test of english as a foreign language test and score … · • the computer-based toefl test 3 •...

TEST OF ENGLISHAS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE™

This edition of the TOEFL Test And Score Data Summary contains data on the performance of examinees who took thecomputer-based TOEFL test and those who took the paper-based TOEFL test between July 2000 and June 2001. Data fromprevious testing periods can be found on the TOEFL Web site at www.toefl.org/educator/edsumm.html.

Contents• History of the TOEFL Program 2

• The Computer-Based TOEFL Test 3

• Computer-Based Test Data for 2000-01 4-9

• The Paper-Based TOEFL Test 10

• Paper-Based Test Data for 2000-01 11-16

Test and ScoreData Summary

TEST OF ENGLISHAS A FOREIGN

LANGUAGE

2001-2002E D I T I O N

www.toefl.orgwww.toefl.org

Test and ScoreData Summary

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History of the TOEFL Program

The Test of English as a Foreign Language, known tomost people as “TOEFL,” is designed to measure theEnglish proficiency of people whose native language isnot English. Colleges and universities in the UnitedStates and Canada require TOEFL test scores of theirinternational applicants. A number of academic insti-tutions in other countries, as well as certain indepen-dent organizations, agencies, and foreign governments,have also found the test scores useful. In addition, sev-eral medical certification and licensing agencies requireTOEFL test scores.

Oversight of the Program — A national council on thetesting of English as a foreign language was formed in1962; its members were representatives of more than30 private organizations and government agencies con-cerned with the English proficiency of nonnative speak-ers of English who wished tostudy at colleges and universi-ties in the United States. Thecouncil supported the develop-ment of the TOEFL test for usestarting in 1963-64. Financedby grants from the Ford andDanforth Foundations, theTOEFL program was adminis-tered, at first, by the ModernLanguage Association. In 1965,the College Board® and Educa-tional Testing Service® (ETS®) assumed joint responsi-bility for the program. Since many who take the TOEFLtest are potential graduate students, a cooperative ar-rangement for the operation of the program was en-tered by ETS, the College Board, and the GraduateRecord Examinations® Board in 1973. Under this ar-

rangement, ETS is responsible for administering theTOEFL program with oversight from the TOEFL Board.

The TOEFL Board is comprised of 15 members. Someare affiliated with such institutions and agencies as un-dergraduate and graduate schools, junior andcommunity colleges, nonprofit educational exchange or-ganizations, and other public and private agencies withan interest in international education. Other membersare specialists in the field of English as a foreign or sec-ond language.

Development of the Test — The test originally containedfive sections. As a result of extensive research, a three-section test was developed and introduced in 1976. InJuly 1995, the test item format was modified somewhatwithin the same three-section structure. In recent years,various constituencies have called for a new TOEFL test

that (1) is more reflective ofcommunicative competencemodels; (2) includes moreconstructed-response tasksand direct measures of writ-ing and speaking; (3) in-cludes tasks that integratethe language modalitiestested; and (4) provides moreinformation than the paper-based TOEFL test about theability of international stu-

dents to use English in an academic environment. Ac-cordingly, the TOEFL Board initiated a broad effort un-der which language testing will evolve into the twenty-first century. The introduction of the computer-basedTOEFL test in 1998 was the first incremental step inthis broad test-improvement effort.

Copyright © 2001 by Educational Testing Service. All rights reserved.

EDUCATIONAL TESTING SERVICE, ETS, the ETS logos, GRADUATE RECORD EXAMINATIONS, POWERPREP, TOEFL, the TOEFL logo, and TWE are registered trademarks ofEducational Testing Service. The Test of English as a Foreign Language and the Test of Written English are trademarks of Educational Testing Service. COLLEGE BOARD is a

registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board. Prometric is a registered trademark of Thomson Learning.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. Violators will beprosecuted in accordance with all applicable copyright and trademark laws.

Permission requests may be made online at http://www.toefl.org/copyrigh.html or sent to the Proprietary Rights Office, Educational Testing Service, Rosedale Road,Princeton, NJ 08541-0001, USA.

For additional information about the Test of English as a Foreign Language, see the TOEFL Test and ScoreManual, 1997 Edition, and the Computer-Based TOEFL Score User Guide, 2000-01 Edition. Order thesepublications in print form or download them at www.toefl.org/educator/edpubs.html. Also visit the TOEFLprogram’s Web library at www.toefl.org/pubs/pubsindx.html for a complete list of downloadable publications.

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The Computer-Based TOEFL Test

In July 1998, ETSintroduced the com-puter-based TOEFLtest in many areas ofthe world. This movewas the first criticalstep toward a long-term goal of enhanc-ing assessments byu s i n g e l e c t r o n i c

technology to test more complex skills.This new testing platform provides improved services

to examinees in many ways:• Tests are given by appointment, when examinees

are ready.• Testing is available year-round in many locations.• Tests are given in comfortable, private, computer-

equipped cubicles.• Fewer examinees test at one time.• Unofficial score ranges appear on screen immediately

following the test.• Examinees can retest by appointment once every cal-

endar month.• Test security is enhanced.• Official score reports are mailed faster — within two

weeks after testing. (Note: Score reports are mailedapproximately five weeks after the test date to thosewho handwrite their essays.)The computer-based TOEFL test is offered at

Prometric® testing centers, specified colleges and uni-versity, selected US State Department advising centersoverseas, and ETS offices in the United States.

The TOEFL program’s main goal is to provide moreextensive information than it has in the past about can-didates’ English proficiency. In response to institutions’requests to include a productive measure of writing, theprogram added a Writing section (essay) as part of eachtest administration. This addition is one step toward amore communicative test. Essay ratings are integratedinto section and total scores, but are also reported sepa-rately on official score reports for informational pur-poses. New types of questions were added to the Listen-ing and Reading sections; these new question types movebeyond multiple-choice questions. Visuals were alsoadded to the Listening section, providing a significantenhancement to that portion of the test.

Two sections of the test — Listening and Structure— are computer-adaptive, meaning the test is tailoredto each examinee’s performance level. The test startswith questions of moderate difficulty. As examinees an-swer each question, the computer scores the questionand uses that information, as well as the responses toprevious questions, to determine the question it willpresent next. As long as examinees respond correctly,the computer typically selects questions of greater orequal difficulty. In contrast, if examinees answer ques-tions incorrectly, the computer typically selects ques-tions of lesser or equal difficulty. The computer is pro-grammed to continuously find questions of an appro-priate difficulty for test takers of all performance levels.

Test Preparation — The TOEFL program has taken stepsto ensure that an individual’s test performance is notinfluenced by a lack of computer experience. A set oftutorials, designed especially for nonnative speakers ofEnglish, has been developed to teach the skills neededto take the test on computer. The interactive tutorialsare presented at the beginning of each test session. Theyprovide instruction and practice in using a mouse, scroll-ing text, answering the various types of questions in thefour test sections, and typing the essay using a standardword processing system for those examinees who electto type their essay instead of handwriting it.

The tutorials are also available on the program’s Website (www.toefl.org) free in a for-view-only format or ina downloadable file for US$8, as well as in these pricedproducts:

TOEFL Sampler: a CD-ROM containing seven interac-tive and animated tutorials, 67 practice questions, andreview material for the Listening section.

POWERPREP® Software: provides two computerizedtests from a pool of more than1,200 questions.

For details, see the InformationBulletin or TOEFL Web site.

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Computer-Based Test Data for 2000-01

The data presented in the tables below are based on472,144 candidates who took the computer-basedTOEFL test between July 2000 and June 2001.

The tables summarize the performance of self-selected groups of examinees; they are not necessarilyrepresentative of the general TOEFL population. Insome countries, for example, virtually any high school,university, or graduate student who aspires to studyin the United States or Canada may take the test. In

Table 3. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL CBT Scores —Graduate Level Students*

30 99 99 97 30028 94 92 91 280 9526 83 79 75 260 8224 67 59 56 240 6422 52 42 39 220 45

20 38 29 26 200 3018 26 19 16 180 1816 17 12 10 160 1114 11 7 6 140 612 7 4 3 120 3

10 4 2 1 100 1 8 2 1 1 80 6 1 60 4 40 2 20

Mean 21.0 22.1 22.6 Mean 219S.D. 5.2 4.8 4.6 S.D. 44

*Based on 219,129 examinees who indicated that they were applying for admission tocolleges or universities as graduate students.

Table 2. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL CBT Scores —Total Group*

30 99 99 98 30028 95 93 93 280 9626 84 81 81 260 8424 68 63 64 240 6822 53 47 48 220 51

20 39 34 34 200 3618 28 24 23 180 2316 20 15 15 160 1514 13 10 9 140 812 8 6 5 120 4

10 5 3 2 100 2 8 2 1 1 80 1 6 1 1 60 4 40 2 20

Mean 20.7 21.5 21.5 Mean 212S.D. 5.5 5.2 5.0 S.D. 47

*Based on the total group of 472,144 examinees tested between July 2000 and June 2001in CBT test centers. (Total group includes 49,206 examinees not included in Tables 3-6who did not indicate a “reason for taking TOEFL” or who indicated reasons other than thosegiven in Tables 3-6.)

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Table 1. Minimum and MaximumObserved TOEFL CBT Section and Total Scores

Section Min. Max.

1. Listening 0 30

2. Structure/Writing 0 30

3. Reading 0 30

Total 3 300

other countries, government policies may regulatewho takes the test.

Table 1 gives actual ranges of observed scores forthe period from July 2000 through June 2001. Thepercentile ranks for section and total scale scores areshown in Table 2 for the total group. In Tables 3-6,examinees have been classified by their reason fortaking the test (information supplied by them at thetest center).

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Table 6. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL CBT Scores —Applicants for Professional License*

30 97 98 97 30028 89 88 88 280 9126 72 72 71 260 7324 51 50 51 240 5222 34 33 34 220 34

20 22 21 21 200 2018 14 13 12 180 1116 9 8 7 160 714 6 5 4 140 412 4 3 2 120 2

10 3 2 1 100 1 8 2 1 1 80 1 6 1 1 60 4 40 2 20

Mean 22.9 23.1 23.2 Mean 231S.D. 4.9 4.7 4.4 S.D. 43

*Based on 28,479 examinees who indicated that they were taking TOEFL to become licensed topractice their professions in the United States or Canada.

Table 5. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL CBT Scores —Other Students*

30 99 99 30028 97 97 97 280 9826 91 91 90 260 9224 82 81 81 240 8322 72 70 70 220 72

20 61 60 60 200 6218 51 49 49 180 5016 41 39 38 160 3914 32 29 27 140 2812 23 20 17 120 19

10 16 13 10 100 11 8 9 8 5 80 5 6 4 5 2 60 2 4 2 40 2 1 20

Mean 17.4 17.7 18.1 Mean 177S.D. 6.4 6.4 5.9 S.D. 58

*Based on 11,834 examinees who indicated that they were applying for admission to schoolsother than colleges or universities, e.g., secondary schools.

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Table 4. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL CBT Scores —Undergraduate-Level Students*

30 99 99 99 30028 96 94 96 280 9726 85 83 88 260 8824 70 67 75 240 7322 55 53 60 220 58

20 42 41 45 200 4318 31 29 32 180 3016 21 20 21 160 1914 14 12 12 140 1112 9 7 6 120 5

10 5 4 3 100 2 8 3 2 1 80 1 6 1 1 60 4 40 2 20

Mean 20.4 20.8 20.2 Mean 205S.D. 5.5 5.4 5.0 S.D. 48

*Based on 163,496 examinees who indicated that they were applying for admission tocolleges or universities as undergraduate students.

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Tables 7 and 8 present means and standard deviations of section and total scoresseparately for male and female examinees tested between July 2000 and June 2001.

Table 7. Means and Standard Deviations for TOEFL CBT Section and Total Scores, Males*

Section 2 TotalSection 1 Structure/ Section 3 Scaled

Group Number Listening Writing Reading Score

Total Group† 252,525 20.8 21.5 21.9 2145.5 5.2 5.0 47

Graduate Level 127,879 21.1 22.2 22.9 2215.3 4.8 4.6 44

Undergraduate Level 83,919 20.5 20.7 20.3 2055.5 5.5 5.1 49

Other Students 5,805 17.9 18.1 18.7 1836.6 6.6 6.2 60

Applicants for 11,766 23.3 23.2 23.9 235Professional License 5.2 5.0 4.5 45

* Based on examinees tested from July 2000 through June 2001 who responded to a question about gender group membership.† Total group includes 23,156 examinees not included in the four succeeding groups.

Table 8. Means and Standard Deviations for TOEFL CBT Section and Total Scores, Females*

Section 2 TotalSection 1 Structure/ Section 3 Scaled

Group Number Listening Writing Reading Score

Total Group† 214,355 20.7 21.4 21.2 2115.4 5.1 4.9 47

Graduate Level 89,880 21.0 22.0 22.2 2175.2 4.8 4.7 44


Other Students 5,901 16.9 17.4 17.6 1736.2 6.2 5.6 56



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(1) Because of the unreliability of statistics based on small samples, means are not reported for subgroups of less than 30. This affected a total of 262 examinees.(2) Because of changes in region and/or country boundaries, certain languages may have been added or deleted since the previous table was published.(3) Includes 43,677 students who did not report their native languages.

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Macedonian 269 22 21 20 211Madurese 129 19 19 18 182Malagasy 44 20 22 22 212Malay 1,751 23 23 23 231Malayalam 2,164 24 26 25 251Malinke-Bambara-Dyula 39 18 20 20 192Maltese 4 * * * *Marathi 2,032 25 26 25 253Marshallese 3 * * * *Mende 32 19 22 21 208Minankabau 2 * * * *Mongolian 198 20 18 18 187More 20 * * * *

Nepali 2,113 21 23 21 217Norwegian 1,812 25 24 24 242Nyanja 24 * * * *

Oriya 179 23 26 25 246Oromo 44 21 23 23 225

Palauan 3 * * * *Panay-Hiligaynon 448 23 23 22 230Pashto 247 22 24 22 227Pidgin 13 * * * *Polish 2,316 23 22 22 227Ponapean 4 * * * *Portuguese 9,659 22 22 23 226Punjabi 1,480 23 24 23 236

Romanian 2,668 24 24 25 243Ruanda 30 20 22 21 209Russian 7,476 23 23 23 229

Samar-Leyte 72 23 24 23 231Samoan 36 24 25 21 233Santali 0 * * * *Serbo-Croatian 1,107 24 23 23 232Sesotho 16 * * * *Setswana 248 23 25 24 237Shona 390 24 26 23 243Sindhi 316 24 25 24 245Sinhalese 1,043 22 23 22 222Siswati 11 * * * *Slovak 466 24 23 23 233Slovene 124 25 25 25 251Somali 130 21 21 20 207Spanish 36,820 23 22 23 227Sundanese 12 * * * *Swahili 857 21 24 22 224Swedish 2,364 26 24 24 244

Tagalog 8,200 24 24 23 234Tamil 4,455 24 25 25 248Tatar 31 22 22 23 224Telugu 8,828 23 24 24 237Thai 9,107 19 19 20 194Tibetan 62 21 23 22 221Tigrinya 97 22 22 22 220Tongan 17 * * * *Trukese 3 * * * *Tulu 83 26 27 26 265Turkish 11,682 21 22 21 213Turkmen 21 * * * *Twi-Fante 386 22 25 23 234

Ukrainian 1,173 22 23 23 225Ulithian 1 * * * *Urdu 7,604 23 24 22 228Uzbek 199 20 21 21 207

Vietnamese 1,699 20 21 21 207

Wolof 296 16 19 19 183

Xhosa 18 * * * *

Yapese 3 * * * *Yiddish 2 * * * *Yoruba 1,425 23 25 23 240

Zulu 35 23 25 23 238

Afrikaans 455 21 23 22 221Albanian 827 21 21 20 208Amharic 786 21 21 20 206Arabic 31,734 20 20 19 195Armenian 714 21 22 21 214Assamese 107 23 24 24 238Azeri 192 20 21 21 208

Bashkir 11 * * * *Basque (Euskara) 54 20 22 23 216Belarussian 101 21 21 21 213Bemba 69 23 25 23 237Bengali 4,381 22 23 22 223Berber 33 20 20 20 199Bhili 2 * * * *Bikol 108 22 23 23 227Bulgarian 2,883 24 24 24 239Burmese 307 20 21 21 207

Catalan (Provencal) 334 22 23 25 234Cebuano (Visayan) 1,316 24 24 23 235Chichewa 51 22 24 21 222Chinese 45,355 19 21 21 204Chuvash 5 * * * *Czech 713 23 23 23 231

Danish 878 26 25 25 253Dutch 1,754 27 26 26 260

Efik - Ibibio 66 23 24 22 231English 8,658 24 25 23 240Estonian 121 24 24 23 237Ewe 156 21 24 22 223

Farsi (Persian) 3,265 22 22 22 217Fijian 13 * * * *Finnish 708 26 24 25 248French 14,308 22 23 24 228Fula (Peulh) 77 19 21 21 201

Galician 9 * * * *Ganda (Luganda) 45 21 25 22 229Georgian 379 22 22 22 221German 13,709 25 25 25 251Greek 5,825 22 23 22 225Guarani 6 * * * *Gujarati 4,065 22 24 22 228

Hausa 161 20 22 20 207Hebrew 2,050 26 23 24 243Hindi 11,179 25 26 25 250Hungarian (Magyar) 1,072 24 23 23 233

Ibo (Igbo) 983 23 25 23 236Icelandic 494 26 24 24 246Ilocano 530 22 23 22 225Indonesian 8,270 21 20 21 207Italian 6,770 20 22 25 224

Japanese 60,114 17 19 19 184Javanese 280 16 18 18 175

Kannada (Kanarese) 1,193 25 26 25 255Kanuri 2 * * * *Kashmiri 85 25 27 26 261Kazakh 306 21 21 21 212Khmer (Kampuchean) 111 21 20 19 197Kikuyu 1,515 22 25 23 234Kirundi 45 20 22 21 212Konkani 363 26 27 26 260Korean 52,506 19 20 21 201Kurdish 61 21 19 20 200Kurukh (Oraon) 0 * * * *Kusaiean 0 * * * *

Lao 45 20 20 18 193Latvian 169 23 22 22 223Lingala 27 * * * *Lithuanian 514 22 21 21 217Luba-Lulua 10 * * * *Luo 390 22 26 23 238

Table 9. TOEFL CBT Total and Section Score Means(1) — All Examinees Classified by Native Language(2)

(Based on 472,144 students who took TOEFL CBT between July 2000 and June 2001)(3)

Tables 9 and 10 may be useful in comparing the performance on the TOEFL test of a particular student with thatof other students from the same native country and with that of students who speak the same language. It isimportant to point out that the data do not permit the generalization that there are fundamental differences in theability of the various national and language groups to learn English or in the level of English proficiency they canattain. The tables are based simply on the performance of those examinees native to particular countries andlanguages who happened to take the computer-based TOEFL test.

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Geographic Regionand Native Country

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AFRICAAngola 166 17 18 17 175Benin 83 19 22 22 209Botswana 236 23 25 23 237Burkina Faso 47 20 22 21 209Burundi 57 20 21 21 206Cameroon 475 19 22 21 206Cape Verde 50 19 17 18 180Central African Republic 8 * * * *Chad 41 18 19 19 187Comoros 3 * * * *Congo-DRC (Formerly Zaire) 107 20 21 20 204Congo Republic 50 18 20 20 193Cote d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast) 285 19 21 21 200Djibouti 10 * * * *Equatorial Guinea 5 * * * *Eritrea 99 22 21 21 213Ethiopia 836 21 21 21 209Gabon 36 21 21 21 209Gambia, The 29 * * * *Ghana 758 22 25 23 234Guinea 100 18 19 18 185Guinea-Bissau 7 * * * *Kenya 3,354 22 25 23 234Lesotho 8 * * * *Liberia 29 * * * *Madagascar 58 20 22 23 217Malawi 43 22 24 21 223Mali 73 18 19 19 188Mauritania 37 19 18 18 184Mauritius 118 24 27 25 254Mozambique 46 20 21 20 202Namibia 11 * * * *Niger 96 18 20 19 190Nigeria 3,253 23 25 23 236Reunion 27 * * * *Rwanda 74 19 21 19 197Sao Tome and Principe 1 * * * *Senegal 564 16 19 19 181Seychelles 0 * * * *Sierra Leone 56 21 24 20 218Somalia 116 21 20 20 203South Africa 304 26 26 25 254Swaziland 14 * * * *Tanzania 486 20 22 20 208Togo 148 18 21 21 198Tunisia 402 19 20 21 200Uganda 256 21 25 22 230Zambia 202 23 25 23 236Zimbabwe 466 23 26 23 241

AMERICASAnguilla 41 16 19 18 175Antigua and Barbuda 4 * * * *Argentina 3,190 23 23 24 236Aruba 40 16 15 15 152Bahamas 1 * * * *Barbados 4 * * * *Belize 14 * * * *Bermuda 0 * * * *Bolivia 509 23 21 22 221Brazil 8,836 22 22 23 225British Virgin Islands 1 * * * *Canada 1,303 23 23 23 229Cayman Islands 0 * * * *Chile 1,483 23 22 24 230Colombia 7,014 22 21 23 220Costa Rica 544 24 23 24 240Cuba 403 20 20 23 212Dominica, Commonwealth of 4 * * * *Dominican Republic 715 23 22 22 220Ecuador 1,375 23 22 23 226El Salvador 420 23 23 22 229French Guiana 7 * * * *Grenada 1 * * * *Guadeloupe 26 * * * *Guatemala 823 23 22 22 225Guyana 4 * * * *Haiti 465 20 19 19 195Honduras 375 24 23 23 233Jamaica 8 * * * *Martinique 37 21 22 23 219

Mexico 8,421 23 22 23 230Montserrat 0 * * * *Netherlands Antilles 24 * * * *Nicaragua 278 23 23 22 227Panama 559 23 22 22 225Paraguay 89 23 22 23 224Peru 2,543 22 22 24 225Puerto Rico 1,343 24 22 23 230St. Kitts and Nevis 0 * * * *St. Lucia 1 * * * *St. Vincent and the Grenadines 0 * * * *Suriname 27 * * * *Trinidad and Tobago 2 * * * *Turks and Caico Islands 1 * * * *United States of America 1,423 23 23 22 226Uruguay 124 23 24 24 237US Virgin Islands 1 * * * *Venezuela 3,150 22 21 22 214

ASIAAfghanistan 187 20 21 20 206Bangladesh 3,315 20 22 21 210Bhutan 9 * * * *Brunei Darussalam 9 * * * *Cambodia 133 20 20 19 199China, People’s Republic of 17,644 19 22 22 211Hong Kong 7,824 20 21 21 206India 38,073 24 25 24 245Indonesia 8,413 21 20 21 207Japan 60,746 17 19 19 183Korea (DPR) 3,188 17 18 18 176Korea (ROK) 50,311 19 20 21 202Laos 53 21 21 19 201Macau 308 19 21 20 199Malaysia 3,213 22 22 22 224Maldives 15 * * * *Mongolia 198 20 18 18 186Myanmar (Burma) 336 20 21 21 206Nepal 2,151 21 23 21 216Pakistan 7,058 22 23 22 226Philippines 11,614 24 24 23 233Singapore 683 25 25 25 253Sri Lanka 1,495 22 22 21 217Taiwan 18,160 19 20 20 193Thailand 9,244 19 19 20 194Vietnam 1,729 20 21 21 207

EUROPE AND THE NEW INDEPENDENT STATES (NIS) OFTHE FORMER SOVIET UNIONAlbania 724 21 22 21 213Andorra 32 17 20 19 188Armenia 486 21 22 22 218Austria 997 25 25 25 252Azerbaijan 177 22 22 22 220Azores 4 * * * *Belarus 388 23 23 23 228Belgium 860 25 25 25 253Bosnia and Herzegovina 430 23 22 22 222Bulgaria 2,921 24 24 24 239Croatia 488 24 23 23 234Cyprus 1,537 21 22 20 212Czech Republic 670 23 23 23 232Denmark 899 26 25 25 254England 59 23 23 23 228Estonia 170 24 23 23 233Faeroe Island 2 * * * *Finland 771 26 24 25 249France 10,436 22 23 24 231Georgia 409 22 22 22 221Germany 11,607 25 25 25 251Greece 4,698 23 23 23 228Greenland 1 * * * *Hungary 985 24 23 23 232Iceland 499 26 24 24 245Ireland 5 * * * *Isle of Man 0 * * * *Italy 6,714 20 23 25 225Kazakstan 679 22 22 22 217Kyrgyzstan 138 21 22 21 213Latvia 311 23 22 22 224Liechtenstein 10 * * * *Lithuania 560 22 22 22 218

Table 10. TOEFL CBT Total and Section Score Means(1) —Nonnative English-Speaking Examinees Classified by Geographic Region and Native Country(2)

(Based on 472,144 students who took TOEFL CBT between July 2000 and June 2001)(3)

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Table 11. Percentile Ranks for CBT Writing Scores — Total Group(Based on 472,144 examinees who took the CBT test between July 2000 and June 2001)

CBT Essay Score Percentile Rank

6.0 98 5.5 92

5.0 83 4.5 704.0 50 3.5 293.0 152.5 7

2.0 3 1.5 1

1.0 10.0

Mean 4.00S.D. 1.00



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EUROPE AND THE NIS (cont'd.)Luxembourg 61 25 26 26 255Macedonia (Former Yugoslav Republic of) 269 22 21 20 211Madeira Islands 0 * * * *Malta 5 * * * *Moldova 321 23 23 23 230Monaco 14 * * * *Netherlands 1,349 26 26 26 258Northern Ireland 1 * * * *Norway 1,838 25 24 24 241Poland 2,320 23 22 22 227Portugal 683 25 24 25 249Romania 2,569 24 24 25 244Russia 4,957 23 23 23 229San Marino 2 * * * *Scotland 2 * * * *Slovakia 463 23 23 23 231Slovenia 123 26 25 25 252Spain 3,881 22 23 24 231Sweden 2,355 26 23 24 243Switzerland 1,864 25 24 25 245Tajikistan 56 21 21 21 212Turkey 11,555 21 22 21 213Turkmenistan 32 21 21 21 207Ukraine 2,181 23 23 23 228United Kingdom 75 24 24 24 239Uzbekistan 468 21 22 22 215Vatican City 1 * * * *Wales 1 * * * *Yugoslavia 795 24 22 22 227

MIDDLE EAST/NORTH AFRICAAlgeria 238 21 21 22 212Bahrain 708 21 21 19 201Egypt 5,683 21 22 21 212Gaza Strip 74 20 20 20 200Iran 3,502 22 21 21 216Iraq 490 22 21 21 213

Israel 2,572 25 23 23 236Jordan 3,163 21 20 20 203Kuwait 2,410 19 17 16 169Lebanon 6,267 22 22 21 213Libya 179 19 18 17 179Morocco 2,251 18 20 19 189Oman 487 20 19 18 190Qatar 464 19 17 16 174Saudi Arabia 4,991 19 17 16 173Sudan 511 21 20 20 203Syria 1,332 21 20 21 207United Arab Emirates 2,453 19 17 16 172West Bank 0 * * * *Yemen 370 19 19 17 185

PACIFIC REGIONAmerican Samoa 71 20 21 19 199Australia 87 21 22 21 214Cook Islands 1 * * * *Federated States of Micronesia 1 * * * *Fiji 21 * * * *French Polynesia 27 * * * *Guam 14 * * * *Kiribati 1 * * * *Marshall Islands 3 * * * *Nauru 2 * * * *New Caledonia 4 * * * *New Zealand 31 22 21 22 215Niue Island 0 * * * *Northern Mariana Islands 2 * * * *Palau 1 * * * *Papua New Guinea 0 * * * *Samoa 2 * * * *Solomon Islands 0 * * * *Tahiti 9 * * * *Tonga 11 * * * *Tuvalu 1 * * * *Vanuatu 0 * * * *

Table 10 (continued)

Table 11 presents the overall frequency distribution of CBTessay scores based on examinees who took the CBT testbetween July 2000 and June 2001. Writing is a mandatorysection of the CBT test. The essay in the Writing section is

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holistically scored using a criterion-referenced 6-pointscore scale. This score is incorporated into the Structure/Writing scale score. Further information can be found inthe Computer-Based TOEFL Score User Guide.

(1) Because of the unreliability of statistics based on small samples, means are not reported for subgroups of less than 30. This affected a total of 463 examinees.

(2) Because of changes in region and/or country boundaries, certain countries may have been added or deleted since the previous table was published.

(3) Includes 41,330 students who did not report country of birth or who reported English as their native language.

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The Paper-Based TOEFL Test

In 2000-01, the paper-basedformat of the test continuedto be administered on speci-fied dates in some countries,as well as in areas where ac-cessibility to CBT testingcenters was a concern. Eachform of the current paper-based TOEFL test consists ofthree separately timed sec-tions; the questions in eachsection are multiple-choice,

with four possible answers or options per question. Allresponses are gridded on answer sheets that are com-puter scored.

• Section 1 of the test, Listening Comprehension, mea-sures the ability to understand English as it is spo-ken in North America. The oral features of the lan-guage are stressed, and the problems tested includevocabulary and idiomatic expression as well as spe-cial grammatical constructions frequently used inspoken English. The stimulus material and oral ques-tions are recorded in standard North American En-glish; the response options are printed in the testbooks.

• Section 2, Structure and Written Expression,measures recognition of selected structural andgrammatical points in standard written English. Thelanguage tested is formal, rather than conversational.The topics of the sentences are of a general academicnature so that individuals in specific fields of studyor from specific national or linguistic groups haveno particular advantage.

• Section 3, Reading Comprehension, measures theability to read and understand short passages that aresimilar in topic and style to those that students arelikely to encounter in North American colleges anduniversities. Examinees read a variety of short pas-sages on academic subjects and answer several ques-tions about each passage. The questions test infor-mation that is stated in or implied by the passage, aswell as knowledge of some of the specific words asthey are used in the passage.

The total test time is approximately two and one-halfhours; however, approximately three and one-half hoursare needed for a test administration to admit examin-ees to the testing room, to allow them to enter identify-ing information on their answer sheets, and to distrib-ute and collect the test materials.

Language specialists prepare the material for theTOEFL test. The TOEFL Committee of Examiners es-tablishes overall guidelines for the test content andspecifications. All item specifications, questions, and fi-nal test forms are reviewed for cultural and racial biasand content appropriateness, according to establishedETS procedures.

Test Preparation — To providecandidates with a simulation ofthe testing experience before theactual administration, previouslyadministered test forms arepackaged and made availableworld wide.

Currently there are four testpreparation packages:

• Sample Test (140 questions)• Practice Tests, Volume 1 (280 questions)• Practice Tests, Volume 2 (560 questions)• Test Preparation Kit (980 questions)

Each package contains unique questions; no test formsare repeated.

For more information about test preparation prod-ucts, see the Information Bulletin or www.toefl.org.

In 2002-03, the paper-based TOEFL test will beadministered on thesedates. Check the Infor-mation Bulletin. Not allcenters are open on alldates.

August 24, 2002September 14, 2002

October 19, 2002January 18, 2002

May 10, 2003The Test of Written English (TWE), a 30-minutewriting test, will be administered with the TOEFL teston the above dates.

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Paper-Based Test Data for 2000-01

In 2000-01 the paper-based TOEFL test wasadministered twelve times at preestablished testingcenters throughout the world. The data presentedbelow are based on 230,877 candidates who took thepaper-based TOEFL test between July 2000 and June2001.

Table 12 gives actual ranges of observed scores forthe period from July 2000 through June 2001. The

Table 14. Percentile Ranks for Paper-Based TOEFL Scores —Graduate-Level Students*

68 9866 99 90 97 660 9964 97 84 92 640 9562 93 76 82 620 8860 87 65 73 600 78

58 79 51 60 580 6556 69 39 47 560 5254 57 29 34 540 3852 43 21 23 520 2650 31 14 16 500 17

48 21 9 10 480 1046 12 6 6 460 644 7 3 4 440 342 4 2 2 420 240 2 1 1 400 1

38 1 1 38036 1 36034 34032 320

Mean 53.0 57.2 56.0 Mean 554S.D. 6.0 6.5 6.0 S.D. 56

*Based on 150,564 examinees who, on their TOEFL answer sheets, indicated that theywere applying for admission to colleges or universities as graduate students.

Table 13. Percentile Ranks for Paper-Based TOEFL Scores —Total Group*

68 9866 99 93 98 660 9964 97 87 94 640 9662 94 81 87 620 9160 88 72 79 600 82

58 81 60 68 580 7256 72 49 57 560 6054 61 38 44 540 4752 49 30 33 520 3550 37 22 24 500 25

48 26 16 16 480 1746 16 11 11 460 1144 10 7 7 440 642 6 4 5 420 340 3 2 3 400 2

38 2 1 2 380 136 1 1 1 36034 1 1 34032 1 320

Mean 52.1 55.6 54.4 Mean 540S.D. 6.4 7.2 6.7 S.D. 61

*Based on the total group of 230,877 examinees tested between July 2000 and June 2001in paper-based test centers. (Total group includes 23,630 examinees not included inTables 14-17 who did not indicate a “reason for taking TOEFL” or who indicated reasonsother than those given in Tables 14-17.)

percentile ranks for section and total scale scores areshown in Table 13 for the total group. In Tables 14-17, examinees have been classified by their reason fortaking the test (information supplied by them at thetest center). These tables summarize the performanceof self-selected groups of examinees who are notnecessarily representative of the general TOEFLpopulation.

Table 12. Minimum and MaximumObserved Paper-Based TOEFL Section and Total Scores

Section Min. Max.

1. Listening Comprehension 31 68

2. Structure and Written Expression 31 68

3. Reading Comprehension 31 67

Total 310 677

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Table 17. Percentile Ranks for Paper-Based TOEFL Scores —Applicants for Professional License*

68 99 9866 99 95 99 660 9964 97 93 97 640 9762 94 89 92 620 9460 90 82 87 600 89

58 85 74 78 580 8256 78 63 68 560 7254 69 52 55 540 6052 58 41 41 520 4650 46 33 31 500 34

48 35 24 23 480 2546 24 18 17 460 1744 15 12 12 440 1242 9 7 8 420 740 5 4 5 400 4

38 3 2 3 380 236 2 1 2 360 134 1 1 2 34032 1 1 320

Mean 50.8 53.2 52.6 Mean 522S.D. 6.9 7.5 6.9 S.D. 64

*Based on 3,234 examinees who, on their TOEFL answer sheets, indicated that they weretaking TOEFL to become licensed to practice their professions in the United States or Canada.

Table 16. Percentile Ranks for Paper-Based TOEFL Scores —Other Students*

6866 99 99 66064 98 97 99 640 9962 96 95 97 620 9760 92 92 95 600 95

58 89 86 91 580 9156 85 80 86 560 8654 79 72 78 540 7852 71 64 67 520 6950 61 54 56 500 58

48 51 44 46 480 4646 37 34 35 460 3544 26 24 26 440 2542 17 15 18 420 1540 9 9 11 400 9

38 6 6 7 380 436 3 3 5 360 134 2 2 4 34032 1 1 3 320

Mean 48.6 49.5 48.5 Mean 489S.D. 7.1 7.4 7.1 S.D. 65

*Based on 4,556 examinees who, on their TOEFL answer sheets, indicated that they wereapplying for admission to schools other than colleges or universities, e.g., secondary schools.

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Table 15. Percentile Ranks for Paper-Based TOEFL Scores —Undergraduate-Level Students*

68 9966 98 96 99 660 9964 96 93 98 640 9862 93 89 95 620 9460 88 83 91 600 90

58 83 75 84 580 8356 76 66 75 560 7454 67 56 64 540 6452 57 45 52 520 5250 45 36 41 500 39

48 34 26 30 480 2846 22 18 21 460 1844 14 12 14 440 1142 8 7 9 420 640 4 4 5 400 3

38 3 2 3 380 136 1 1 2 36034 1 1 1 34032 1 320

Mean 51.2 52.8 51.3 Mean 518S.D. 6.8 7.3 6.7 S.D. 63

*Based on 48,893 examinees who, on their TOEFL answer sheets, indicated that they wereapplying for admission to colleges or universities as undergraduate students.

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Tables 18 and 19 present means and standard deviations of section and total scoresseparately for male and female examinees tested between July 2000 and June 2001.

Table 19. Means and Standard Deviations for Paper-Based TOEFL Sectionand Total Scores, Females*

Section 2Section 1 Structure and Section 3 TotalListening Written Reading Scaled

Group Number Comprehension Expression Comprehension Score

Total Group† 115,890 52.3 55.1 53.7 5376.4 7.2 6.7 62

Graduate Level 70,046 53.3 56.9 55.5 5526.0 6.6 6.1 56


Other Students 2,697 48.3 48.9 48.0 4846.9 7.1 6.8 62



Table 18. Means and Standard Deviations for Paper-Based TOEFL Sectionand Total Scores, Males*

Section 2Section 1 Structure and Section 3 TotalListening Written Reading Scaled

Group Number Comprehension Expression Comprehension Score

Total Group† 114,563 52.0 56.1 55.0 5446.4 7.1 6.6 61

Graduate Level 80,283 52.7 57.5 56.5 5566.1 6.4 6.0 55


Other Students 1,845 48.9 50.3 49.3 4957.4 7.7 7.6 68



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(1) Because of the unreliability of statistics based on small samples, means are not reported for subgroups of less than 30. This affected a total of 531 examinees.(2) Because of changes in region and/or country boundaries, certain languages may have been added or deleted since the previous table was published.(3) Includes 2,138 students who did not report their native languages.

Native LanguageNative Language Num

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Macedonian 112 55 54 54 543Madurese 11 * * * *Malagasy 36 47 51 50 491Malay 31 57 56 57 569Malayalam 565 58 62 60 598Malinke-Bambara-Dyula 103 44 47 45 455Maltese 7 * * * *Marathi 1,134 57 61 60 595Marshallese 70 54 49 47 501Mende 2 * * * *Minankabau 0 * * * *Mongolian 293 51 49 50 502More 17 * * * *

Nepali 34 54 57 54 549Norwegian 16 * * * *Nyanja 2 * * * *

Oriya 64 54 60 58 575Oromo 1 * * * *

Palauan 120 56 53 51 533Panay-Hiligaynon 15 * * * *Pashto 94 52 54 53 531Pidgin 0 * * * *Polish 75 59 56 56 573Ponapean 3 * * * *Portuguese 263 52 53 53 525Punjabi 642 53 57 55 552

Romanian 98 58 60 59 591Ruanda 68 48 54 51 510Russian 435 55 55 54 550

Samar-Leyte 3 * * * *Samoan 0 * * * *Santali 0 * * * *Serbo-Croatian 291 59 55 55 565Sesotho 2 * * * *Setswana 1 * * * *Shona 4 * * * *Sindhi 146 57 60 57 579Sinhalese 7 * * * *Siswati 14 * * * *Slovak 45 57 57 58 573Slovene 18 * * * *Somali 3 * * * *Spanish 1,601 57 56 57 564Sundanese 3 * * * *Swahili 33 53 55 51 529Swedish 19 * * * *

Tagalog 234 57 57 56 568Tamil 2,647 57 61 59 593Tatar 2 * * * *Telugu 6,070 54 58 56 561Thai 7,354 51 52 52 515Tibetan 31 51 53 53 525Tigrinya 81 55 57 55 556Tongan 9 * * * *Trukese 13 * * * *Tulu 29 * * * *Turkish 127 52 51 51 511Turkmen 22 * * * *Twi-Fante 5 * * * *

Ukrainian 42 54 53 53 536Ulithian 0 * * * *Urdu 2,942 53 55 53 536Uzbek 2 * * * *

Vietnamese 1,012 50 55 53 527

Wolof 24 * * * *

Xhosa 1 * * * *

Yapese 9 * * * *Yiddish 0 * * * *Yoruba 62 54 57 54 552

Zulu 1 * * * *

Afrikaans 83 49 51 49 495Albanian 329 53 56 53 537Amharic 8 * * * *Arabic 646 50 50 50 500Armenian 2 * * * *Assamese 50 52 54 54 535Azeri 132 53 55 54 539

Bashkir 0 * * * *Basque (Euskara) 0 * * * *Belarussian 41 56 57 57 566Bemba 2 * * * *Bengali 1,817 52 55 54 534Berber 7 * * * *Bhili 1 * * * *Bikol 4 * * * *Bulgarian 552 57 59 56 575Burmese 1,393 49 51 49 497

Catalan (Provencal) 7 * * * *Cebuano (Visayan) 137 57 57 56 566Chichewa 60 56 60 55 569Chinese 118,786 53 57 56 551Chuvash 0 * * * *Czech 5 * * * *

Danish 5 * * * *Dutch 104 61 58 56 584

Efik-Ibibio 24 * * * *English 567 58 60 57 584Estonian 102 59 59 57 585Ewe 100 48 53 49 499

Farsi (Persian) 60 54 55 52 537Fijian 17 * * * *Finnish 8 * * * *French 638 51 53 52 517Fula (Peulh) 21 * * * *

Galician 4 * * * *Ganda (Luganda) 4 * * * *Georgian 3 * * * *German 274 61 60 58 596Greek 0 * * * *Guarani 6 * * * *Gujarati 2,050 52 55 54 538

Hausa 17 * * * *Hebrew 6 * * * *Hindi 3,416 57 61 59 588Hungarian (Magyar) 13 * * * *

Ibo (Igbo) 175 53 57 53 544Icelandic 0 * * * *Ilocano 8 * * * *Indonesian 74 54 52 53 532Italian 157 54 58 58 567

Japanese 34,645 49 52 50 505Javanese 72 51 52 51 515

Kannada (Kanarese) 560 57 61 59 591Kanuri 1 * * * *Kashmiri 34 58 62 59 595Kazakh 15 * * * *Khmer (Kampuchean) 169 49 51 50 499Kikuyu 13 * * * *Kirundi 4 * * * *Konkani 151 61 64 62 624Korean 33,090 50 54 54 530Kurdish 4 * * * *Kurukh (Oraon) 0 * * * *Kusaiean 5 * * * *

Lao 17 * * * *Latvian 150 59 57 56 574Lingala 18 * * * *Lithuanian 2 * * * *Luba-Lulua 8 * * * *Luo 7 * * * *

Table 20. Paper-Based TOEFL Total and Section Score Means(1) — All Examinees Classified by Native Language(2)

(Based on 230,877 students who took the test between July 2000 and June 2001)(3)

Tables 20 and 21 may be useful in comparing the performance on the TOEFL test of a particular student with thatof other students from the same native country and with that of students who speak the same language. It isimportant to point out that the data do not permit the generalization that there are fundamental differences in theability of the various national and language groups to learn English or in the level of English proficiency they canattain. The tables are based simply on the performance of those examinees native to particular countries andlanguages who happened to take the paper-based TOEFL test.

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AFRICAAngola 53 48 50 49 490Benin 63 48 54 51 511Botswana 1 * * * *Burkina Faso 34 47 52 52 502Burundi 6 * * * *Cameroon 9 * * * *Cape Verde 3 * * * *Central African Republic 4 * * * *Chad 3 * * * *Comoros 0 * * * *Congo-DRC (Formerly Zaire) 105 49 51 51 503Congo Republic 4 * * * *Cote d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast) 101 47 52 51 500Djibouti 3 * * * *Equatorial Guinea 0 * * * *Eritrea 85 55 57 55 557Ethiopia 8 * * * *Gabon 6 * * * *Gambia, The 49 53 54 50 524Ghana 22 * * * *Guinea 59 41 45 43 429Guinea-Bissau 0 * * * *Kenya 39 54 59 55 560Lesotho 2 * * * *Liberia 10 * * * *Madagascar 39 47 51 50 493Malawi 63 55 59 54 560Mali 104 44 46 45 450Mauritania 5 * * * *Mauritius 0 * * * *Mozambique 34 47 49 50 488Namibia 18 * * * *Niger 23 * * * *Nigeria 295 54 57 54 549Reunion 9 * * * *Rwanda 81 49 53 51 511Sao Tome and Principe 1 * * * *Senegal 4 * * * *Seychelles 0 * * * *Sierra Leone 11 * * * *Somalia 1 * * * *South Africa 2 * * * *Swaziland 13 * * * *Tanzania 16 * * * *Togo 140 47 52 49 497Tunisia 4 * * * *Uganda 6 * * * *Zambia 2 * * * *Zimbabwe 7 * * * *

AMERICASAnguilla 1 * * * *Antigua and Barbuda 0 * * * *Argentina 404 57 58 57 574Aruba 61 61 57 55 578Bahamas 1 * * * *Barbados 0 * * * *Belize 13 * * * *Bermuda 1 * * * *Bolivia 147 58 55 55 558Brazil 177 53 54 55 544British Virgin Islands 0 * * * *Canada 45 59 57 57 577Cayman Islands 0 * * * *Chile 9 * * * *Colombia 108 56 55 56 557Costa Rica 6 * * * *Cuba 20 * * * *Dominica, Commonwealth of 0 * * * *Dominican Republic 6 * * * *Ecuador 3 * * * *El Salvador 3 * * * *French Guiana 0 * * * *Grenada 0 * * * *Guadeloupe 3 * * * *Guatemala 1 * * * *Guyana 0 * * * *Haiti 218 51 52 51 512Honduras 74 61 59 57 589Jamaica 0 * * * *Martinique 8 * * * *Mexico 218 56 53 56 552

Montserrat 0 * * * *Netherlands Antilles 42 61 58 55 580Nicaragua 2 * * * *Panama 2 * * * *Paraguay 133 57 56 56 563Peru 123 53 52 54 528Puerto Rico 0 * * * *St. Kitts and Nevis 0 * * * *St. Lucia 0 * * * *St. Vincent and the Grenadines 0 * * * *Suriname 33 60 58 55 576Trinidad and Tobago 1 * * * *Turks and Caicos Islands 0 * * * *United States of America 199 58 57 55 570Uruguay 114 59 59 59 589US Virgin Islands 0 * * * *Venezuela 44 55 54 54 546

ASIAAfghanistan 54 51 54 50 515Bangladesh 1,243 49 52 51 506Bhutan 23 * * * *Brunei Darussalam 2 * * * *Cambodia 165 49 50 50 498China, People’s Republic of 92,720 53 58 57 560Hong Kong 4,108 54 53 53 531India 18,088 56 59 57 575Indonesia 80 55 52 54 534Japan 35,121 49 52 50 505Korea (DPR) 281 49 53 52 514Korea (ROK) 32,814 50 54 54 530Laos 15 * * * *Macau 175 51 52 51 514Malaysia 83 55 54 54 545Maldives 0 * * * *Mongolia 287 51 49 50 501Myanmar (Burma) 1,409 49 51 49 496Nepal 14 * * * *Pakistan 2,971 53 54 53 533Philippines 389 57 57 56 568Singapore 8 * * * *Sri Lanka 17 * * * *Taiwan 21,897 51 53 52 519Thailand 7,393 51 52 52 515Vietnam 1,018 50 55 53 527

EUROPE AND THE NEW INDEPENDENT STATES (NIS) OFTHE FORMER SOVIET UNIONAlbania 316 53 56 53 540Andorra 0 * * * *Armenia 0 * * * *Austria 8 * * * *Azerbaijan 141 53 55 53 538Azores 1 * * * *Belarus 92 55 57 57 563Belgium 4 * * * *Bosnia and Herzegovina 69 58 55 55 558Bulgaria 559 57 59 56 574Croatia 2 * * * *Cyprus 0 * * * *Czech Republic 5 * * * *Denmark 4 * * * *England 6 * * * *Estonia 120 59 58 56 577Faeroe Island 1 * * * *Finland 9 * * * *France 136 54 55 54 544Georgia 3 * * * *Germany 212 61 59 58 592Greece 1 * * * *Greenland 0 * * * *Hungary 9 * * * *Iceland 1 * * * *Ireland 0 * * * *Isle of Man 0 * * * *Italy 152 53 59 58 568Kazakstan 10 * * * *Kyrgyzstan 21 * * * *Latvia 193 59 57 56 573Liechtenstein 1 * * * *Lithuania 2 * * * *Luxembourg 21 * * * *

Table 21. Paper-Based TOEFL Total and Section Score Means(1) —Nonnative English-Speaking Examinees Classified by Geographic Region and Native Country(2)

(Based on 230,877 students who took the test between July 2000 and June 2001)(3)

Table 22. Frequency Distribution of TWE Scores for All Examinees(Based on 208,096 examinees who took the TWE test between July 2000 and June 2001)

TWE Score Percentile Rank

6.0 5.5 98 5.0 93 4.5 844.0 623.5 383.0 222.5 8

2.0 4 1.5 1

1.00.0

Mean 3.70S.D. 0.87

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EUROPE AND THE NIS (cont'd.)Macedonia (Former Yougoslav Republic of) 115 55 53 53 541Madeira Islands 0 * * * *Malta 8 * * * *Moldova 55 55 57 57 566Monaco 3 * * * *Netherlands 8 * * * *Northern Ireland 22 * * * *Norway 17 * * * *Poland 76 59 56 56 572Portugal 118 52 55 55 539Romania 78 59 60 59 597Russia 235 55 55 54 545San Marino 0 * * * *Scotland 1 * * * *Slovakia 45 57 57 58 573Slovenia 19 * * * *Spain 240 55 57 58 567Sweden 18 * * * *Switzerland 53 60 60 59 598Tajikistan 16 * * * *Turkey 118 52 50 50 507Turkmenistan 45 54 54 52 535Ukraine 63 55 54 53 540United Kingdom 11 * * * *Uzbekistan 1 * * * *Vatican City 0 * * * *Wales 0 * * * *Yugoslavia 242 59 55 55 565

MIDDLE EAST/NORTH AFRICAAlgeria 160 49 53 52 513Bahrain 1 * * * *Egypt 8 * * * *Gaza Strip 269 50 50 50 499Iran 47 54 54 52 535Iraq 4 * * * *

Israel 8 * * * *Jordan 74 51 53 52 520Kuwait 4 * * * *Lebanon 53 48 51 50 496Libya 11 * * * *Morocco 2 * * * *Oman 0 * * * *Qatar 1 * * * *Saudi Arabia 24 * * * *Sudan 157 50 48 50 492Syria 3 * * * *United Arab Emirates 1 * * * *West Bank 1 * * * *Yemen 4 * * * *

PACIFIC REGIONAmerican Samoa 3 * * * *Australia 8 * * * *Cook Islands 0 * * * *Federated States of Micronesia 30 54 51 48 511Fiji 50 57 55 53 547French Polynesia 6 * * * *Guam 1 * * * *Kiribati 1 * * * *Marshall Islands 78 55 51 49 515Nauru 0 * * * *New Caledonia 4 * * * *New Zealand 5 * * * *Niue Island 0 * * * *Northern Mariana Islands 10 * * * *Palau 129 56 53 51 531Papua New Guinea 0 * * * *Samoa 0 * * * *Solomon Islands 0 * * * *Tahiti 4 * * * *Tonga 9 * * * *Tuvalu 0 * * * *Vanuatu 0 * * * *

(1) Because of the unreliability of statistics based on small samples, means are not reported for subgroups of less than 30. This affected a total of 718 examinees.

(2) Because of changes in region and/or country boundaries, certain countries may have been added or deleted since the previous table was published.

(3) Includes 1,859 students who did not report country of birth or who reported English as their native language.

Table 21 (continued)

Table 22 presents the overall frequency distribution ofTest of Written English (TWE®) scores. In 2000-01, theTWE test was administered with the paper-based TOEFLtest five times on specified dates. The test is holistically

scored using a criterion-referenced 6-point score scale.Further information can be found in the Test of WrittenEnglish Guide.

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