Test 2 Review

Early Rome

• Early Romans– Romulus and Remus– Etruscan influence– Tarquin & Lucretia– Rebellion

• Senate• Magistrates– Consul– Praetor – Proconsul– Propraetor– Dictator

• Imperium• Struggle of Orders– Patricians– Plebeians

• Expansion– Etruscans– Samnite Wars• Military reorganization

– Greek Colonies

Punic Wars & Roman Culture• 1st Punic War

– Sicily

• 2nd Punic War– Hannibal– Scipio Africanus– Battle of Zama

• 3rd Punic War– Cato the Elder– Scipio Amelianus

• Hellenistic Wars• Maccabean Revolt

– Hasmonean– Judah Maccabee– Seleucid Empire

• Religion– Greek Influence– Politics

• Mystery Religions• Philosophy

– Lucretius• On the Nature of Things• Epicureanism

• Cicero– “Father of Roman Eloquence”– Stoicism

• Roman Law– Law of the Twelve Tables

The Republic in Transition

• Drama– Platus– Terence

• Prose– Cato the Elder – On

Agriculture

• Tradition vs. Hellenism– Cato the Elder– Scipio Amelianus

• Nobiles – Nobles• Equites – Equestrians• Latifundia

• The Gracchi– Tiberius Gracchus

• Public land to the poor

– Gaius Gracchus• Cheap grain • Colonies• Citizenship rights

• Marius– Land for Veterans

• Sulla– Civil War– Dictator for Life– Constitution

The First Triumvirate• Third Servile War (71 BC)

– The Gladiator Rebellion– Spartacus

• Pompey vs Crassus• Judea

– John Hyrcanus II• Pharisees

– Aristobulus II• Sadducees

• First Triumvirate– Julius Caesar– Pompey– Crassus

• Crassus in Parthia• Death of Julia• Caesar's Civil War

– Rubicon– Battle of Pharsalus– Pompey in Egypt– Cleopatra

• Caesar– Calendar– Reforms– Dictator for Life

• Brutus & Cassius– Caesar's Assasination

The Second Triumvirate & Empire

• Octavian Caesar– Julius Caesar’s Adopted

son

• Mark Anthony– Julius Caesar’s second in

command

• Marcus Lepidus– Julius Caesar’s monetary

backer

• Second Triumvirate• “Liberators‘” civil war

• Anthony & Cleopatra• Propaganda campaign• Anthony/Octavian's Civil

War– Battle of Actium

• End of the Republic

• Octavian’s titles– Augustus– Imperator– Princeps– Pontifex Maximus

• Pax Romana

Empire & Christianity

• The Social Order– Senatorial Order– Equestrian Order– All other Citizens

• Religion– Julius Caesar– Roma

• Literature– Virgil

• The Aeneid

– Livy• Ab Urbe Condita

• Judea– Herod I– Zealots & Apocalyticism

• Christianity– Jesus of Nazareth– Spiritual Kingdom, not

Earthly one– Jesus Crucified

• Belief in resurrection

– Paul of Tarsus

• Christianity Vs. Pagan Cults

Early Empire

• Julio-Claudians– Augustus– Tiberius– Caligula– Claudius– Nero

• Government– Mixed titles

• Rebellions– Boudicca– First Jewish-Roman War

• The Year of Four Emperors

• Flavians– Vespasian– Titus– Domitian

• Government– More Imperator, Less Princeps– Monarchy in all but name

• “Bread and Circuses”• Art

– Realism

• Engineering– Aqueducts & Roads

Contemporaries of Rome

• Parthia– Ctesiphon– Persian Traditions– Replaced by Sassanids

• Manichaeism– Mix– Mani– Gnosticism

• Trade Empires– Bactria– Kushans

• China – Han Dynasty– Rebellion– Liu Bang– Wu-Di

• “The Martial Emperor”• Centralization• Expansion• Roads & Canals• Han Synthesis

– Xiongnu invasions

• The Silk Road(s)– China to Mediterranean– Trade goods

The “Golden Age” of the Roman Empire & Decline

• Antonine Dynasty– Nerva– Trajan– Hadrian– Antonius Pius– Marcus Aurelius

• Meditations

– Five Good Emperors

• Government– “Office of Principate”– Expansion to Defense

• Commodus• End of Pax Romana• Severan Dynasty– Military Dictators

• Age of the Barracks Emperors

• Barbarian & Sassanid Invasions

Late Empire

• Diocletian– Division of the Empire– The Tetrarchy– 2 Augustus– 2 Caesar– Economic Reforms– Great Persecution

• Early Church– Ekklesia– Bishops

• Monasticism– Eremitical– Coenobitic

• Constantine– Battle of Mivian Bridge– Edit Of Milan– Constantinople– Ties to Church

• Trinitarianism Vs. Arianism• Council of Nicaea

– Nicene Creed

Late Empire

• Visigoths– Fritigern v. Valens– Battle of Adrianople– Sacking of Rome (410)

• Alric I

• Theodosius– Christianity Official

Religion – Empire Splits

• Eastern Roman Empire > Byzantine Empire

• Christian Literature– Jerome – Vulgate– Augustine

• Confessions• City of God

• Patriarchs & Pope– Patriarchs

• Rome• Antioch• Alexandria• Jerusalem• Constantinople

– Petrine Doctrine– Papal Primacy

End of the Western Empire and the Mayans

• The Hun Empire– Attilla the Hun

• Pope Leo I “The Great”• Vandals Sack Rome

(455)– Genseric

• Western Empire Ends– Romulus Augustus – Odovacar (Odoacer)

• “King of Italy”

• Maya– Yucatan– Olmec inheritance– Cocoa– Temples– Tikal– Chichén Itzá– Mathematics– Astronomy– Religion

Gupta, Axum, & Christendom

• India– Gupta Empire– Chandra Gupta– Kalidassa– Mahabharata

• Axum(Aksum)– Ezana– Christianity– “Solamaic” Dynasty– Ethiopia

• Germanic Tribes/Kingdoms– Comitatus - “war band”– Dooms of Ethelbert – Wergeld

• Ostrogoths– Theodoric

• Franks– Clovis– Christianity– Merovingian dynasty

Christian Missionaries & the Byzantine Empire

• Spread of Christianity– Three Ways

• Preaching• Assimilation• Penitential system

• Western Monasticism - Benedictine– Benedict of Nursia– Rule of Saint Benedict– Scholastica

• Cassiodorus– History of the Goths– Institutes

• Gregory I “The Great”– “Western Church”

• The Byzantine Empire– Justinian– Theodora– Conquests & Plague– Hagia Sophia– Recodification of Roman

Law• Corpus Juris Civilias

– “body of civil law”