The correct answer for each question is indicated by a This is the correct answer..

1 CORRECTThe lymphatic system

A) removes excess fluid from tissues.B) absorbs fats from the digestive tract.C) defends the body against microorganisms and other foreign

substances.D) all of the above.

2 INCORRECTLymphatic capillaries

A) have a basement membrane.B) are less permeable than blood capillaries.C) prevent backflow of lymph into the tissues.D) all of the above.

3 CORRECTLymph is moved through lymphatic vessels because of

A) contraction of surrounding skeletal muscles.B) contraction of the heart.C) pressure changes in the blood vessels.D) flapping of the lymphatic valves.E) pumping by lymph nodes.

4 INCORRECTWhich of the following statements is true?

A) Lymphatic vessels do not have valves.B) Lymphatic vessels empty into lymph nodes.C) Lymph from the right-lower limb passes into the right jugular or

subclavian vein.D) Lymph from the jugular and subclavian trunks empties into the

cisterna chyli.E) All of the above.

5 INCORRECTThe tonsils

A) consist of three groups of lymphatic nodules.B) are located in the nasal cavity.C) are located in the oral cavity.D) increase in size in adults.E) all of the above.

6 INCORRECTLymph nodes

A) filter lymph.B) are where lymphocytes divide and increase in number.C) contain a network of reticular fibers.D) contain lymphatic sinuses.E) all of the above.

7 INCORRECT

Which of these statements about the spleen is not correct?A) The spleen has white pulp associated with the arteries.B) The spleen has red pulp associated with the veins.C) The spleen destroys defective red blood cells.D) The spleen is surrounded by trabeculae located outside the capsule.E) The spleen is a limited reservoir for blood.

8 INCORRECTThe thymus

A) increases in size in adults.B) produces macrophages that move to other lymphatic tissue.C) responds to foreign substances in the blood.D) has a blood-thymic barrier.E) all of the above.

9 INCORRECTWhich of these is an example of innate immunity?

A) Tears and saliva wash away microorganisms.B) Basophils release histamine and leukotrienes.C) Neutrophils phagocytize a microorganism.D) The complement cascade is activated.E) All of the above.

10 CORRECTNeutrophils

A) enlarge to become macrophages.B) account for most of the dead cells in pus.C) are usually the last cell type to enter infected tissues.D) are usually located in lymphatic and blood sinuses.

11 INCORRECTMacrophages

A) are large phagocytic cells that outlive neutrophils.B) develop from mast cells.C) often die after a single phagocytic event.D) have the same function as eosinophils.E) all of the above.

12 INCORRECTWhich of these cells is the most important in the release of histamine, which promotes inflammation?

A) monocyteB) macrophageC) eosinophilD) mast cellE) natural killer cell

13 INCORRECTWhich of these conditions does not occur during the inflammatory response?

A) histamine and other chemical mediators are releasedB) chemotaxis of phagocytesC) fibrinogen enters tissues from the blood

D) vasoconstriction of blood vesselsE) increased permeability of blood vessels

14 INCORRECTWhich of these is a symptom of systemic inflammation?

A) large numbers of neutrophils are produced and releasedB) pyrogens stimulate fever productionC) greatly increased vascular permeabilityD) shockE) all of the above

15 INCORRECTAntigens

A) are foreign substances introduced into the body.B) are molecules produced by the body.C) stimulate an adaptive immune system response.D) all of the above.

16 INCORRECTB cells

A) are processed in the thymus.B) originate in red bone marrow.C) once released into the blood, remain in the blood.D) are responsible for cell-mediated immunity.E) all of the above.

17 INCORRECTMHC molecules

A) are glycoproteins.B) attach to the plasma membrane.C) have a variable region that can bind to foreign and self-antigens.D) may form an MHC/antigen complex that activates T cells.E) all of the above.

18 INCORRECTAntigen-presenting cells can

A) take in foreign antigens.B) process antigens.C) use MHC class II molecules to display the antigens.D) stimulate other immune system cells.E) all of the above.

19 CORRECTWhich of these participates in costimulation?

A) cytokinesB) complementC) antibodiesD) histamineE) natural killer cells

20 INCORRECTHelper T cells

A) respond to antigens from macrophages.

B) respond to cytokines from macrophages.C) stimulate B cells with cytokines.D) all of the above.

21 INCORRECTThe most important function of tolerance is to

A) increase lymphocyte activity.B) increase complement activation.C) prevent the immune system from responding to self-antigens.D) prevent excessive immune system response to foreign antigens.E) process antigens.

22 CORRECTVariable amino acid sequences on the arms of the antibody molecule

A) make the antibody specific for a given antigen.B) enable the antibody to activate complement.C) enable the antibody to attach to basophils and mast cells.D) are part of the constant region.E) all of the above.

23 INCORRECTAntibodies

A) prevent antigens from binding together.B) promote phagocytosis.C) inhibit inflammation.D) block complement activation.E) block the function of opsonins.

24 INCORRECTThe secondary antibody response

A) is slower than the primary response.B) produces fewer antibodies than the primary response.C) prevents disease symptoms from occurring.D) occurs because of cytotoxic T cells.

25 CORRECTThe type of lymphocyte that is responsible for the secondary antibody response is the

A) memory B cell.B) B cell.C) T cell.D) helper T cell.

26 INCORRECTThe largest percentage of antibodies in the blood are

A) IgA.B) IgD.C) IgE.D) IgG.E) IgM.

27 INCORRECTAntibody-mediated immunity

A) works best against intracellular antigens.

B) is involved in tumor control.C) cannot be transferred from one person to another person.D) is responsible for immediate hypersensitivity reactions.

28 INCORRECTThe activation of cytotoxic T cells can result in the

A) lysis of virus-infected cells.B) production of cytokines.C) production of memory T cells.D) all of the above.

29 INCORRECTCytokines

A) promote inflammation.B) activate macrophages.C) kill target cells by causing them to lyse.D) all of the above.

30 CORRECTDelayed hypersensitivity is

A) caused by activation of B cells.B) a result of antibodies reacting with an allergen.C) mediated by T cells.D) caused by natural killer cells.E) caused by interferon.

1 INCORRECTWhich of these statements about the lymphatic system is (are) true?

A) In the spleen, reticular cells form a blood-splenic barrier.B) The thymus is an important filter for lymphatic fluid.C) The tonsils are areas of diffuse lymphatic tissue that increase in

size with age.D) The spleen filters blood, removing microorganisms and other

foreign substances.E) all of these are true

Feedback: Incorrect Answer: The tonsils are areas of diffuse lymphatic tissue that decrease in size with age.

2 INCORRECTThe tonsils that are referred to as "the tonsils" are the

A) lingual tonsils.B) palatine tonsils.C) pyloric tonsils.D) pharyngeal tonsils.E) splenic tonsils.

Feedback: Incorrect Answer: Although there are three tonsil groups (palatine, pharyngeal, and lingual), "the tonsils" commonly refers to just the palatine tonsils.

3 CORRECTWhich of these is NOT a location for aggregations of lymph nodes?

A) axillary (armpit) regionB) cervical regionC) inguinal (groin) regionD) around the heartE) around the intestines

Feedback: Correct Answer: Of the choices, only the heart is not a location for aggregation of lymph nodes.

4 CORRECTLymph nodes

A) contain red and white pulp.B) have germinal centers where lymphocytes divide.C) filter the blood.D) are attached to blood vessels.E) pump lymph toward the heart.

Feedback: Correct Answer: Lymph nodes have germinal centers where lymphocytes divide.

5 CORRECTLymphatic organs

A) contain many neutrophils.B) may filter blood or lymph.C) contain dense collagen fibers.D) include the pancreas and adrenal glands.E) all of these

Feedback: Correct Answer: Lymphatic organs may filter blood or lymph.

6 CORRECTThe spleen

A) has white pulp that is associated with the venous supply.B) has red pulp that is associated with the arterial supply.C) filters lymph and puts it back in the blood.D) acts as a blood reservoir.E) destroys worn-out lymphocytes.

Feedback: Correct Answer: The spleen destroys defective erythrocytes, detects and removes foreign substances in the blood, and functions as a blood reservoir.

7 CORRECTThe thymus

A) decreases in size in older adults.B) produces neutrophils that move to other tissues.C) responds to foreign substances in the blood.D) produces a hormone called lymphopathin.E) all of these

Feedback: Correct Answer: The thymus decreases in size in older adults.

8 INCORRECTWith innate immunity,

A) each time the body is exposed to a substance, the response is the same.

B) specificity and memory are involved.C) the body may become immune to a disease.D) antibodies may be produced.E) all of these

Feedback: Incorrect Answer: Only choice A is correct; IN innate immunity, each time the body is exposed to a substance, the response is the same.

9 CORRECTWhich of the following is a protective chemical that lyses cells, found on the surface of cells and in tears and saliva?

A) complementB) interferonC) lysozymeD) mucusE) sebum

Feedback: Correct Answer: Lysozyme is the protective chemical that lyses cells and is found on the surface of cells and in tears and saliva.

10 CORRECTA(n) __________ is a group of 20 proteins activated by a series of reactions, in which one activated chemical then activates another; and promotes inflammation, phagocytosis, and cell lysis.

A) complementB) interferonC) lysozymeD) mucusE) sebum

Feedback: Correct Answer: Complement is a group of 20 proteins activated by a series of reactions, in which one activated chemical then activates another; promotes inflammation, phagocytosis, and cell lysis.

11 CORRECTWhich of the following is a protein that interferes with virus production, and is produced by most cells in response to a viral infection?

A) complement

B) interferonC) lysozymeD) mucusE) sebum

Feedback: Correct Answer: Interferons are proteins that are produced by virally infected cells, which provide neighboring cells with a stimulus to produce antiviral proteins and therefore prevent the spread of the viral infection.

12 CORRECTWhich of these chemical mediators does NOT promote inflammation?

A) complementB) histaminesC) leukotrienesD) interferonE) prostaglandins

Feedback: Correct Answer: Of the chemical mediators listed, only interferon does not promote inflammation. Interferon is produced by virally infected cells, and functions to interfere with virus production in neighboring cells.

13 CORRECTThe most important phagocytes are

A) lymphocytes and basophils.B) basophils and mast cells.C) neutrophils and basophils.D) neutrophils and macrophages.E) macrophages and lymphocytes.

Feedback: Correct Answer: The most important phagocytes are the neutrophils and macrophages.

14 INCORRECTNeutrophils

A) seldom leave the blood.B) are usually the last cells to enter infected tissue.C) enlarge to become macrophages.D) often die after a single phagocytic episode.E) all of these

Feedback: Incorrect Answer: Neutrophils are usually the first leukocytes to leave the blood and enter infected tissues.

15 CORRECTDust cells, microglia, and Kupffer cells are examples of

A) basophils.B) eosinophils.C) lymphocytes.D) macrophages.E) neutrophils.

Feedback: Correct Answer: Dust cells, microglia, and Kupffer cells are all examples of macrophages.

16 CORRECTNatural killer cells

A) are a type of macrophage.B) exhibit no memory response.C) recognize cells infected by a specific virus.D) are produced in the thymus.E) all of these

Feedback: Correct Answer: Natural killer cells exhibit no memory response, they are part of innate immunity.

17 CORRECTWhich cells release enzymes that break down chemical mediators released by other cells?

A) basophilsB) eosinophilsC) lymphocytesD) macrophagesE) neutrophils

Feedback: Correct Answer: Eosinophils release enzymes that are able to break down chemical mediators released by other cells. The enzymes released by eosinophils can break down the histamine that is released by basophils and mast cells during an inflammatory response.

18 CORRECTIn addition to the symptoms of local inflammation, systemic inflammation results in the

A) production of large numbers of neutrophils from red bone marrow.B) production of pyrogens.C) loss of large amounts of fluid from the blood.D) all of these

Feedback: Correct Answer: System inflammation can cause the production of large numbers of neutrophils from red bone marrow, production of pyrogens, and the loss of large amounts of fluid from the blood.

19 CORRECTWhich of these results occur in response to the release of chemical mediators?

A) vasodilationB) chemotactic attraction of phagocytesC) increased vascular permeabilityD) redness and swellingE) all of these

Feedback: Correct Answer: Vasodilation, chemotactic attraction of phagocytes, increased vascular permeability, and redness and swelling, can all result in response to the release of chemical mediators.

20 UNANSWEREDSubstances that stimulate adaptive immunity are called

A) antibodies.B) antigens.C) pyrogens.D) chemical mediators.E) phagocytes.

21 CORRECTWhich of these is an example of a self-antigen?

A) bacterial antigenB) viral antigenC) pollen antigenD) food antigenE) tumor antigen

Feedback: Correct Answer: A tumor antigen would be an example of a self-antigen, a molecule produced by the body that stimulates an adaptive immune response.22 CORRECTAntibodies

A) prevent antigens from binding together.B) promote phagocytosis.C) inhibit inflammation.D) block complement activation.E) prevent breakdown of foreign antigens.

Feedback: Correct Answer: Antibodies function as opsonins, promoting phagocytosis.25 CORRECTT cells

A) are processed in the thymus.B) are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity.C) originate in the spleen.D) produce antibodies when activated.

Feedback: Correct Answer: T cells are processes in the thymus.

26 CORRECTThe activation of B cells

A) occurs in the process of innate immunity.B) results in the production of cytotoxic cells.C) results in the production of antibodies.D) occurs when macrophages release cytokines.E) all of these

Feedback: Correct Answer: The activation of B cells results in the production of antibodies.

27 INCORRECTB cells

A) are stimulated by helper T cells.

B) are produced in the thymus.C) release cytokines.D) cause cell lysis.E) all of these

Feedback: Incorrect Answer: B cells are produced in red bone marrow.

28 CORRECTThe activation of T cells can result in

A) lysis of virus-infected cells.B) production of memory T cells.C) production of lymphokines.D) delayed hypersensitivity reactions.E) all of these

Feedback: Correct Answer: The activation of T cells can result in the lysis of virus-infected cells, the production of memory T cells, the production of lymphokines, and delayed hypersensitivity reactions.

29 CORRECTGiven these events that are part of helper T cell activation:

1. interleukin-1 released by macrophage (costimulation)2. antigen processed by macrophage3. helper T cell binds to macrophage4. helper T cell releases interleukin-2 and divides5. antigen displayed on MHC molecule

Arrange the events in the order that they occur as an antigen is recognized and a helper T cell is activated.

A) 1,4,2,5,3B) 2,5,3,1,4,C) 3,1,4,2,5D) 4,2,5,3,1E) 5,3,1,4,2

Feedback: Correct Answer: The order of events occurring in helper T cell activation is: 2,5,3,1,4.

30 CORRECTMHC molecules are

A) cell-surface glycoproteins that display antigens.B) proteins found in the mitochondria of a cell.C) areas of a macrophage that produce interleukin.D) specific regions of a given antigen that activate a lymphocyte.E) chemicals produced by helper T cells.

Feedback: Correct Answer: MHC molecules are cell-surface glycoproteins that display antigens.

32 INCORRECT__________ are responsible for the secondary antibody response.

A) Memory B cellsB) Plasma B cellsC) Helper T cellsD) Natural killer cells

Feedback: Incorrect Answer: Memory B cells are responsible for the secondary antibody response. The memory B cells are stimulated to quickly divide, producing plasma cells that then produce a large amount of antibodies, when the immune system is exposed to an antigen that it has already produced a primary response to.33 UNANSWERED

As the result of a bee sting, Joe B. Hive had an immediate severe reaction, and nearly died. This reaction was caused by

A) B cells.B) T cells.C) natural killer cells.D) macrophages.E) neutrophils.

Feedback: Incorrect Answer: The immediate hypersensitivity reaction was caused by antibodies produced by B cells reacting with allergens from the bee sting. This could cause a severe reaction, like anaphylaxis, within minutes.

34 INCORRECTThe antigen-presenting cells that are required for the activation of B cells are

A) B cells.B) macrophages.C) dendritic cells.D) monocytes.E) mast cells.

Feedback: Incorrect Answer: B cells are the antigen-presenting cells that are required for the activation of B cells. They present processed antigen to helper T cells that then produce interleukins that stimulate the B cell to divide and produce antibodies.35 UNANSWEREDInterleukins and CD4, B7, and CD28 proteins are all involved in

A) innate immunity.B) costimulation of helper T cells.C) suppressing B cell or T cell activity.D) inflammation.E) production of T cells in the spleen.

36 CORRECTB cells are involved in

A) only adaptive immunity.B) only innate immunity.C) both adaptive and innate immunity.

Feedback: Correct Answer: B cells are involved in only adaptive immunity.

37 UNANSWEREDNeutrophils are involved in

A) only adaptive immunity.B) only innate immunity.C) both adaptive and innate immunity.

38 INCORRECTComplement is involved in

A) only adaptive immunity.B) only innate immunity.C) both adaptive and innate immunity

Feedback: Incorrect Answer: Complement is involved in both adaptive and innate immunity.39 CORRECTA vaccination is a way of acquiring

A) passive natural immunity.B) active natural immunity.C) active artificial immunity.D) passive artificial immunity.

Feedback: Correct Answer: A vaccination is a way of acquiring active artificial immunity, where an antigen is deliberately introduced into an individual to stimulate the immune system.

40). Antiserum is used to produceA) active natural immunity.B) active artificial immunity.C) passive natural immunity.D) passive artificial immunity.

Feedback: Incorrect Answer: Antiserum is used to produce passive artificial immunity. The antiserum consists of prepared antibodies that are injected into an individual needing immunity.