TEST FOUR NOTES

STANDARD 11

• SSWH11 Students will investigate political and social changes in Japan and in China from the seventeenth century CE to mid-nineteenth century CE.

a. Describe the policies of the Tokugawa and Qing rulers; include

Oda Nobunaga and Kangxi.

b. Analyze the impact of population growth and its impact on the social

structure of Japan and China.

TEST FOUR NOTES9/16/13

EQ – What changes did the Qing Dynasty bring to China?

CHINABy 1600, the Ming dynasty had ruled for

more than 200 years and the dynasty was weakening.

Ineffective rulers, corrupt officials, and a government that was out of money

Northeast of the Great Wall lay Manchuria. In 1644, the Manchus, a

people from that region, invaded China and the Ming officially

collapsed. Just as the Mongols had done in the 1300s, the Manchu’s took a Chinese name and became

known as the Qing (chihng) dynasty.

Many resisted the rule of the non-Chinese rulers. Rebellions flared up for decades but slowly

they began to earn respect. They upheld Confucian beliefs and social

structures.

They made the frontiers safe and restored the countries prosperity.

Two Manchu rulers greatly contributed to the acceptance of

the new dynasty.

Kangxi (kahng-shee)

• Kangxi ruled for 60 years and during that time reduced government expenses and lowered taxes. He was also a patron of the arts and gained respect of many intellectuals by offering them government positions.

He also liked to have Jesuits on his court so they could discuss the

latest changes in science, medicine and mathematics in Europe. Under the rule of his grandson, Qian-long, China reached its greatest size and

prosperity.

Kangxi worked on the countries problems which included armed

nomads on the border and expanding the presence of European merchants and

missionaries in China.

That is until 1793 when the emperor let an ambassador from

England come to China.

The ambassador brought many gifts such as clocks, globes and

musical instruments but the emperor was not interested.

The reason China could reject these offers from the West was largely due to the fact that they were self sufficient In the 11th

century, the Chinese had acquired a fast growing strand of rice from

SW Asia.

Spanish and Portuguese traders brought maize, sweet potatoes and

peanuts that increased the productivity of the land. China also

had extensive mining and manufacturing industries.

The only port the Chinese allowed foreigners to do trade in for years

was the city of Guangzhou (gwahng-joh). The balance of

trade in this port was in China’s favor.

European merchants were determined to find a product the Chinese would do business with.

They eventually found one in opium. That led to

the Opium War.

1. Study Guide Rev – Test 3 tomorrow!!

2. Terms Rev – Chap 16 & 17

2

EQ 9/17/13

How did Oda Nobunaga change Japan?

Japanese Leaders

• In the 1300s, the unity that had been achieved in Japan broke down. Shoguns, or military leaders, fought each other in the north and south for control.

After civil war in 1467, Japan’s feudal system was in shambles. At

this time, power shifted over to territorial lords. From 1467-1568,

Japan was in a period known as the “Warring States” period.

Powerful samurai would gain control of old feudal estates and offer protection to peasants in return for their loyalty. These

warrior chieftains called daimyo became lords in a new type of

feudalism.

Oda Nobunaga

• Oda Nobunaga was a major daimyo during the Sengoku period of Japanese history. He was a minor warlord who lived a life of continuous military conquest to eventually conquer most of Japan.

Nobunaga modernized the Japanese military.

use of long pikes, firearms, ironclad ships, and castle

fortifications. a specialized warrior class system appointed to positions based on

ability, not wholly based on name, rank, or family relationship like

prior historical periods.

Retainers were also given land on basis of rice output, not land size.

Nobunaga's dominance and brilliance was not restricted only to

the battlefield for he also was a keen businessman and understood

the principles of economics.

Changed Japan from an agricultural society to a modern society.

Roads were made between towns to assist trade and move armies great distances in a hurry. International trade was also expanded beyond

China and the Korean peninsula to Europe while namban (barbarian)

trade with the Philippines, Siam, and Indonesia was also started.

Nobunaga also instituted rakuichi rakuza policies as a way to

stimulate business and the overall economy. These policies abolished

and prohibited monopolies and allowed anyone to join the guild of

their choice.

Thur 9/19/13

Oda Nobunaga developed tax exemptions and established laws to regulate and

ease the borrowing of debt.

As Nobunaga conquered Japan he built a great wealth supported the arts,

more importantly used as a display of his power and prestige.

built extensive gardens and castles.

Azuchi castle on the shores of lake Biwa - the greatest castle in the

history of Japan, covered with gold and statues on the outside and

decorated wall and ceiling paintings made by Kano Eitoku

Nobunaga is remembered in Japan as being brutal.

Christianity used this as the moral basis for his

persecution of the Ikko monks (Buddhists).

One of his subjects established Japanese tea ceremony

popularized and used originally as a way to talk politics and business.

Tokugawa

• In 1600 Tokugawa defeated his rivals at the Battle of Sekigahara. This gained him the respect of other daimyo in Japan. Three years later he became the sole leader of Japan.

He moved the capital to the fishing city of Edo - (Tokyo). Tokugawa

tamed the other daimyo by having an “alternate attendance policy”.

The leader of each region would have to spend one year in the capital and then they could return to their land.

However, when they returned to their land, their family moved to the capital for that year. This policy was a major

step towards restoring centralized power in Japan. As a result, the rule of law overcame the rule of the sword.

a. Describe the geographical extent of the Ottoman Empire during the rule of Suleyman the Magnificent, the Safavid

Empire during the reign of Shah Abbas I, and the Mughal Empire during the reigns of Babur and Akbar.

b. Explain the ways in which these Muslim empires influenced

religion, law, and the arts in their parts of the world.

Fri 9/20/13

STANDARD 12

• SSWH12 The student will examine the origins and contributions of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires.

EQ – How did Suleyman strengthen the Ottoman Empire?

Suleyman the Magnificent

• Suleyman came to power in 1520 and ruled for 46 years. Suleyman was a great military leader who captured the European city of Belgrade in 1521.

• Serbia

The next year, Turkish forces captured the island of Rhodes in

the Mediterranean Sea giving them domination over the eastern Mediterranean. Using their

massive naval forces, the Ottomans captured the city of Tripoli on the

north African coast.

They continued to conquer people along the coastlines of North Africa

which was very important. Although they never went into the interior parts of Africa, they were still able to control all trade routes that went from the coast into the

interior parts of Africa.

In 1526, Suleyman advanced into Hungary and Austria causing

central Europe to go into a panic. His armies eventually pushed to

the edge of Vienna, Austria.

He reigned from Istanbul, Turkey and waged war with central

Europeans, North Africans, and Central Asians. He was the most

powerful monarch on earth besides Charles V, head of the Hapsburg Empire in Europe.

GOVERNMENT

• Keeping the Ottoman Empire together was Suleyman’s biggest achievement. He created a law code to handle both criminal and civil actions. He reduced government bureaucracy and simplified the tax system. This made daily life for the citizens much easier.

Religion:

• As they conquered Christian areas; Christian boys were kidnapped and brainwashed. The army would train them, educate them and convert them Islam. An elite force of 30,000 soldiers known as janissaries was trained to be loyal to the sultan only.

As a practicing Muslim, Suleyman granted freedom of worship for

other religions especially Jews and Christians. The system kept

conflict among the people to a minimum.

Arts

• Suleyman liked the arts. He studied, poetry, history, geography, astronomy, mathematics and architecture. world’s best architect at the time, Sinan, (Albania) to build the Mosque of Suleyman.

It is topped with domes and included 4 schools, library, bath

and a hospital. Art and architecture also flourished during this time. Painters and Poets used

Persia and Arabia as a model.

Tue 2/05

What influence did Babur have on the Asian World?

Safavid Empire during the reign of Shah Abbas I

• Shah Abbas took the throne in 1587. He created a golden age of culture that drew from the best Ottoman, Persian and Arab worlds. Shah Abbas reformed some aspects of the empire.

Military- limited the power of the military, created two new armies that would be loyal to him alone,

one being made up of Persians the other of Christian recruits that he

modeled after the Ottoman janissaries. Both armies were

equipped with modern weapons.

Government- he punished corruption severely and promoted

only those officials who proved competent and loyal, he was

known to hire foreigners to fill gov’t positions.

To convince European merchants of his religious tolerance, he brought in Christian religious

orders to the empire Europeans moved into the land.

This caused a large exchange of art, trade and industry between the Europeans and Safavid empire.

moved the Safavid capital to Esfahan which is almost directly

south of current day Tehran, Iran. The city covered 4 ½ miles and was

considered to be one of the prettiest in the world. Foreign and Safavid artist both worked on the

construction of the city.

- Armenians wove carpets -300 Chinese potters produced

glazed building tilesShah Abbas brought in many

Chinese artists and had them work side by side with Safavid artists.

They created intricate metal works, pottery, glass work, calligraphy, and

tile work. This started a collaboration between Chinese and

Persian artists.

The most important Western influence on the Safavids though

was the demand for Persian carpets. This changed weaving from a local craft to a national

industry.

At first carpets reflected Persian themes but as the empire grew,

the designs became more culturally blended. In the 16th

century, Shah Abbas, sent artist to Europe to study under Raphael. Rugs began to show European

influence after the artists returned.

The empire declined after Shah Abbas’ death. He had made the same mistake the Ottoman ruler Suleyman

had made by killing or blinding his best sons. Because he had done this,

his spoiled grand son took over control of the empire. He was hated so much that one of his own soldiers

assassinated him.

Mughal Empire under the rule of Babur

• At the age of 14, Babur inherited the kingdom in the area that is now Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. The year was 1494 and soon after he got the kingdom, his elders took it away.

Babur had to move south while doing so, built an army. In the

following years, he swept south down into India and laid the

foundation for the vast Mughal empire.

Babur was a great military general. He once won a battle against the sultan of Delhi who had 100,000 when he only had 12,000 soldiers. After his death,

his incompetent son took over control and lost most of the empire his father had gained. His grandson, Akbar, took

over control after his father passed away.

Wed 2/6

What influence did Babur have on the Asian World?

At the age of 14, Babur inherited the kingdom in the area that is now Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.

Babur had to move south into India while doing so, built an army.

laid the foundation for the vast Mughal empire.

Mughal Empire under the rule of Akbar

• Akbar which means “Greatest One”, ruled from 1556-1605. Akbar- military power was the root of his strength.

Just like the Safavids and Ottomans did, Akbar equipped his troops with heavy artillery. He used

cannons to take on cities with walls to expand into the Deccan Plateau

area.

He appointed some rajputs as officers which helped him turn

potential enemies into allies. This military and political wisdom

allowed Akbar to unify a land of around 100 million people. More

than all of Europe combined.

Religion under Akbar

• Akbar was a Muslim who practiced religious freedom. He allowed his wives to practice whatever religion they desired. He married two Hindus, a Christian and a Muslim.

He abolished taxes on the Hindu pilgrims and the tax on non-

Muslims known as the jizya. He even appointed a Spanish Jesuit to

tutor his second son.

Government under Akbar

• He ruled through a bureaucracy of officials. Everyone could rise to a high office in government including Natives, Hindus, Muslims and foreigners. This type of policy allowed for a high quality of government.

His chief finance minister was Hindu; created a graduated tax

system very similar to the one the U.S. uses today. It was based off

the crops the peasants grew.

Culture

• As the empire expanded, many cultures had influences such as art, education, politics, and language. Persian was the language of the courts and high culture but Hindi was the language of the common people.

Hindi is a mixture of Persian and local languages. Urdu was the

language of the soldiers and is now the official language of Pakistan

today. Urdu is a mixture of Arabic, Hindi and Persian languages.

Arts & Literature

• The arts flourished in the Mughal court in the form of book illustrations. These were called miniatures which were small, highly detailed paintings.

Literature also enjoyed a revival under the reign of Akbar. Poets told stories and the epic story

Ramayana was written.

Architecture

• Akbar loved architecture and the style developed under his rule is still known as Akbar period architecture. The stonework is massive and portrays Hindu themes.

The capital city of Fatehpur Sikri is the best example of this type of

architecture. He had this red sandstone city built to thank a holy man for predicting the birth of his

first son.

Test TwoTUE 2/12/13