoolingContractorsAssociation

(PHCC).TheHVACRindustryisfacingadrasticshortfalloftechniciansinafewshortyears

unlessmorestudentsandpotentialemployeescanbeintroducedtotheindustry.

ApprenticeshipsandtrainingprogramsworktobringemployeesintotheHVACRindustry,but

withoutremovingthebiasawayfromtradesnotenoughstudentswillseekcareersinHVACR.

Withsomeofthesmallchangesrecommendedinthistestimonyitispossibletoclosesomeof

thegapandHARDIencouragesCongresstoworktogethertopasstheseimportantchanges.

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FigureReferences:

Figure1:HVACRWorkforceDevelopmentFoundation,TheNextGenerationofHVACRInstallersandTechnicians,September2015.www.careersinhvacr.org/Portals/_Appleseed/documents/Supply%20ReportExecutive%20Summary%20Labor%20Report.pdf.Figure2:HVACRWorkforceDevelopmentFoundation,TheNextGenerationofHVACRInstallersandTechnicians,September2015.www.careersinhvacr.org/Portals/_Appleseed/documents/Supply%20ReportExecutive%20Summary%20Labor%20Report.pdf.Figure3:EGIAFoundation,BridgingtheHVACEmploymentGAP,2018,www.egiafoundation.org/report.Figure4:EGIAFoundation,BridgingtheHVACEmploymentGAP,2018,www.egiafoundation.org/report.Figure5:BentlyUniversity,TheMillennialMindGoestoWork,October2014,www.bentley.edu/newsroom/latest-headlines/mind-of-millennial