test your knowledge regarding the concepts of fundamentals of nursing

8/2/2019 Test Your Knowledge Regarding the Concepts of Fundamentals of Nursing

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Test your knowledge regarding the concepts of Fundamentals of Nursing! This examination contains 100 questions

about Fundamentals of Nursing. The exam contains questions about: Historical perspectives in nursing, theories in

nursing, health care delivery system, and nursing as a profession.

Guidelines

This post contains 100 questions about Fundamentals of Nursing

Read each question carefully and give the best answer.

To add more to the challenge, limit your time to 1 minute per question.

Answers and rationale are given below.

View also Fundamentals of Nursing Comprehensive Exam: Exam 1 - Exam 2 - Exam 3- Exam 4- Exam 5

1. The four major concepts in nursing theory are the

A. Person, Environment, Nurse, Health

B. Nurse, Person, Environment, Cure

C. Promotive, Preventive, Curative, Rehabilitative

D. Person, Environment, Nursing, Health

2. The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery is theorized by

A. Nightingale

B. Benner

C. Swanson


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D. King

3. For her, Nursing is a theoretical system of knowledge that prescribes a process of analysis and action related to

care of the ill person

A. King

B. Henderson

C. Roy

D. Leininger

4. According to her, Nursing is a helping or assistive profession to persons who are wholly or partly dependent or

when those who are supposedly caring for them are no longer able to give care.

A. Henderson

B. Orem

C. Swanson

D. Neuman

5. Nursing is a unique profession, Concerned with all the variables affecting an individuals response to stresso rs,

which are intra, inter and extra personal in nature.

A. Neuman

B. Johnson

C. Watson


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D. Parse

6. The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities

contributing to health that he would perform unaided if he has the necessary strength, will and knowledge, and do this

in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible.

A. Henderson

B. Abdellah

C. Levin

D. Peplau

7. Caring is the essence and central unifying, a dominant domain that distinguishes nursing from other health

disciplines. Care is an essential human need.

A. Benner

B. Watson

C. Leininger

D. Swanson

8. Caring involves 5 processes, KNOWING, BEING WITH, DOING FOR, ENABLING and MAINTAINING BELIEF.

A. Benner

B. Watson

C. Leininger


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D. Swanson

9. Caring is healing, it is communicated through the consciousness of the nurse to the individual being cared for. It

allows access to higher human spirit.

A. Benner

B. Watson

C. Leininger

D. Swanson

10. Caring means that person, events, projects and things matter to people. It reveals stress and coping options.

Caring creates responsibility. It is an inherent feature of nursing practice. It helps the nurse assist clients to recover in

the face of the illness.

A. Benner

B. Watson

C. Leininger

D. Swanson

11. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about profession according to Marie Jahoda?

A. A profession is an organization of an occupational group based on the application of special knowledge

B. It serves specific interest of a group

C. It is altruistic


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D. Quality of work is of greater importance than the rewards

12. Which of the following is NOT an attribute of a professional?

A. Concerned with quantity

B. Self directed

C. Committed to spirit of inquiry

D. Independent

13. The most unique characteristic of nursing as a profession is

A. Education

B. Theory

C. Caring

D. Autonomy

14. This is the distinctive individual qualities that differentiate a person to another

A. Philosophy

B. Personality

C. Charm

D. Character


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15. Refers to the moral values and beliefs that are used as guides to personal behavior and actions

A. Philosophy

B. Personality

C. Charm

D. Character

16. As a nurse manager, which of the following best describes this function?

A. Initiate modification on clients lifestyle

B. Protect clients right

C. Coordinates the activities of other members of the health team in managing patient care

D. Provide in service education programs, Use accurate nursing audit, formulate philosophy and vision of the

institution

17. What best describes nurses as a care provider?

A. Determine clients need

B. Provide direct nursing care

C. Help client recognize and cope with stressful psychological situation

D. Works in combined effort with all those involved in patients care


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18. The nurse questions a doctors order of Morphine sulfate 50 mg, IM for a client with pancreatitis. Which role best

fit that statement?

A. Change agent

B. Client advocate

C. Case manager

D. Collaborator

19. These are nursing intervention that requires knowledge, skills and expertise of multiple health professionals.

A. Dependent

B. Independent

C. Interdependent

D. Intradependent

20. What type of patient care model is the most common for student nurses and private duty nurses?

A. Total patient care

B. Team nursing

C. Primary Nursing

D. Case management

21. This is the best patient care model when there are many nurses but few patients.


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A. Functional nursing

B. Team nursing

C. Primary nursing

D. Total patient care

22. This patient care model works best when there are plenty of patient but few nurses


B. Team nursing

C. Primary nursing


23. RN assumes 24 hour responsibility for the client to maintain continuity of care across shifts, days or visits.


B. Team nursing

C. Primary nursing


24. Who developed the first theory of nursing?


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A. Hammurabi

B. Alexander

C. Fabiola

D. Nightingale

25. She introduces the NATURE OF NURSING MODEL.

A. Henderson

B. Nightingale

C. Parse

D. Orlando

26. She described the four conservation principle.

A. Levin

B. Leininger

C. Orlando

D. Parse

27. Proposed the HEALTH CARE SYSTEM MODEL.

A. Henderson


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B. Orem

C. Parse

D. Neuman

28. Conceptualized the BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM MODEL

A. Orem

B. Johnson

C. Henderson

D. Parse

29. Developed the CLINICAL NURSING A HELPING ART MODEL

A. Swanson

B. Hall

C. Weidenbach

D. Zderad

30. Developed the ROLE MODELING and MODELING theory

A. Erickson,Tomlin,Swain

B. Neuman


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C. Newman

D. Benner and Wrubel

31. Proposed the GRAND THEORY OF NURSING AS CARING

A. Erickson, Tomlin, Swain

B. Peterson,Zderad

C. Bnner,Wrubel

D. Boykin,Schoenhofer

32. Postulated the INTERPERSONAL ASPECT OF NURSING

A. Travelbee

B. Swanson

C. Zderad

D. Peplau

33. He proposed the theory of morality that is based on MUTUAL TRUST

A. Freud

B. Erikson

C. Kohlberg


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D. Peters

34. He proposed the theory of morality based on PRINCIPLES

A. Freud

B. Erikson

C. Kohlberg

D. Peters

35. Freud postulated that child adopts parental standards and traits through

A. Imitation

B. Introjection

C. Identification

D. Regression

36. According to them, Morality is measured of how people treat human being and that a moral child strives to be kind

and just

A. Zderad and Peterson

B. Benner and Wrubel

C. Fowler and Westerhoff

D. Schulman and Mekler


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37. Postulated that FAITH is the way of behaving. He developed four theories of faith and development based on his

experience.

A. Giligan

B. Westerhoff

C. Fowler

D. Freud

38. He described the development of faith. He suggested that faith is a spiritual dimension that gives meaning to a

persons life. Faith according to him, is a relational phenomenon.

A. Giligan

B. Westerhoff

C. Fowler

D. Freud

39. Established in 1906 by the Baptist foreign mission society of America. Miss rose nicolet, was its first

superintendent.

A. St. Paul Hospital School of nursing

B. Iloilo Mission Hospital School of nursing

C. Philippine General Hospital School of nursing

D. St. Lukes Hospital School of nursing


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40. Anastacia Giron-Tupas was the first Filipino nurse to occupy the position of chief nurse in this hospital.

A. St. Paul Hospital

B. Iloilo Mission Hospital

C. Philippine General Hospital

D. St. Lukes Hospital

41. She was the daughter of Hungarian kings, who feed 300-900 people everyday in their gate, builds hospitals, and

care of the poor and sick herself.

A. Elizabeth

B. Catherine

C. Nightingale

D. Sairey Gamp

42. She dies of yellow fever in her search for truth to prove that yellow fever is carried by a mosquitoes.

A. Clara louise Maas

B. Pearl Tucker

C. Isabel Hampton Robb

D. Caroline Hampton Robb


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43. He was called the father of sanitation.

A. Abraham

B. Hippocrates

C. Moses

D. Willam Halstead

44. The country where SHUSHURUTU originated

A. China

B. Egypt

C. India

D. Babylonia

45. They put girls clothes on male infants to drive evil forces away

A. Chinese

B. Egyptian

C. Indian

D. Babylonian

46. In what period of nursing does people believe in TREPHINING to drive evil forces away?


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A. Dark period

B. Intuitive period

C. Contemporary period

D. Educative period

47. This period ended when Pastor Fliedner, build Kaiserwerth institute for the training of Deaconesses

A. Apprentice period

B. Dark period


D. Educative period

48. Period of nursing where religious Christian orders emerged to take care of the sick


B. Dark period


D. Educative period

49. Founded the second order of St. Francis of Assisi


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A. St. Catherine

B. St. Anne

C. St. Clare

D. St. Elizabeth

50. This period marked the religious upheaval of Luther, Who questions the Christian faith.


B. Dark period


D. Educative period

51. According to the Biopsychosocial and spiritual theory of Sister Callista Roy, Man, As a SOCIAL being is

A. Like all other men

B. Like some other men

C. Like no other men

D. Like men

52. She conceptualized that man, as an Open system is in constant interaction and transaction with a changing

environment.

A. Roy


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B. Levin

C. Neuman

D. Newman

53. In a CLOSED system, which of the following is true?

A. Affected by matter

B. A sole island in vast ocean

C. Allows input

D. Constantly affected by matter, energy, information

54. Who postulated the WHOLISTIC concept that the totality is greater than sum of its parts?

A. Roy

B. Rogers

C. Henderson

D. Johnson

55. She theorized that man is composed of sub and supra systems. Subsystems are cells, tissues, organs and

systems while the suprasystems are family, society and community.

A. Roy

B. Rogers


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C. Henderson

D. Johnson

56. Which of the following is not true about the human needs?

A. Certain needs are common to all people

B. Needs should be followed exactly in accordance with their hierarchy

C. Needs are stimulated by internal factors

D. Needs are stimulated by external factors

57. Which of the following is TRUE about the human needs?

A. May not be deferred

B. Are not interrelated

C. Met in exact and rigid way

D. Priorities are alterable

58. According to Maslow, which of the following is NOT TRUE about a self actualized person?

A. Understands poetry, music, philosophy, science etc.

B. Desires privacy, autonomous

C. Follows the decision of the majority, uphold justice and truth


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D. Problem centered

59. According to Maslow, which of the following is TRUE about a self actualized person?

A. Makes decision contrary to public opinion

B. Do not predict events

C. Self centered

D. Maximum degree of self conflict

60. This is the essence of mental health

A. Self awareness

B. Self actualization

C. Self esteem

D. Self worth

61. Florence nightingale is born in

A. Germany

B. Britain

C. France

D. Italy


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62. Which is unlikely of Florence Nightingale?

A. Born May 12, 1840

B. Built St. Thomas school of nursing when she was 40 years old

C. Notes in nursing

D. Notes in hospital

63. What country did Florence Nightingale train in nursing?

A. Belgium

B. US

C. Germany

D. England

64. Which of the following is recognized for developing the concept of HIGH LEVEL WELLNESS?

A. Erikson

B. Madaw

C. Peplau

D. Dunn


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65. One of the expectations is for nurses to join professional association primarily because of

A. Promotes advancement and professional growth among its members

B. Works for raising funds for nurses benefit

C. Facilitate and establishes acquaintances

D. Assist them and securing jobs abroad

66. Founder of the PNA

A. Julita Sotejo

B. Anastacia Giron Tupas

C. Eufemia Octaviano

D. Anesia Dionisio

67. Which of the following provides that nurses must be a member of a national nurse organization?

A. R.A 877

B. 1981 Code of ethics approved by the house of delegates and the PNA

C. Board resolution No. 1955 Promulgated by the BON

D. RA 7164

68. Which of the following best describes the action of a nurse who documents her nursing diagnosis?


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A. She documents it and charts it whenever necessary

B. She can be accused of malpractice

C. She does it regularly as an important responsibility

D. She charts it only when the patient is acutely ill

69. Which of the following does not govern nursing practice?

A. RA 7164

B. RA 9173

C. BON Res. Code Of Ethics

D. BON Res. Scope of Nursing Practice

70. A nurse who is maintaining a private clinic in the community renders service on maternal and child health among

the neighborhood for a fee is:

A. Primary care nurse

B. Independent nurse practitioner

C. Nurse-Midwife

D. Nurse specialist

71. When was the PNA founded?


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A. September 22, 1922

B. September 02, 1920

C. October 21, 1922

D. September 02, 1922

72. Who was the first president of the PNA ?

A. Anastacia Giron-Tupas

B. Loreto Tupas

C. Rosario Montenegro

D. Ricarda Mendoza

73. Defines health as the ability to maintain internal milieu. Illness according to him/her/them is the failure to maintain

internal environment.

A. Cannon

B. Bernard

C. Leddy and Pepper

D. Roy

74. Postulated that health is a state and process of being and becoming an integrated and whole person.

A. Cannon


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B. Bernard

C. Dunn

D. Roy

75. What regulates HOMEOSTASIS according to the theory of Walter Cannon?

A. Positive feedback

B. Negative feedback

C. Buffer system

D. Various mechanisms

76. Stated that health is WELLNESS. A termed define by the culture or an individual.

A. Roy

B. Henderson

C. Rogers

D. King

77. Defined health as a dynamic state in the life cycle, and Illness as interference in the life cycle.

A. Roy

B. Henderson


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C. Rogers

D. King

78. She defined health as the soundness and wholness of developed human structure and bodily mental functioning.

A. Orem

B. Henderson

C. Neuman

D. Clark

79. According to her, Wellness is a condition in which all parts and subparts of an individual are in harmony with the

whole system.

A. Orem

B. Henderson

C. Neuman

D. Johnson

80. Postulated that health is reflected by the organization, interaction, interdependence and integration of the

subsystem of the behavioral system.

A. Orem

B. Henderson


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C. Neuman

D. Johnson

81. According to them, Well being is a subjective perception of BALANCE, HARMONY and VITALITY

A. Leavell and Clark

B. Peterson and Zderad

C. Benner and Wruber

D. Leddy and Pepper

82. He describes the WELLNESS-ILLNESS Continuum as interaction of the environment with well being and illness.

A. Cannon

B. Bernard

C. Dunn

D. Clark

83. An integrated method of functioning that is oriented towards maximizing ones potential within the limitation of the

environment.

A. Well being

B. Health

C. Low level Wellness


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D. High level Wellness

84. What kind of illness precursor, according to DUNN is cigarette smoking?

A. Heredity

B. Social

C. Behavioral

D. Environmental

85. According to DUNN, Overcrowding is what type of illness precursor?

A. Heredity

B. Social

C. Behavioral

D. Environmental

86. Health belief model was formulated in 1975 by who?

A. Becker

B. Smith

C. Dunn

D. Leavell and Clark


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87. In health belief model, Individual perception matters. Which of the following is highly UNLIKELY to influence

preventive behavior?

A. Perceived susceptibility to an illness

B. Perceived seriousness of an illness

C. Perceived threat of an illness

D. Perceived curability of an illness

88. Which of the following is not a PERCEIVED BARRIER in preventive action?

A. Difficulty adhering to the lifestyle

B. Economic factors

C. Accessibility of health care facilities

D. Increase adherence to medical therapies

89. Conceptualizes that health is a condition of actualization or realization of persons potential. Avers that the highest

aspiration of people is fulfillment and complete development actualization.

A. Clinical Model

B. Role performance Model

C. Adaptive Model

D. Eudaemonistic Model


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90. Views people as physiologic system and Absence of sign and symptoms equates health.

A. Clinical Model


C. Adaptive Model


91. Knowledge about the disease and prior contact with it is what type of VARIABLE according to the health belief

model?

A. Demographic

B. Sociopsychologic

C. Structural

D. Cues to action

92. It includes internal and external factors that leads the individual to seek help

A. Demographic

B. Sociopsychologic

C. Structural

D. Cues to action


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93. Influence from peers and social pressure is included in what variable of HBM?

A. Demographic

B. Sociopsychologic

C. Structural

D. Cues to action

94. Age, Sex, Race etc. is included in what variable of HBM?

A. Demographic

B. Sociopsychologic

C. Structural

D. Cues to action

95. According to Leavell and Clarks ecologic model, All of this are factors that affects health and illness except

A. Reservoir

B. Agent

C. Environment

D. Host

96. Is a multi dimensional model developed by PENDER that describes the nature of persons as they interact within

the environment to pursue health


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A. Ecologic Model

B. Health Belief Model

C. Health Promotion Model

D. Health Prevention Model

97. Defined by Pender as all activities directed toward increasing the level of well being and self actualization.

A. Health prevention

B. Health promotion

C. Health teaching

D. Self actualization

98. Defined as an alteration in normal function resulting in reduction of capacities and shortening of life span.

A. Illness

B. Disease

C. Health

D. Wellness

99. Personal state in which a person feels unhealthy


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A. Illness

B. Disease

C. Health

D. Wellness

100. According to her, Caring is defined as a nurturant way of responding to a valued client towards whom the nurse

feels a sense of commitment and responsibility.

A. Benner

B. Watson

C. Leininger

D. Swanson

Answers and Rationale

1. The four major concepts in nursing theory are the

A. Person, Environment, Nurse, Health

B. Nurse, Person, Environment, Cure

C. Promotive, Preventive, Curative, Rehabilitative

D. Person, Environment, Nursing, Health

Rationale:This is an actual board exam question and is a common board question. Theorist always describes The

nursing profession by first defining what is NURSING, followed by the PERSON, ENVIRONMENT and HEALTH

CONCEPT. The most popular theory was perhaps Nightingales. She defined nursing as the utilization of the persons

environment to assist him towards recovery. She defined the person as somebody who has a reparative capabilities

mediated and enhanced by factors in his environment. She describes the environment as something that would


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facilitate the persons reparative process and identified different factors like sanitation, noise, etc. that affects a

persons reparative state.

2. The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery is theorized by

A. Nightingale

B. Benner

C. Swanson

D. King

Rationale: Florence nightingale do not believe in the germ theory, and perhaps this was her biggest mistake. Yet, her

theory was the first in nursing. She believed that manipulation of environment that includes appropriate noise,

nutrition, hygiene, light, comfort, sanitation etc. could provide the clients body the nurturance it needs for repair and

recovery.

3. For her, Nursing is a theoretical system of knowledge that prescribes a process of analysis and action related to

care of the ill person

A. King

B. Henderson

C. Roy

D. Leininger

Rationale:Remember the word THEOROYTICAL For Callista Roy, Nursing is a theoretical body of knowledge that

prescribes analysis and action to care for an ill person. She introduced the ADAPTATION MODEL and viewed person

as a BIOSPSYCHOSOCIAL BEING. She believed that by adaptation, Man can maintain homeostasis.


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4. According to her, Nursing is a helping or assistive profession to persons who are wholly or partly dependent or

when those who are supposedly caring for them are no longer able to give care.

A. Henderson

B. Orem

C. Swanson

D. Neuman

Rationale: In self care deficit theory, Nursing is defined as A helping or assistive profession to person who are wholly

or partly dependent or when people who are to give care to them are no longer available. Self care, are the activities

that a person do for himself to maintain health, life and well being.

5. Nursing is a unique profession, Concerned with all the variables affecting an individuals response to stressors,

which are intra, inter and extra personal in nature.

A. Neuman

B. Johnson

C. Watson

D. Parse

Rationale: Neuman divided stressors as either intra, inter and extra personal in nature. She said that NURSING is

concerned with eliminating these stressors to obtain a maximum level of wellness. The nurse helps the client through

PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND TERTIARY prevention modes. Please do not confuse this with LEAVELL and

CLARKS level of prevention.

6. The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities

contributing to health that he would perform unaided if he has the necessary strength, will and knowledge, and do this

in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible


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A. Henderson

B. Abdellah

C. Levin

D. Peplau

Rationale: This was an actual board question. Remember this definition and associate it with Virginia Henderson.

Henderson also describes the NATURE OF NURSING theory. She identified 14 basic needs of the client. She

describes nursing roles as SUBSTITUTIVE : Doing everything for the client, SUPPLEMENTARY : Helping the client

and COMPLEMENTARY : Working with the client. Breathing normally, Eliminating waste, Eating and drinking

adquately, Worship and Play are some of the basic needs according to her.

7. Caring is the essence and central unifying, a dominant domain that distinguishes nursing from other health

disciplines. Care is an essential human need.

A. Benner

B. Watson

C. Leininger

D. Swanson

Rationale: There are many theorist that describes nursing as CARE. The most popular was JEAN WATSONS

Human Caring Model. But this question pertains to Leiningers definition of caring. CUD I LIE IN GER? [ Could I Lie In

There ] Is the Mnemonics I am using not to get confused. C stands for CENTRAL , U stands for UNIFYING, D stands

for DOMINANT DOMAIN. I emphasize on this matter due to feedback on the last June 2006 batch about a question

about CARING.

8. Caring involves 5 processes, KNOWING, BEING WITH, DOING FOR, ENABLING and MAINTAINING BELIEF.

A. Benner

B. Watson


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C. Leininger

D. Swanson

Rationale: Caring according to Swanson involves 5 processes. Knowing means understanding the client. Being with

emphasizes the Physical presence of the nurse for the patient. Doing for means doing things for the patient when he

is incapable of doing it for himself. Enabling means helping client transcend maturational and developmental

stressors in life while Maintaining belief is the ability of the Nurse to inculcate meaning to these events.

9. Caring is healing, it is communicated through the consciousness of the nurse to the individual being cared for. It

allows access to higher human spirit.

A. Benner

B. Watson

C. Leininger

D. Swanson

Rationale: The deepest and spiritual definition of Caring came from Jean watson. For her, Caring expands the limits

of openess and allows access to higher human spirit.

10. Caring means that person, events, projects and things matter to people. It reveals stress and coping options.

Caring creates responsibility. It is an inherent feature of nursing practice. It helps the nurse assist clients to recover in

the face of the illness.

A. Benner

B. Watson

C. Leininger

D. Swanson


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Rationale: I think of CARE BEAR to facilitate retainment of BENNER. As in, Care Benner. For her, Caring means

being CONNECTED or making things matter to people. Caring according to Benner give meaning to illness and re

establish connection.

11. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about profession according to Marie Jahoda?

A. A profession is an organization of an occupational group based on the application of special knowledge

B. It serves specific interest of a group

C. It is altruistic

D. Quality of work is of greater importance than the rewards

Rationale: Believe it or not, you should know the definition of profession according to Jahoda because it is asked in

the Local boards. A profession should serve the WHOLE COMMUNITY and not just a specific intrest of a group.

Everything else, are correct.

12. Which of the following is NOT an attribute of a professional?

A. Concerned with quantity

B. Self directed

C. Committed to spirit of inquiry

D. Independent

Rationale: A professional is concerned with QUALITY and not QUANTITY. In nursing, We have methods of quality

assurance and control to evaluate the effectiveness of nursing care. Nurses, are never concerned with QUANTITY of

care provided.

13. The most unique characteristic of nursing as a profession is


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A. Education

B. Theory

C. Caring

D. Autonomy

Rationale: Caring and caring alone, is the most unique quality of the Nursing Profession. It is the one the delineate

Nursing from other professions.

14. This is the distinctive individual qualities that differentiate a person to another

A. Philosophy

B. Personality

C. Charm

D. Character

Rationale: Personality are qualities that make us different from each other. These are impressions that we made, or

the footprints that we leave behind. This is the result of the integration of ones talents, behavior, appearance, mood,

character, morals and impulses into one harmonious whole. Philosophy is the basic truth that fuel our soul and give

our life a purpose, it shapes the facets of a persons character. Charm is to attract other people to be a change agent.

Character is our moral values and belief that guides our actions in life.

15. Refers to the moral values and beliefs that are used as guides to personal behavior and actions

A. Philosophy

B. Personality

C. Charm


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D. Character

Rationale: Refer to number 14

16. As a nurse manager, which of the following best describes this function?

A. Initiate modification on clients lifestyle

B. Protect clients right

C. Coordinates the activities of other members of the health team in managing patient care

D. Provide in service education programs, Use accurate nursing audit, formulate philosophy and vision of the

institution

Rationale: A refers to being a change agent. B is a role of a patient advocate. C is a case manager while D basically

summarized functions of a nurse manager. If you havent read Lydia Venzons Book : NURSING MANAGEMENT

TOWARDS QUALITY CARE, I suggest reading it in advance for your management subjects in the graduate school.

Formulating philosophy and vision is in PLANNING. Nursing Audit is in CONTROLLING, In service education

programs are included in DIRECTING. These are the processes of Nursing Management, I just forgot to add

ORGANIZING which includes formulating an organizational structure and plans, Staffing and developing

qualifications and job descriptions.

17. What best describes nurses as a care provider?

A. Determine clients need

B. Provide direct nursing care

C. Help client recognize and cope with stressful psychological situation

D. Works in combined effort with all those involved in patients care

Rationale: You can never provide nursing care if you dont know what are the needs of the client. How can you

provide an effective postural drainage if you do not know where is the bulk of the clients secretion. Therefore, the


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best description of a care provider is the accurate and prompt determination of the clients need to be able to render

an appropriate nursing care.

18. The nurse questions a doctors order of Morphine sulfate 50 mg, IM for a client with pancreatitis. Which role best

fit that statement?

A. Change agent

B. Client advocate

C. Case manager

D. Collaborator

Rationale: As a clients advocate, Nurses are to protect the clients right and promotes what is best for the client.

Knowing that Morphine causes spasm of the sphincter of Oddi and will lead to further increase in the clients pain,

The nurse knew that the best treatment option for the client was not provided and intervene to provide the best

possible care.

19. These are nursing intervention that requires knowledge, skills and expertise of multiple health professionals.

A. Dependent

B. Independent

C. Interdependent

D. Intradependent

Rationale: Interdependent functions are those that needs expertise and skills of multiple health professionals.

Example is when A child was diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome and the doctor ordered a high protein diet, Budek

then work together with the dietician about the age appropriate high protein foods that can be given to the child,

Including the preparation to entice the child into eating the food. NOTE : It is still debated if the diet in NS is low,

moderate or high protein, In the U.S, Protein is never restricted and can be taken in moderate amount. As far as the

local examination is concerned, answer LOW PROTEIN HIGH CALORIC DIET.


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20. What type of patient care model is the most common for student nurses and private duty nurses?

A. Total patient care

B. Team nursing

C. Primary Nursing

D. Case management

Rationale: This is also known as case nursing. It is a method of nursing care wherein, one nurse is assigned to one

patient for the delivery of total care. These are the method use by Nursing students, Private duty nurses and those in

critical or isolation units.

21. This is the best patient care model when there are many nurses but few patients.


B. Team nursing

C. Primary nursing


Rationale: Total patient care works best if there are many nurses but few patients.

22. This patient care model works best when there are plenty of patient but few nurses


B. Team nursing


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C. Primary nursing


Rationale: Functional nursing is task oriented, One nurse is assigned on a particular task leading to task expertise

and efficiency. The nurse will work fast because the procedures are repetitive leading to task mastery. This care is

not recommended as this leads fragmented nursing care.

23. RN assumes 24 hour responsibility for the client to maintain continuity of care across shifts, days or visits.


B. Team nursing

C. Primary nursing


Rationale: Your keyword in Primary nursing is the 24 hours. This does not necessarily means the nurse is awake for

24 hours, She can have a SECONDARY NURSES that will take care of the patient in shifts where she is not arround.

24. Who developed the first theory of nursing?

A. Hammurabi

B. Alexander

C. Fabiola

D. Nightingale

Rationale: Refer to question # 2. Hammurabi is the king of babylon that introduces the LEX TALIONES law, If you kill

me, you should be killed If you rob me, You should be robbed, An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. Alexander

the great was the son of King Philip II and is from macedonia but he ruled Greece including Persia and Egypt. He is


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known to use a hammer to pierce a dying soldiers medulla towards speedy death when he thinks that the soldier will

die anyway, just to relieve their suffering. Fabiola was a beautiful roman matron who converted her house into a

hospital.

25. She introduces the NATURE OF NURSING MODEL.

A. Henderson

B. Nightingale

C. Parse

D. Orlando

Rationale: Refer to question # 6.

26. She described the four conservation principle.

A. Levin

B. Leininger

C. Orlando

D. Parse

Rationale: Myra Levin described the 4 Conservation principles which are concerned with the Unity and Integrity of an

individual. These are ENERGY : Our output to facilitate meeting of our needs. STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY : We mus

maintain the integrity of our organs, tissues and systems to be able to function and prevent harmful agents entering

our body. PERSONAL INTEGRITY : These refers to our self esteem, self worth, self concept, identify and personality.

SOCIAL INTEGRITY : Reflects our societal roles to our society, community, family, friends and fellow individuals.

27. Proposed the HEALTH CARE SYSTEM MODEL.


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A. Henderson

B. Orem

C. Parse

D. Neuman

Rationale: Betty Neuman asserted that nursing is a unique profession and is concerned with all the variables affecting

the individuals response to stressors. These are INTRA or within ourselves, EXTRA or outside the individual, INTER

means between two or more people. She proposed the HEALTH CARE SYSTEM MODEL which states that by

PRIMARY, SECONDARY and TERTIARY prevention, The nurse can help the client maintain stability against these

stressors.

28. Conceptualized the BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM MODEL

A. Orem

B. Johnson

C. Henderson

D. Parse

Rationale: According to Dorothy Johnson, Each person is a behavioral system that is composed of 7 subsystems.

Man adjust or adapt to stressors by a using a LEARNED PATTERN OF RESPONSE. Man uses his behavior to meet

the demands of the environment, and is able to modified his behavior to support these demands.

29. Developed the CLINICAL NURSING A HELPING ART MODEL

A. Swanson


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B. Hall

C. Weidenbach

D. Zderad

Rationale: Just remember ERNESTINE WEIDENBACHLINICAL.

30. Developed the ROLE MODELING and MODELING theory

A. Erickson,Tomlin,Swain

B. Neuman

C. Newman

D. Benner and Wrubel

31. Proposed the GRAND THEORY OF NURSING AS CARING

A. Erickson, Tomlin, Swain

B. Peterson,Zderad

C. Bnner,Wrubel

D. Boykin,Schoenhofer

Rationale: This theory was called GRAND THEORY because boykin and schoenofer thinks that ALL MAN ARE

CARING, And that nursing is a response to this unique call. According to them, CARING IS A MORAL IMPERATIVE,

meaning, ALL PEOPLE will tend to help a man who fell down the stairs even if he is not trained to do so.

32. Postulated the INTERPERSONAL ASPECT OF NURSING


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A. Travelbee

B. Swanson

C. Zderad

D. Peplau

Rationale: Travelbees theory was referred to as INTERPERSONAL theory because she postulated that NURSING is

to assist the individual and all people that affects this individual to cope with illness, recover and FIND MEANING to

this experience. For her, Nursing is a HUMAN TO HUMAN relationship that is formed during illness. To her, an

individual is a UNIQUE and irreplaceable being in continuous process of becoming, evolving and changing. PLEASE

do remember, that it is PARSE who postulated the theory of HUMAN BECOMING and not TRAVELBEE, for I read

books that say it was TRAVELBEE and not PARSE.

33. He proposed the theory of morality that is based on MUTUAL TRUST

A. Freud

B. Erikson

C. Kohlberg

D. Peters

Rationale: Kohlber states that relationships are based on mutual trust. He postulated the levels of morality

development. At the first stage called the PREMORAL or preconventional, A child do things and label them as BAD

or GOOD depending on the PUNISHMENT or REWARD they get. They have no concept of justice, fairness and

equity, for them, If I punch this kid and mom gets mad, thats WRONG. But if I dance and sing, mama smiles and give

me a new toy, then I am doing something good. In the Conventional level, The individual actuates his act based on

the response of the people around him. He will follow the rules, regulations, laws and morality the society upholds. Ifthe law states that I should not resuscitate this man with a DNR order, then I would not. However, in the Post

conventional level or the AUTONOMOUS level, the individual still follows the rules but can make a rule or bend part

of these rules according to his own MORALITY. He can change the rules if he thinks that it is needed to be changed.

Example is that, A nurse still continue resuscitating the client even if the client has a DNR order because he believes

that the client can still recover and his mission is to save lives, not watch patients die.


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34. He proposed the theory of morality based on PRINCIPLES

A. Freud

B. Erikson

C. Kohlberg

D. Peters

Rationale: Remember PETERS for PRINCIPLES. P is to P. He believes that morality has 3 components : EMOTION

or how one feels, JUDGEMENT or how one reason and BEHAVIOR or how one actuates his EMOTION and

JUDGEMENT. He believes that MORALITY evolves with the development of PRINCPLES or the persons vitrue and

traits. He also believes in AUTOMATICITY of virtues or he calls HABIT, like kindness, charity, honesty, sincerity and

thirft which are innate to a person and therfore, will be performed automatically.

35. Freud postulated that child adopts parental standards and traits through

A. Imitation

B. Introjection

C. Identification

D. Regression

Rationale: A child, according to Freud adopts parental standards, traits, habits and norms through identication. A

good example is the corned beef commercial WALK LIKE A MAN, TALK LIKE A MAN Where the child identifies

with his father by wearing the same clothes and doing the same thing.

36. According to them, Morality is measured of how people treat human being and that a moral child strives to be kind

and just


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A. Zderad and Peterson

B. Benner and Wrubel

C. Fowler and Westerhoff

D. Schulman and Mekler

Rationale: According to Schulman and Mekler, there are 2 components that makes an action MORAL : The intention

should be good and the Act must be just. A good example is ROBIN HOOD, His intention is GOOD but the act is

UNJUST, which makes his action IMMORAL.

37. Postulated that FAITH is the way of behaving. He developed four theories of faith and development based on his

experience.

A. Giligan

B. Westerhoff

C. Fowler

D. Freud

Rationale: There are only 2 theorist of FAITH that might be asked in the board examinations. Fowler and Westerhoff.

What differs them is that, FAITH of fowler is defined abstractly, Fowler defines faith as a FORCE that gives a

meaning to a persons life while Westerhoff defines faith as a behavior that continuously develops through time.

38. He described the development of faith. He suggested that faith is a spiritual dimension that gives meaning to a

persons life. Faith according to him, is a relational phenomenon.

A. Giligan

B. Westerhoff

C. Fowler


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D. Freud

Rationale: Refer to # 37

39. Established in 1906 by the Baptist foreign mission society of America. Miss rose nicolet, was its first

superintendent.

A. St. Paul Hospital School of nursing

B. Iloilo Mission Hospital School of nursing

C. Philippine General Hospital School of nursing

D. St. Lukes Hospital School of nursing

40. Anastacia Giron-Tupas was the first Filipino nurse to occupy the position of chief nurse in this hospital.

A. St. Paul Hospital

B. Iloilo Mission Hospital

C. Philippine General Hospital

D. St. Lukes Hospital

41. She was the daughter of Hungarian kings, who feed 300-900 people everyday in their gate, builds hospitals, and

care of the poor and sick herself.

A. Elizabeth

B. Catherine

C. Nightingale

D. Sairey Gamp


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Rationale:Saint Elizabeth of Hungary was a daughter of a King and is the patron saint of nurses. She build hospitals

and feed hungry people everyday using the kingdoms money. She is a princess, but devoted her life in feeding the

hungry and serving the sick.

42. She dies of yellow fever in her search for truth to prove that yellow fever is carried by a mosquitoes.

A. Clara louise Maas

B. Pearl Tucker

C. Isabel Hampton Robb

D. Caroline Hampton Robb

Rationale: Clara Louise Maas sacrificed her life in research of YELLOW FEVER. People during her time do not

believe that yellow fever was brought by mosquitoes. To prove that they are wrong, She allowed herself to be bitten

by the vector and after days, She died.

43. He was called the father of sanitation.

A. Abraham

B. Hippocrates

C. Moses

D. Willam Halstead

44. The country where SHUSHURUTU originated

A. China


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B. Egypt

C. India

D. Babylonia

45. They put girls clothes on male infants to drive evil forces away

A. Chinese

B. Egyptian

C. Indian

D. Babylonian

Rationale: Chinese believes that male newborns are demon magnets. To fool those demons, they put female clothes

to their male newborn.

46. In what period of nursing does people believe in TREPHINING to drive evil forces away?

A. Dark period

B. Intuitive period


D. Educative period

Rationale: Egyptians believe that a sick person is someone with an evil force or demon that is inside their heads. To

release these evil spirits, They would tend to drill holes on the patients skull and it is called TREPHINING.

47. This period ended when Pastor Fliedner, build Kaiserwerth institute for the training of Deaconesses


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B. Dark period


D. Educative period

Rationale: What dilineates apprentice period among others is that, it ENDED when formal schools were established.

During the apprentice period, There is no formal educational institution for nurses. Most of them receive training

inside the convent or church. Some of them are trained just for the purpose of nursing the wounded soldiers. But

almost all of them are influenced by the christian faith to serve and nurse the sick. When Fliedner build the first formal

school for nurses, It marked the end of the APPRENTICESHIP period.

48. Period of nursing where religious Christian orders emerged to take care of the sick


B. Dark period


D. Educative period

Rationale: Apprentice period is marked by the emergence of religious orders the are devoted to religious life and the

practice of nursing.

49. Founded the second order of St. Francis of Assisi

A. St. Catherine

B. St. Anne

C. St. Clare

D. St. Elizabeth


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Rationale: The poor clares, is the second order of St. Francis of assisi. The first order was founded by St. Francis

himself. St. Catherine of Siena was the first lady with the lamp. St. Anne is the mother of mama mary. St. Elizabeth is

the patron saint of Nursing.

50. This period marked the religious upheaval of Luther, Who questions the Christian faith.


B. Dark period


D. Educative period

Rationale: Protestantism emerged with Martin Luther questions the Pope and Christianity. This started the Dark

period of nursing when the christian faith was smeared by controversies. These leads to closure of some hospital and

schools run by the church. Nursing became the work of prostitutes, slaves, mother and least desirable of women.

51. According to the Biopsychosocial and spiritual theory of Sister Callista Roy, Man, As a SOCIAL being is

A. Like all other men

B. Like some other men

C. Like no other men

D. Like men

Rationale: According to ROY, Man as a social being is like some other man. As a spiritual being and Biologic being,

Man are all alike. As a psychologic being, No man thinks alike. This basically summarized her BIOPSYHOSOCIAL

theory which is included in our licensure exam coverage.

52. She conceptualized that man, as an Open system is in constant interaction and transaction with a changing

environment.


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A. Roy

B. Levin

C. Neuman

D. Newman

Rationale: OPEN system theory is ROY. As an open system, man continuously allows input from the environment.

Example is when you tell me Im good looking, I will be happy the entire day, Because I am an open system and

continuously interact and transact with my environment. A close system is best exemplified by a CANDLE. When you

cover the candle with a glass, it will die because it will eventually use all the oxygen it needs inside the glass for

combustion. A closed system do not allow inputs and output in its environment.

53. In a CLOSED system, which of the following is true?

A. Affected by matter

B. A sole island in vast ocean

C. Allows input

D. Constantly affected by matter, energy, information

54. Who postulated the WHOLISTIC concept that the totality is greater than sum of its parts?

A. Roy

B. Rogers

C. Henderson

D. Johnson

Rationale: The wholistic theory by Martha Rogers states that MAN is greater than the sum of all its parts and that his

dignity and worth will not be lessen even if one of this part is missing. A good example is ANNE BOLEYN, The


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mother of Queen Elizabeth and the wife of King Henry VIII. She was beheaded because Henry wants to mary another

wife and that his divorce was not approved by the pope. Outraged, He insisted on the separation of the Church and

State and divorce Anne himself by making everyone believe that Anne is having an affair to another man. Anne was

beheaded while her lips is still saying a prayer. Even without her head, People still gave respect to her diseased body

and a separate head. She was still remembered as Anne boleyn, Mother of Elizabeth who lead england to their

GOLDEN AGE.

55. She theorized that man is composed of sub and supra systems. Subsystems are cells, tissues, organs and

systems while the suprasystems are family, society and community.

A. Roy

B. Rogers

C. Henderson

D. Johnson

Rationale: According to Martha Rogers, Man is composed of 2 systems : SUB which includes cells, tissues, organs

and system and SUPRA which includes our famly, community and society. She stated that when any of these

systems are affected, it will affect the entire individual.

56. Which of the following is not true about the human needs?

A. Certain needs are common to all people

B. Needs should be followed exactly in accordance with their hierarchy

C. Needs are stimulated by internal factors

D. Needs are stimulated by external factors

Rationale:Needs can be deferred. I can urinate later as not to miss the part of the movies climax. I can save my

money that are supposedly for my lunch to watch my idols in concert. The physiologic needs can be meet later for

some other needs and need not be strictly followed according to their hierarchy.


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57. Which of the following is TRUE about the human needs?

A. May not be deferred

B. Are not interrelated

C. Met in exact and rigid way

D. Priorities are alterable

Rationale:Refer to question # 56.

58. According to Maslow, which of the following is NOT TRUE about a self actualized person?

A. Understands poetry, music, philosophy, science etc.

B. Desires privacy, autonomous

C. Follows the decision of the majority, uphold justice and truth

D. Problem centered

Rationale: A,B and D are all qualities of a self actualized person. A self actualized person do not follow the decision of

majority but is self directed and can make decisions contrary to a popular opinion.

59. According to Maslow, which of the following is TRUE about a self actualized person?

A. Makes decision contrary to public opinion

B. Do not predict events

C. Self centered


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D. Maximum degree of self conflict


60. This is the essence of mental health

A. Self awareness

B. Self actualization

C. Self esteem

D. Self worth

Rationale: The peak of maslows hierarchy is the essence of mental health.

61. Florence nightingale is born in

A. Germany

B. Britain

C. France

D. Italy

Rationale: Florence Nightingale was born in Florence, Italy, May 12, 1820. Studied in Germany and Practiced in

England.

62. Which is unlikely of Florence Nightingale?

A. Born May 12, 1840


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B. Built St. Thomas school of nursing when she was 40 years old

C. Notes in nursing

D. Notes in hospital

63. What country did Florence Nightingale train in nursing?

A. Belgium

B. US

C. Germany

D. England

64. Which of the following is recognized for developing the concept of HIGH LEVEL WELLNESS?

A. Erikson

B. Madaw

C. Peplau

D. Dunn

Rationale: According to Dunn, High level wellness is the ability of an individual to maximize his full potential with the

limitations imposed by his environment. According to him, An individual can be healthy or ill in both favorable and

unfavorable environment.

65. One of the expectations is for nurses to join professional association primarily because of

A. Promotes advancement and professional growth among its members

B. Works for raising funds for nurses benefit


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C. Facilitate and establishes acquaintances

D. Assist them and securing jobs abroad

66. Founder of the PNA

A. Julita Sotejo

B. Anastacia Giron Tupas

C. Eufemia Octaviano

D. Anesia Dionisio

67. Which of the following provides that nurses must be a member of a national nurse organization?

A. R.A 877

B. 1981 Code of ethics approved by the house of delegates and the PNA

C. Board resolution No. 1955 Promulgated by the BON

D. RA 7164

Rationale: This is an old board resolution. The new Board resolution is No. 220 series of 2004 a lso known as the

Nursing Code Of ethics which states that [ SECTION 17, A ] A nurse should be a member of an accredited

professional organization which is the PNA.

68. Which of the following best describes the action of a nurse who documents her nursing d iagnosis?

A. She documents it and charts it whenever necessary

B. She can be accused of malpractice

C. She does it regularly as an important responsibility


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D. She charts it only when the patient is acutely ill

69. Which of the following does not govern nursing practice?

A. RA 7164

B. RA 9173

C. BON Res. Code Of Ethics

D. BON Res. Scope of Nursing Practice

Rationale:7164 is an old law. This is the 1991 Nursing Law which was repealed by the newer 9173.

70. A nurse who is maintaining a private clinic in the community renders service on maternal and child health among

the neighborhood for a fee is:

A. Primary care nurse

B. Independent nurse practitioner

C. Nurse-Midwife

D. Nurse specialist

71. When was the PNA founded?

A. September 22, 1922

B. September 02, 1920

C. October 21, 1922

D. September 02, 1922

Rationale: According to the official PNA website, they are founded September 02, 1922.


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72. Who was the first president of the PNA ?

A. Anastacia Giron-Tupas

B. Loreto Tupas

C. Rosario Montenegro

D. Ricarda Mendoza

Rationale: Anastacia Giron Tupas founded the FNA, the former name of the PNA but the first President was Rosario

Montenegro.

73. Defines health as the ability to maintain internal milieu. Illness according to him/her/them is the failure to maintain

internal environment.

A. Cannon

B. Bernard

C. Leddy and Pepper

D. Roy

Rationale: According to Bernard, Health is the ability to maintain and Internal Milieu and Illness is the failure to

maintain the internal environment.

74. Postulated that health is a state and process of being and becoming an integrated and whole person.

A. Cannon

B. Bernard


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C. Dunn

D. Roy

Rationale:According to ROY, Health is a state and process of becoming a WHOLE AND INTEGRATED Person.

75. What regulates HOMEOSTASIS according to the theory of Walter Cannon?

A. Positive feedback

B. Negative feedback

C. Buffer system

D. Various mechanisms

Rationale: The theory of Health as the ability to maintain homeostasis was postulated by Walter Cannon. According

to him, There are certain FEEDBACK Mechanism that regulates our Homeostasis. A good example is that when we

overuse our arm, it will produce pain. PAIN is a negative feedback that signals us that our arm needs a rest.

76. Stated that health is WELLNESS. A termed define by the culture or an individual.

A. Roy

B. Henderson

C. Rogers

D. King

Rationale: Martha Rogers states that HEALTH is synonymous with WELLNESS and that HEALTH and WELLNESS is

subjective depending on the definition of ones culture.

77. Defined health as a dynamic state in the life cycle, and Illness as interference in the life cycle.


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A. Roy

B. Henderson

C. Rogers

D. King

Rationale: Emogene King states that health is a state in the life cycle and Illness is any interference on this cycle. I

enjoyed the Movie LION KING and like what Mufasa said that they are all part of the CIRCLE OF LIFE, or the Life

cycle.

78. She defined health as the soundness and wholness of developed human structure and bodily mental functioning.

A. Orem

B. Henderson

C. Neuman

D. Clark

Rationale: Orem defined health as the SOUNDNESS and WHOLENESS of developed human structure and of bodily

and mental functioning.

79. According to her, Wellness is a condition in which all parts and subparts of an individual are in harmony with the

whole system.

A. Orem

B. Henderson

C. Neuman


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D. Johnson

Rationale: Neuman believe that man is composed of subparts and when this subparts are in harmony with the whole

system, Wellness results. Please do not confuse this with the SUB and SUPRA systems of martha rogers.

80. Postulated that health is reflected by the organization, interaction, interdependence and integration of the

subsystem of the behavioral system.

A. Orem

B. Henderson

C. Neuman

D. Johnson

Rationale: Once you see the phrase BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM, answer Dorothy Johnson.

81. According to them, Well being is a subjective perception of BALANCE, HARMONY and VITALITY

A. Leavell and Clark

B. Peterson and Zderad

C. Benner and Wruber

D. Leddy and Pepper

Rationale: According to Leddy and Pepper, Wellness is subjective and depends on an individuals perception of

balance, harmony and vitality. Leavell and Clark postulared the ecologic model of health and illness or the AGENT-

HOST-ENVIRONMENT model. Peterson and Zderad developed the HUMANISTIC NURSING PRACTICE theory

while Benner and Wruber postulate the PRIMACY OF CARING MODEL.

82. He describes the WELLNESS-ILLNESS Continuum as interaction of the environment with well being and illness.


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A. Cannon

B. Bernard

C. Dunn

D. Clark

83. An integrated method of functioning that is oriented towards maximizing ones potential within the limitation of the

environment.

A. Well being

B. Health

C. Low level Wellness

D. High level Wellness

84. What kind of illness precursor, according to DUNN is cigarette smoking?

A. Heredity

B. Social

C. Behavioral

D. Environmental

Rationale: Behavioral precursors includes smoking, alcoholism, high fat intake and other lifestyle choices.

Environmental factors involved poor sanitation and over crowding. Heridity includes congenital and diseases acquired

through the genes. There are no social precursors according to DUNN.

85. According to DUNN, Overcrowding is what type of illness precursor?


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A. Heredity

B. Social

C. Behavioral

D. Environmental

86. Health belief model was formulated in 1975 by who?

A. Becker

B. Smith

C. Dunn

D. Leavell and Clark

Rationale: According to Becker, The belief of an individual greatly affects his behavior. If a man believes that he is

susceptible to an illness, He will alter his behavior in order to prevent its occurence. For example, If a man thinks that

diabetes is acquired through high intake of sugar and simple carbohydrates, then he will limit the intake of foods rich

in these components.

87. In health belief model, Individual perception matters. Which of the following is highly UNLIKELY to influence

preventive behavior?

A. Perceived susceptibility to an illness

B. Perceived seriousness of an illness

C. Perceived threat of an illness

D. Perceived curability of an illness

Rationale: If a man think he is susceptibe to a certain disease, thinks that the disease is serious and it is a threat to

his life and functions, he will use preventive behaviors to avoid the occurence of this threat.


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88. Which of the following is not a PERCEIVED BARRIER in preventive action?

A. Difficulty adhering to the lifestyle

B. Economic factors

C. Accessibility of health care facilities

D. Increase adherence to medical therapies

Rationale:Perceived barriers are those factors that affects the individuals health preventive actions. Both A and B

can affect the individuals ability to prevent the occurence of diseases. C and D are called Preventive Health

Behaviors which enhances the individuals preventive capabilities.

89. Conceptualizes that health is a condition of actualization or realization of persons potential. Avers that the highest

aspiration of people is fulfillment and complete development actualization.

A. Clinical Model


C. Adaptive Model


Rationale: Smith formulated 5 models of health. Clinical model simply states that when people experience sign and

symptoms, they would think that they are unhealthy therefore, Health is the absence of clinical sign and symptoms of

a disease. Role performance model states that when a person does his role and activities without deficits, he is

healthy and the inability to perform usual roles means that the person is ill. Adaptive Model states that if a person

adapts well with his environment, he is healthy and maladaptation equates illness. Eudaemonistic Model of health

according to smith is the actualization of a persons fullest potential. If a person functions optimally and develop selfactualization, then, no doubt that person is healthy.

90. Views people as physiologic system and Absence of sign and symptoms equates health.


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A. Clinical Model


C. Adaptive Model



91. Knowledge about the disease and prior contact with it is what type of VARIABLE according to the health belief

model?

A. Demographic

B. Sociopsychologic

C. Structural

D. Cues to action

Rationale:Modifying variables in Beckers health belief model includes DEMOGRAPHIC : Age, sex, race etc.

SOCIOPSYCHOLOGIC : Social and Peer influence. STRUCTURAL : Knowledge about the disease and prior contact

with it and CUES TO ACTION : Which are the sign and symptoms of the disease or advice from friends, mass media

and others that forces or makes the individual seek help.

92. It includes internal and external factors that leads the individual to seek help

A. Demographic

B. Sociopsychologic

C. Structural

D. Cues to action


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93. Influence from peers and social pressure is included in what variable of HBM?

A. Demographic

B. Sociopsychologic

C. Structural

D. Cues to action


94. Age, Sex, Race etc. is included in what variable of HBM?

A. Demographic

B. Sociopsychologic

C. Structural

D. Cues to action


95. According to Leavell and Clarks ecologic model, All of this are factors that affects health and illness except

A. Reservoir

B. Agent


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C. Environment

D. Host

Rationale: According to L&Cs Ecologic model, there are 3 factors that affect health and illness. These are the

AGENT or the factor the leads to illness, either a bacteria or an event in life. HOST are persons that may or may not

be affected by these agents. ENVIRONMENT are factors external to the host that may or may not p redispose him to

the AGENT.

96. Is a multi dimensional model developed by PENDER that describes the nature of persons as they interact within

the environment to pursue health

A. Ecologic Model

B. Health Belief Model

C. Health Promotion Model

D. Health Prevention Model

Rationale: Pender developed the concept of HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL which postulated that an individual

engages in health promotion activities to increase well being and attain self actualization. These includes exercise,

immunization, healthy lifestyle, good food, self responsibility and all other factors that minimize if not totally eradicate

risks and threats of health.

97. Defined by Pender as all activities directed toward increasing the level of well being and self actualization.

A. Health prevention

B. Health promotion

C. Health teaching

D. Self actualization



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98. Defined as an alteration in normal function resulting in reduction of capacities and shortening of life span.

A. Illness

B. Disease

C. Health

D. Wellness

Rationale: Disease are alteration in body functions resulting in reduction of capabilities or shortening of life span.

99. Personal state in which a person feels unhealthy

A. Illness

B. Disease

C. Health

D. Wellness

Rationale: Illness is something PERSONAL. Unlike disease, Illness are personal state in which person feels

unhealthy. An old person might think he is ILL but in fact, he is not due, to diminishing functions and capabilities,

people might think they are ILL. Disease however, is something with tangible basis like lab results, X ray films or

clinical sign and symptoms.

100. According to her, Caring is defined as a nurturant way of responding to a valued client towards whom the nurse

feels a sense of commitment and responsibility.

A. Benner


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B. Watson

C. Leininger

D. Swanson

Rationale: This is Jean Watsons definition of Nursing as caring. This was asked word per word last June 06' NLE.

Benner defines caring as something that matters to people. She postulated the responsibility created by Caring in

nursing. She was also responsible for the PRIMACY OF CARING MODEL. Leininger defind the 4 conservation

principle while Swanson introduced the 5 processes of caring.

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Here are the answers & rationale for Fundamentals of Nursing Comprehensive Exam: Illness, Infection, Asepsis

(100 Items)1. When the General adaptation syndrome is activated, FLIGHT OR FIGHT response sets in. Sympathetic nervous

system releases norepinephrine while the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine. Which of the following is true with

regards to that statement?

A. Pupils will constrict

B. Client will be lethargic

C. Lungs will bronchodilate

D. Gastric motility will increase

Rationale:To better understand the concept : The autonomic nervous system is composed of SYMPATHETIC and

PARASYMPATHETIC Nervous system. It is called AUTONOMIC Because it is Involuntary and stimuli based. You

cannot tell your heart to kindly beat for 60 per minute, Nor, Tell your blood vessels, Please constrict, because you

need to wear skirt today and your varicosities are bulging. Sympathetic Nervous system is the FIGHT or FLIGHT

mechanism. When people FIGHT or RUN, we tend to stimulate the ANS and dominate over SNS. Just Imagine a

person FIGHTING and RUNNING to get the idea on the signs of SNS Domination. Imagine a resting and digesting

person to get a picture of PNS Domination. A person RUNNING or FIGHTING Needs to bronchodilate, because the

oxygen need is increased due to higher demand of the body. Pupils will DILATE to be able to see the enemy clearly.

Client will be fully alert to dodge attacks and leap through obstacles during running. The clients gastric motility will

DECREASE Because you cannot afford to urinate or defecate during fighting nor running.

2. Which of the following response is not expected to a person whose GAS is activated and the FIGHT OR FLIGHT

response sets in?

A. The client will not urinate due to relaxation of the detrusor muscle

B. The client will be restless and alert

C. Clients BP will increase, there will be vasodilation

D. There will be increase glycogenolysis, Pancrease will decrease insulin secretion

Rationale:If vasodilation will occur, The BP will not increase but decrease. It is true that Blood pressure increases

during SNS Stimulation due to the fact that we need more BLOOD to circulate during the FIGHT or FLIGHT


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Response because the oxygen demand has increased, but this is facilitated by vasoconstriction and not vasodilation.

A,B and D are all correct. The liver will increase glycogenolysis or glycogen store utilization due to a heightened

demand for energy. Pancrease will decrease insulin secretion because almost every aspect of digestion that is

controlled by Parasympathetic nervous system is inhibited when the SNS dominates.

3. State in which a persons physical, emotional, intellectual and social development or spiritual functioning isdiminished or impaired compared with a previous experience.

A. Illness

B. Disease

C. Health

D. Wellness

Rationale:Disease is a PROVEN FACT based on a medical theory, standards, diagnosis and clinical feature while

ILLNESS Is a subjective state of not feeling well based on subjective appraisal, previous experience, peer advice etc.

4. This is the first stage of illness wherein, the person starts to believe that something is wrong. Also known as the

transition phase from wellness to illness.

A. Symptom Experience

B. Assumption of sick role

C. Medical care contact

D. Dependent patient role

Rationale:A favorite board question are Stages of Illness. When a person starts to believe something is wrong, that

person is experiencing signs and symptoms of an illness. The patient will then ASSUME that he is sick. This is called

assumption of the sick role where the patient accepts he is Ill and try to give up some activities. Since the client only

ASSUMES his illness, he will try to ask someone to validate if what he is experiencing is a disease, This is now called

as MEDICAL CARE CONTACT. The client seeks professional advice for validation, reassurance, clarification and

explanation of the symptoms he is experiencing. client will then start his dependent patient role of receiving care from

the health care providers. The last stage of Illness is the RECOVERY stage where the patient gives up the sick role

and assumes the previous normal gunctions.

5. In this stage of illness, the person accepts or rejects a professionals suggestion. The person also becomes passive

and may regress to an earlier stage.





Rationale:In the dependent patient role stage, Client needs professionals for help. They have a choice either to

accept or reject the professionals decisions but patients are usually passive and accepting. Regression tends to

occur more in this period.

6. In this stage of illness, The person learns to accept the illness.




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Rationale:Acceptance of illness occurs in the Assumption of sick role phase of illness.

7. In this stage, the person tries to find answers for his illness. He wants his illness to be validated, his symptoms

explained and the outcome reassured or predicted





Rationale:At this stage, The patient seeks for validation of his symptom experience. He wants to find out if what he

feels are normal or not normal. He wants someone to explain why is he feeling these signs and symptoms and wants

to know the probable outcome of this experience.

8. The following are true with regards to aspect of the sick role except

A. One should be held responsible for his condition

B. One is excused from his societal role

C. One is obliged to get well as soon as possible

D. One is obliged to seek competent help

Rationale:The nurse should not judge the patient and not view the patient as the cause or someone responsible for

his illness. A sick client is excused from his societal roles, Oblige to get well as soon as possible and Obliged to seek

competent help.

9. Refers to conditions that increases vulnerability of individual or group to illness or accident

A. Predisposing factorB. Etiology

C. Risk factor

D. Modifiable Risks

10. Refers to the degree of resistance the potential host has against a certain pathogen

A. Susceptibility

B. Immunity

C. Virulence

D. Etiology

Rationale:Immunity is the ABSOLUTE Resistance to a pathogen considering that person has an INTACT IMMUNITY

while susceptibility is the DEGREE of resistance. Degree of resistance means how well would the individual combat

the pathogens and repel infection or invasion of these disease causing organisms. A susceptible person is someone

who has a very low degree of resistance to combat pathogens. An Immune person is someone that can easily repel

specific pathogens. However, Remember that even if a person is IMMUNE [ Vaccination ] Immunity can always be

impaired in cases of chemotherapy, HIV, Burns, etc.

11. A group of symptoms that sums up or constitute a disease


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A. Syndrome

B. Symptoms

C. Signs

D. Etiology

Rationale:Symptoms are individual manifestation of a certain disease. For example, In Tourette syndrome, patient will

manifest TICS, but this alone is not enough to diagnose the patient as other diseases has the same tic manifestation.

Syndrome means COLLECTION of these symptoms that occurs together to characterize a certain disease. Tics with

coprolalia, echolalia, palilalia, choreas or other movement disorders are characteristics of TOURETTE SYNDROME.

12. A woman undergoing radiation therapy developed redness and burning of the skin around the best. This is best

classified as what type of disease?

A. Neoplastic

B. Traumatic

C. Nosocomial

D. Iatrogenic

Rationale:Iatrogenic diseases refers to those that resulted from treatment of a certain disease. For example, A child

frequently exposed to the X-RAY Machine develops redness and partial thickness burns over the chest area.

Neoplastic are malignant diseases cause by proliferation of abnormally growing cells. Traumatic are brought about by

injuries like Motor vehicular accidents. Nosocomial are infections that acquired INSIDE the hospital. Example is UTI

Because of catheterization, This is commonly caused by E.Coli.

13. The classification of CANCER according to its etiology Is best described as

1. Nosocomial

2. Idiopathic

3. Neoplastic

4. Traumatic

5. Congenital

6. Degenrative

A. 5 and 2

B. 2 and 3

C. 3 and 4

D. 3 and 5

Rationale:Aside from being NEOPLASTIC, Cancer is considered as IDIOPATHIC because the cause is UNKNOWN.

14. Term to describe the reactiviation and recurrence of pronounced symptoms of a disease

A. Remission

B. Emission

C. Exacerbation

D. Sub acute

15. A type of illness characterized by periods of remission and exacerbation


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A. Chronic

B. Acute

C. Sub acute

D. Sub chronic

Rationale:A good example is Multiple sclerosis that characterized by periods of remissions and exacerbation and it is

a CHRONIC Disease. An acute and sub acute diseases occurs too short to manifest remissions. Chronic diseases

persists longer than 6 months that is why remissions and exacerbation are observable.

16. Diseases that results from changes in the normal structure, from recognizable anatomical changes in an organ or

body tissue is termed as

A. Functional

B. Occupational

C. Inorganic

D. Organic

Rationale:As the word implies, ORGANIC Diseases are those that causes a CHANGE in the structure of the organs

and systems. Inorganic diseases is synonymous with FUNCTIONAL diseases wherein, There is no evident structural,

anatomical or physical change in the structure of the organ or system but function is altered due to other causes,

which is usually due to abnormal response of the organ to stressors. Therefore, ORGANIC BRAIN SYNDROME are

anatomic and physiologic change in the BRAIN that is NON PROGRESSIVE BUT IRREVERSIBLE caused by

alteration in structure of the brain and its supporting structure which manifests different sign and symptoms of

neurological, physiologic and psychologic alterations. Mental disorders manifesting symptoms of psychoses without

any evident organic or structural damage are termed as INORGANIC PSYCHOSES while alteration in the organ

structures that causes symptoms of bizaare pyschotic behavior is termed as ORGANIC PSYCHOSES.

17. It is the science of organism as affected by factors in their environment. It deals with the relationship between

disease and geographical environment.

A. Epidemiology

B. Ecology

C. Statistics

D. Geography

Rationale:Ecology is the science that deals with the ECOSYSTEM and its effects on living things in the biosphere. It

deals with diseases in relationship with the environment. Epidimiology is simply the Study of diseases and its

occurence and distribution in man for the purpose of controlling and preventing diseases. This was asked during the

previous boards.

18. This is the study of the patterns of health and disease. Its occurrence and distribution in man, for the purpose of

control and prevention of disease.

A. Epidemiology

B. Ecology

C. Statistics

D. Geography


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Rationale:Refer to number 17.

19. Refers to diseases that produced no anatomic changes but as a result from abnormal response to a stimuli.

A. Functional

B. Occupational

C. Inorganic

D. Organic

Rationale:Refer to number 16.

20. In what level of prevention according to Leavell and Clark does the nurse support the client in obtaining OPTIMAL

HEALTH STATUS after a disease or injury?

A. Primary

B. Secondary

C. Tertiary

D. None of the aboveRationale:Perhaps one of the easiest concept but asked frequently in the NLE. Primary refers to preventions that

aims in preventing the disease. Examples are healthy lifestyle, good nutrition, knowledge seeking behaviors etc.

Secondary prevention are those that deals with early diagnostics, case finding and treatments. Examples are monthly

breast self exam, Chest X-RAY, Antibiotic treatment to cure infection, Iron therapy to treat anemia etc. Tertiary

prevention aims on maintaining

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