test five notes mon 9/23/13
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TEST FIVE NOTES Mon 9/23/13. World History Standard 7 The student will analyze European medieval society with regard to culture, politics, society, and economics. ESSENTIAL QUESTION. What began the tie between the Church and the Franks? Catholic. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
World History Standard 7The student will analyze
European medieval society with regard to culture,politics, society, and
economics.
early 700’s AD Charles Martel ruler Frankish empire. 732
Muslims invaded Spain
Charles Martel cavalry Tours in central France.
Charles Martel died in 741, son Pepin III (Pepin the Short)
kingdom. Pepin III king of all of France Pope of the Catholic church to
crown him.
In 754, Pope Stephen III crowned Pepin III “King by the
grace of God”. precedent. future Popes
decided power to name and overthrow kings.
soon after Pepin led his army Italy
Germanic tribe Lombard’s. threatening city Rome
Pope was worried they would overthrow Rome.
defeated Lombard’s gave the pope the land the Lombard’s had claimed.
Donation of Pepin created the Papal States or
the Vatican.
Charlemagne was the son of Pepin III. Charlemagne was king of the Franks from 768 –
814 and he is considered one of the greatest rulers in history.
Charlemagne spent much of his life at war. He defeated the
Lombard’s again in Italy and the Saxons in northern Germany.
Avars, nomadic people - Huns, drove the Muslims back into
Spain - small strip of Spain for the Franks.
never conquer all of Muslim Spain.
Christmas 800 AD Charlemagne knelt in worship
St Peter’s Church - Rome. pope Leo III - placed a crown on
Charlemagne’s head and declared him the Emperor of the
Romans.
had nothing to do Frankish/Roman Empires,
Charlemagne was regarded as highly as the emperors of Rome
emphasized the tie between the Franks and the Catholic
Church.
Charlemagne’s empire divided into several regions
region was ruled by a count. Each count formed armies and
governed their land.
feudalism
Charlemagne’s capital was at Aix-la-Chapelle (now Aachen,
Germany) but he traveled throughout his kingdom.
Charlemagne died his empire divided into three parts
ruled by 3 of his grandsons, never learned to work together Frankish Empire was invaded
by several groups.
A. Explain the manorial system and feudalism; include the
status of peasants and feudal monarchies and the importance
of Charlemagne.
C. Explain the role of the church in medieval society.
Holy Roman Empire324 - Constantine creates
capital in Byzantium (Anatolia)Constantine / Maximian
Constantinople
.
799 – attempt on Pope’s life Leo III - meets w/ Charlemagne
800 – son heir, proclaims Charlemagne Emperor
Emperor Holy Roman Empire protection of Pope
Constantinople v Rome
2 rulers & two churchesPope & Patriarch Roman CatholicGreek Orthodox
Latin Speaking WestGreek Speaking East
Medieval Germany – Otto I (Otto the Great) 936 ADclose alliance w/ church
Pope John XII962 controlled Italy and given
title of emperor by Pope
German-Italian empire 1st called Roman Empire of the German Nation
Holy Roman Empire – strongest state in Europe until 1100’s
most feared of these invaders Scandinavia.
Called themselves Vikings. English - Danes, and other
groups called them Northmen or the Norse.
800’s - Vikings invaded the Frankish Empire and other parts of Europe. A large group settled
in northern France name Normandy. The French
word for Northmen was Normans.
political system - continent of Europe called Feudalism.
began when local lords had to govern their own lands since
there was no central government.
wanting protection from possible invasions, would give their land to larger landowners. In return
they were granted the use of the land, but had to provide troops
for the larger landowner.
The person who granted the land was the Lord and the one
who held land in return for services was a Vassal.
The vassal had more obligations. provide a certain
number of fully equipped cavalrymen and foot soldiers
and agreed to pay their expenses. Military service was usually limited to 40 days per
year.
Another obligation of a vassal consisted of feudal aids –
special payments to help cover extraordinary expenses of the lord. - ransom if the lord were
captured in war.
also expected to house and feed the lord and his
companions for a certain number of days a year,
to attend ceremonies such as a wedding of a lords daughter,
and to serve on the lords court as a minister of justice.
The grant of land was called a fief. The Latin word for fief is
Feudum, from which comes the word feudal. In time the fief
became hereditary.
1. It was an honorable relationship between legal
equals. Only nobles could be vassals. In theory even the
Lords were vassals to the King.
2. The same man might be both Vassal and Lord. Vassal to a
more powerful Lord above him, and Lord to a less powerful
vassal below him.
3. It was a very personal relationship. Each mans
loyalties were owed only to the Lord directly above him, or the
vassal directly below him.
Feudal justice was quite different from the Roman ideas of justice. Decisions at trials were made in one of three
ways:
1. Trial by battle. The accused and the accuser, or men
representing them, fought a duel. The outcome determined
guilt or innocence.
2. Compurgation - , or oath taking. The accused and the accuser each
gathered a group of people who swore that their man was telling the
truth. Compurgators (the oath takers) were similar to the
character witnesses of today’s trials. Then the judges decided.
3. Ordeal – the accused carried a piece of hot iron in his hand, or
walked through fire, or plunged his arm in a pot of boiling water to pick
up a hot stone. If his wounds healed quickly he was judged innocent, if not he was guilty.
Christian missionaries first arrived in Ireland in the 400’s. St Patrick
was the best known. He began his work there in 432.
600 AD missionaries were sent to England by Pope Gregory I.
Eventually all of England accepted Christianity. The first
missionary to England was Augustine.
The economic basis of early medieval life was a large estate
that included a village. This was called a manor. Most manors produced their own food, clothing, and leather
goods. Very few items were imported in (iron, tar, etc.)
Each manor was run by a lord. And he had peasants to work the fields. The peasants paid
for the use of the land by giving the lord part of their crops and
by working his land too.
They also performed other services on the manor and paid taxes. A typical manor village
had houses along a single street. The manor house or
castle stood a distance away.
The village was usually located on a stream that furnished water power for its mill. The land from
the manor extended out from the village. This land included
vegetable plots, cultivated fields, pastures and forests.
The cultivated land of the manor was divided into three large
fields for growing grain. Only 2 of the fields were planted each
year to give one time to become fertile again. (lie fallow)
Middle Ages think of luxurious castles and knights in
shining armor. Daily life peasant hard
long hours spent in the fields.
Food – poorcoarse black bread, cabbage, a
few vegetables, cheese, and eggs. Meat was rarely eaten. The average life expectancy
was around 40 years.
nobility was not really luxurious A castle fortified home - lord
base for protecting the surrounding countryside.
picture a castle as a large stone structure, but this type of castle
was not built until the later Middle Ages.
Most early castles were made of earth and wood. They were
built for defense, not for comfort. They were located on
hills or in other places that made them hard to attack.
If the castle had to be built on flat countryside a moat
surrounded the outer walls. The gate to the courtyard inside the
walls was reached by a drawbridge across the moat.
The main part of the castle was called the keep, a strong tower
that contained storeroom, barracks, and workshops, a well as the lords living quarters. In the great hall the lord received
visitors.
where the family lived during the day. The lord and his family usually
had their own bedroom, but everyone else in the castle slept in
the great hall with little privacy. There was not much furniture, the thick walls made the rooms dark,
damp and chilly.
Chickens, dogs and other small animals ran everywhere. The floors were covered with straw that usually was filthy. Most of the lords day was spent looking
after his estate.
1100’s feudal society changed development of chivalry
a code for knights. French word cheval - horse
usually mounted on horseback
early days - becoming a knight simple. noble, proving himself in battle, knighted, other knight.
process became more complex.
2 preliminary stages of training supervised - knight.
7 a boy (noble) page, learning knightly manners and beginning
training use of weapons.
early teens - squire, a knight’s assistant.
both manners and weapons knight’s horses, armor, weapons, and clothing.
he accompanied the knight in battle to prove himself
initiated into knighthood in an elaborate religious ceremony
lasted days
Chivalry required - be brave, even foolishly brave. He had to fight fairly - rules. Tricks and
strategy - cowardly. loyal to his friends, keep his
word, and treat conquered foes gallantly.
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How did the hierarchy of the Church affect political and economic issues in the Middle Ages?
THE CHURCH
clergy – place in hierarchy - organized in ranks according to their powers and responsibilities. The levels of the hierarchy (starting at the bottom) were:
1. the parish priest – peasant origin, little
education. hardest working and poorest clergy
members. hardly distinguished from the
peasants
But in a sense- most important conducted church services
parish (church). worked with/ counsel them.
2. the bishop – diocese - parishes.
administered the sacraments appointed and removed local parish priests and managed
church property in the diocese.
choice of the bishop was usually controlled by the king or
a great noble.Emperor Holy Roman Empire
frequently chosen for their family connections.
Younger sonpolitical move
In 1075 Pope Gregory VII banned lay investiture
infuriated Emperor Henry IVw/ support of German bishops demanded Gregory VII resign
Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV German bishops
changed sides
Jan. 1077 – Henry crossed Alps and went to Canossa – castle to
see Pope.
3. the archbishop – diocese himself and all of the
powers of a bishop, plus he had some authority over the other dioceses and bishops in his
province.
4. Cardinals - appointed by the Pope most important members are the Curia. advise the Pope on legal and spiritual matters.
Pope - comes from the Latin word papa meaning father. ultimate leader of the church
his decisions can’t be challenged
Vatican City -1929
For centuries, Christian pilgrims & European traders – no
problems. During the 1,000’s - Seljuk
Turks. war-like people adopted the Muslim faith
not tolerant
control of Palestine attacked Asia Minor
threatened - city of Constantinople Byzantine emperor appealed
Pope
Turks - less tolerant of other religions than the Arabs had
been. Christian pilgrims were being persecuted and trade
routes were shut-off.
urged the feudal nobles to stop warring with each other
and defeat the Muslims. His battle cry was “God Wills It”
sewed a cross of cloth on their garments
were called crusaders, from the Latin word cruciata
meaning “marked with a cross”.
People joined the Crusades for different reasons. The pope promised both heavenly and
earthly rewards.
Heavenly – spiritual
Earthly - secular
1. All the sins of a crusader were forgiven. 2. If he died on the Crusades he went straight
to heaven.
3. While away at war, his property and family were
guaranteed protection by the church. 4. A debtor who joined
the crusades had his debts cancelled.
5. A criminals freed 6. Knights were inspired with the lure of land and the riches that could
be found in Asia. 7. Merchants saw a chance to make money.
8. Younger sons of nobles saw a way to gain land and a
title. 9. Priests and bishops saw a chance to convert
non-believers.
The Crusades
were based on religious beliefs, but they were also appealing to those with a love of adventure and a wish to prosper.
1st CRUSADE
The first crusade lasted 1096-1099. led by French and Norman nobles. In 3 organized armies they moved across Europe to Constantinople. Byzantine emperor was nervous
unprepared
garments of wool and leather and their heavy armor, the
crusaders suffered severely from the heat. Because of a shortage of pack animals,
supplies of food and water were inadequate.
leaders quarreled over lands they captured. If Turks had
been united the crusade would have failed. crusaders captured
Antioch and marched toward Jerusalem. Conditions
improved as the crusaders marched down the seacoast
toward Palestine.
Fleets of ships from the Italian cities of Genoa and Pisa
brought them reinforcements and supplies. The crusaders captured Jerusalem after a
short battle and slaughtered the Muslim inhabitants in a terrible
massacre.
In the Middle East the crusaders set up four small states :1. the
county of Edessa 2. the Principality of Antioch. 3. the
county of Tripoli 4. the kingdom of Jerusalem
Second Crusade began in 1147 after the Turks
recaptured the city of Edessa and threatened the Kingdom of Jerusalem. In this crusade King Louis VII of France and the Holy Roman Emperor Conrad III led armies to the Holy Land.
It was a failure. The armies of the two monarchs met many
misfortunes on the march to the Holy Land. They fought separately
and did not join forces until they reached Damascus, which was
held by the Turks. The two armies failed to capture the city, and
returned home after just 2 years.
THIRD CRUSADE
in 1187 the news reached Europe that Jerusalem had been recaptured by the Muslim leader Saladin. Europe’s response was the 3rd Crusade. From 1189 – 1192, it was called the Crusade of the Three Kings.
King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England, King Phillip
Augustus of France, and Emperor Frederick Barborossa of the Holy Roman Empire each
started out at the head of a great army to regain the Holy
Land. Again there was failure.
Barbarossa drowned on the way and most of his army turned back. Phillip and Richard
quarreled and Phillip took his army home and seized English
lands in France.
Several times Richard might have gained the entire Kingdom of Jerusalem by diplomacy, but he preferred military adventure. This crusade accomplished little
but an estimated 300,000 Christians and Muslims died in
this war.
FOURTH CRUSADE
Pope Innocent III persuaded a group of French knights to go on the 4th Crusade in 1202. The city-state of Venice agreed to provide transportation, but the cost was too high for the crusaders to pay.
Then the Venetians offered to lower the cost of transporting
the crusaders if they agreed to attack the city of Zara, a city on
the Adriatic coast. Zara was Christian but a rival to Venice
for trade.
The Crusaders captured Zara, and Pope Innocent III
excommunicated the entire army for attacking a Christian
city. So the crusaders planned an attack on Constantinople. It too was Christian but offered many riches for its owners.
In 1204 the crusaders captured Constantinople, but it fell to the Turks for the last time in 1453. There were additional crusades but historians disagree on how
many.
It was actually a continuous process from 1096 – 1291. It
was a constant flow of crusaders heading toward the Holy Land, but they soon lost
their appeal.
RESULTS OF THE CRUSADES
from a military standpoint they were a failure. However the Europeans learned about many things of military importance including the crossbow and use of carrier pigeons to transport messages.
From the Byzantines they learned such new siege tactics as the undermining of walls and
the use of catapults to hurl stones. They also learned of
gunpowder. The status of women changed.
With their husbands gone to war many wives took over the
management of feudal estates. Europeans were influenced by
the ideas that were exchanged. They were introduced to spices,
rice, sugar, lemons, apricots, and melons.
THE RENAISSANCE
In around 1350 a movement to revive the interest in the classical learning of Rome and Greece began in Italy. It was known as the Renaissance, a French word meaning rebirth.
The most important cities of the Renaissance were Florence, Rome and Venice. In these
cities (especially Florence) an intellectual movement called
humanism developed.
These Italian scholars stressed the study of grammar, rhetoric,
history, and poetry, using classical texts. These studies
were called the humanities, and those who studied them were
called humanists.
The founder of humanism was Francesco Petrarch of Florence. Petrarch stressed the teachings of the ancient Romans. He felt they were the best example of ethical behavior. He was also deeply
committed to Christian teachings.
Probably the most famous of Italian Renaissance writers is
Niccolo Machiavelli of Florence. In 1513 he wrote the famous essay called The Prince which described government as
it actually worked.
In 1516 an English humanist named Thomas More
published a book entitled Utopia. In it he criticized society and described his ideal society.
In the late 1500’s and early 1600’s William Shakespeare
wrote plays in England.
World History Standard 9The student will analyze
change and continuity in the Renaissance and
Reformation.
A. Explain the social, economic, and political changes that
contributed to the rise of Florence and the ideas of Machiavelli.
B. Identify artistic and scientific achievements of Leonardo da
Vinci, the “Renaissance man,” and Michelangelo.
Another Humanist was Dante. He was exiled from Florence for not appearing in court to defend himself against allegations that
he did not commit. If he returned he was to be burned alive. This had a major impact
on his writings.
His most famous work is the Divine Comedy. In this Dante
places many Florentine politicians and Catholic figures in various stages of Hell, levels of Purgatory, or even spheres of
Heaven.
Erasmus – Christian Humanist from
Holland. Wrote book called The Praise of Folly where he poked
fun at greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and pompous priests
He believed in a Christianity of the heart, not one of
ceremonies or rules. He said that in order to improve society
all people should study the Bible
Another important aspect of the Renaissance was art. The most
noticeable characteristic of Renaissance painting is its
realism in representing natural life and forms. Renaissance
painters admired roman culture.
Renaissance painters could make their art lifelike because they had learned a technique of painting
called perspective. distant objects smaller - foreground
arranging them in certain ways create the illusion of depth on a flat
canvas.
Italian painters of the late 1400’s and early 1500’s displayed such genius that this period has been called the High Renaissance.
Four of these great artists were:
Leonardo da Vinci – was a versatile man. He excelled in music, art, architecture and
math and he was also a scientist. Studies of anatomy helped in drawing the human
figure.
And he used mathematics to organize the space in his
paintings. His mural “the Last Supper” is widely known. But
probably his most famous painting is called the “Mona
Lisa”.
Michelangelo Buonarroti (bwaw – nar-raw-tee) – he preferred
sculpture to painting, and he created great stone carvings. He
also painted murals on the ceilings of the Sistine Chapel of the Vatican.
He was also a poet, and an outstanding architect.