test 1 govt review

8/22/2019 Test 1 Govt Review

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CHAPTER 7

CONGRESS

Nancy Pelosi

Harry Reid

Article I of the Constitution

the Great Compromise [also known as the Connecticut

Compromise]

bicameral legislature

requirements for membership in the House and Senate

term of office for Senators and staggered election

how Senators were originally elected under Article I

Seventeenth Amendment

term of office for members of U.S. House of Representatives

how House members are elected and related expectations of the

Framers for the House

census

size of the House in 1790

expansion of the size of the House

House membership set by statute in 1929 [the Reapportionment


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Act of 1929]

average number of people in a House district in 2010

apportionment

redistricting

Congress's most important powers

powers constitutionally shared by both houses

bill

necessary and proper clause

Article I, Section 8

formal law-making power

role of president, bureaucracy and federal courts in law-making

powers of Congress (Table 7.1)

Key Differences Between the House of Representatives and the

Senate (Table 7.2):

constitutional differences

differences in operation

changes in the institution

impeachment


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role of the two houses in impeachment

Senates sole power to approve presidential appointments (advise

and consent power)

Wilson and the Treaty of Versailles

congressional demographics [how would you describe the typical

member (i.e., most members) of Congress?]

factors important to election to Congress

incumbency

success of incumbents in reelection

redistricting

most states require what kind of approval (in some form or

another) of redistricting plans?

gerrymandering

some Supreme Court decisions in recent years that deal with

redistricting

majority party in Congress

minority party in Congress

what party is in the majority in the current Congress in the House

of Representatives?

what party is in the majority in the current Congress in the

Senate?


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among first items on agenda of new Congress

what happens at start of new Congress in party caucus or

conference

a new Congress is seated every two years in January of odd

numbered years; what is number of the current Congress?

how many sessions in a given Congress?

hierarchical leadership structure

in what year did the 1st Congress begin?

loyalty to leader and party line votes

The Speaker of the House

[when and how Speaker electedthe Speaker is elected by a vote

of the full membership of the House at the start of a new Congress;

in actuality, the majority party in the House typically picks the

Speaker; the Democratic caucus selects a Speaker candidate at the

start of a new Congress, and the Republican conference selects

their Speaker candidate at the start of the new Congress; when the

full House votes for the Speaker of the new Congress, the

Democratic members vote as a block for their candidate for

Speaker, and the Republican members for as a block for their

candidate for Speaker; the candidate from whichever party has the

majority of members in the new Congress wins the speakershipposition]

current Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives

duties of Speaker


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majority leader of the House (who? duties?)

minority leader of the House (who? duties?)

whips

[where the two parties sit in the House chamberlooking from the

well of the House (the area in front of the Speakers rostrum at the

front of the House chamber), Republicans sit to the left of the

center aisle and Democrats sit on the right side of the center aisle]

presiding officer of the Senate, status and duties

[the OConnor textbook is incorrect in stating that the official

chair of the Senate; that duty is constitutionally given to the

president of the Senate (the vice president of the United States for

further information, go to the U.S. Senate Web page at

http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Pres

ident_Pro_Tempore.htm]

how president pro tempore elected and his duties

duty of presiding over Senate rotates

majority leader of the Senate and duties

majority leaders power compared to Speakers power

whips

majority leaders difficulty in controlling todays Senate

[committee system in Congressmost of the real legislative work

of Congress takes place in committees rather than on the floor of
http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/President_Pro_Tempore.htmhttp://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/President_Pro_Tempore.htmhttp://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/President_Pro_Tempore.htmhttp://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/President_Pro_Tempore.htmhttp://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/President_Pro_Tempore.htm


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the House and Senate]

first and last place most bills usually go

when conference committees come into play

particular importance of committees in the House

four types of congressional committees

standing committees

joint committees

conference committees

select (or special) committees

the power of standing committees

discharge petition

power of standing committees

committee assignments in House and Senate

committee chairs

seniority

why members of Congress often request assignments to particular

committees

Appropriations and Budget Committees


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party majority and committee membership

three most important powers of Congress

from where legislative proposals can come

who can formally submit a bill for congressional consideration?

approximate number of bills introduced in 111th Congress

approximate number of bills introduced in 111th Congress that were

made into law

what Framers of the Constitution desired regarding Congress

roadblocks to bill passage

it easier defeat a bill or pass a bill?

what happens to a bill once introduced by sponsors and co-

sponsors?

role of subcommittee and committee

markup

floor debate

amendments to a bill

filibusters and cloture

what happens when the two chambers of Congress approve

different versions of the same bill?


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conference committee (a bill must pass both houses in the same

language to go to the president)

if bill passes

veto

pocket veto

budgetary function of Congress

Bureau of the Budget and Office of Management and Budget

Congressional Budget Act of 1974

federal fiscal year

reconciliation

when must Congress complete initial action on the budget

resolution?

government shut down

pork [also known as pork barrel spending]

earmarks

oversight function of Congress

key to Congresss performance of its oversight function

War Powers Act of 1973

limited effectiveness of War Powers Act


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congressional review

confirmation of presidential appointments

Senates special oversight function

[advise and consent powerof the Senate over treaties made by the

president, over presidential nominations of individuals to serve as

U.S. ambassadors, over presidential nominations to the federal

bench, over presidential appointments of key members of

executive branch]

confirmation of key members of executive branch and presidential

appointments to the federal courts

senatorial courtesy

impeachment process

Constitution vague about impeachment

treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors

role of House and role of Senate in impeachment process

members of Congress as trustees

members of Congress as delegates

politico

congressional party unity

increase of party votes where majorities of the two parties took


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opposing sides

incentives for members to vote with their party

Tom DeLay

divided government

constituents

difficulty for members of Congress to determine how to vote in

conformity with people in the districts

how members of Congress gauge constituents positions

when do legislators act as trustee?

wedge issues

logrolling

special-interest caucuses

primary functions of most lobbyists

effect of high cost of campaigning on members of Congress

PACs

do members of Congress tend to vote for interests of lobbyists whohave contributed to their campaigns and why?

grassroots appeals

reliance by members of Congress on their staff


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duties of staff

committee staff

influence of staff on voting

Congressional Research Service (CRS)

Government Accountability Office (GAO)

Congressional Budget Office (CBO)

how the Constitution envisioned the interaction among the three

branches of the federal government

actual relationship between Congress and the presidency,

especially since the 1930s

impeachment of Andrew Johnson

weakening of the presidency and preeminence of Congress

effect on relationship between Congress and presidency by strong

presidents beginning in the early 1900s

Congress and the presidency from FDR on

Congress cedes a major role in the legislative process

Congress and the presidency during administrations of George W.

Bush and Barack Obama

power of judicial review and its effect on the Supreme Courts

relationship with Congress


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ways in which Congress can exercise control over the federal

judiciary

setting jurisdiction of federal courts

CHAPTER 8

THE PRESIDENCY

one of the first things a president is asked upon taking office

power to persuade

distrust of a strong chief executive in early days of the country

executive branch and the Articles of Confederation

the Constitutional Convention and the executive branch

first president of the United State of American after adoption of the

U.S. Constitution

the Framers and the presidency

qualifications for the office of the president


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term limit under Article II of Constitution

number of terms as president to which Franklin D. Roosevelt was

elected

Twenty-Second Amendment

office of vice president and constitutional duties of vice

president

impeachment

only presidents to have been impeached

only president to resign

executive privilege

U.S. v. Nixon (1974)

"constitutional prerogatives"

first president to die in office

first president to be assassinated

Constitutional Line of Succession (Table 8.2)

Presidential Succession Act of 1947

Twenty-fifth Amendment

first person appointed vice president under Twenty-Fifth

Amendment (and under what circumstances)


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first person to become president having been appointed vice

president under the Twenty-Fifth Amendment

second person appointed vice-president under the Twenty-FifthAmendment

president can voluntarily relinquish power (example of George W.

Bush and Dick Cheney)

constitutional powers of the president under Article II

first sentence of Article II

presidential appointment of ambassadors, federal judges, executive

positions

presidential appointment power as significant policy-making

tool

Cabinet [note: contrary to what textbooks often say, the Cabinet no

longer serves as an advisory body to the president; the president

relies on staff members he has selected to serve as advisors and on

individuals he trustsin government and in private sectorfor

advice; he may rely on certain members of the Cabinet for advice,

but the principal function of the members of the Cabinet today is

to manage the key executive department they were appointed to

run]

rejection of presidential nominees

The State of the Union

power to convene Congress


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president's power to convene Congress not as important now;

why?

presidents power to make treaties with foreign governments

must be approved by Senate vote

"receive ambassadors"

historically, Senate ratified what percentage of treaties submitted

to it by the president?

Woodrow Wilson, Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations

George W. Bush and International Criminal Court (ICC)

executive agreement

veto power

congressional override

line-item veto

1996 bill giving president line-item veto

Clinton v. City of New York(1998)

Commander in Chief power

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Pentagon Papers

The War Powers Act of 1973


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opinion of presidents since Nixon on constitutionality of War

Powers Act

George W. Bush and request to Congress for use of force in 2001and 2002

last time the United States officially declared war under the Article

I, Sec. 8 power of Congress to declare war

presidential pardon

Gerald Ford pardon of Richard Nixon

limits on presidential powers

factors influencing a presidents use of his powers

George Washington and the first presidency

inherent powers

balance of power weighed heavily in favor of Congress through

much of U.S. history

Andrew Jackson as first president to act as a strong national

leader

Jacksonian democracy

Lincolns approach to the presidency

Lincolns legally questionable acts

growth of the modern presidency


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Congress as decision maker before instantaneous

communications

Congress closest to the people before electronic communications

effects to technological changes on public expectations

expansion of presidential powers

four terms of Franklin D. Roosevelt and growth of presidential

power

Great Depression

New Deal and expansion of executive branch

FDR personalized the presidency

FDRs use of radio [first president to make effective use of

broadcasting; could address millions of people simultaneously

which could not be done before; went over heads of Congress

directly to the American people to persuade them to demand their

congressional representatives support his (FDRs) programs; gave

the presidency an enormous tool in advancing its power]

modern presidency

historical reason presidents chose their vice presidents

John Nance Garner [once famously stated that the office of the

vice presidency aint worth a bucket of warm piss (textbooks

often change it to warm spit since the same textbooks are sold to

both high schools and junior high schools as well as adults in

college)]


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Dick Cheney

no provision for Cabinet in Constitution

what is the Cabinet?

the Cabinet by custom

role of the Cabinet as a body

[be sure to know the names of the current heads of some of the

major Cabinet offices, such as State, Treasury, Defense, Justice(the Attorney General), ; Internet search will be required]

change in the presidents' reliance on the Cabinet

The Executive Office of the President

National Security Council (NSC)

often more directly responsible to the president

personal assistants to the president

chief of staff

size and growth of presidents White House staff

importance of presidential leadership

leadership ability of great presidents

power to persuade


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Theodore Roosevelt and thebully pulpit [bully to TR meant

good and a pulpit is where the preacher, one person, speaks to

and leads an entire congregation, hence the term bully pulpit as

the presidency, the sole nationally elected leader, who is in a

unique position to speak to the American people and for theAmerican people]

development of communications technology

going public

Bill Clintons effective use of the media as candidate and

president

presidential approval ratings

value of high approval ratings to a president

crippling effect of low approval ratings on a president

highest level of approval at what point?

FDRs new model of law-making and policy-making

public looked to the president from FDR's presidency to 104th

Congress

firesidechats

Contract with America and presumed reassertion of congressionalpower

modern presidents and setting the legislative agenda

Lyndon B. Johnson on putting pressure on Congress


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importance of budget process for the president

primary responsibility for budget process until 1930

FDR and the Bureau of the Budget (1939)

Office of Management and Budget (OMB)

executive order

use of executive orders during World War II and Korean War

Youngstown Sheet and Tube v. Sawyer(1952)

Harry Truman ended segregation in the military

"signing statements"

George W. Bushs executive orders

CHAPTER 9

THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH AND THE


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FEDERAL BUREAUCRACY

federal bureaucracy

fourth branch of government

the three governmental departments under the Articles of

Confederation

early development of the Cabinet under the first President of the

United States, George Washington

expansions of the federal executive branch and bureaucracy from

1816 to 1861

the Post Office

spoils system

patronage

expansions of the federal government as a result of the Civil

War

merit system

Pendleton Act

civil service system

independent regulatory commissions

Theodore Roosevelt and movement toward governmental


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regulation

rights of workers at the turn of the twentieth century

Woodrow Wilson and regulation

Sixteenth Amendment

economic boom leading up to economic decline in early twentieth

century

Great Depression

Franklin D. Roosevelt and economic regulation

change in beliefs of Americans regarding intervention by

government into the economy

effect of World War II on the U.S. economy and federal

government

post-war infusion of new monies into the economy and demands of

veterans for services

G. I. Bill

Lyndon B. Johnson and the expansion of the bureaucracy

ways in which the national government differs from private

business

impact of the different natures of government and of business on

the way the bureaucracy works

federal bureaucrats


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how most civilian federal government employees selected today

Bush administration outsourcing positions to private companies

four general types of agencies

Cabinet departments

responsibilities of Cabinet secretaries

clientele agencies

independent executive agencies

reasons for existence of independent agencies

examples of independent executive agencies

independent regulatory commissions

reasons for independent regulatory commissions

examples of independent regulatory commissions

government corporations

examples of government corporations

some reasons for creation of government corporations

Political Activities Act of 1939 (Hatch Act)

Federal Employees Political Activities Act of 1993


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regulation of public employees' political activities

congressional delegation of Article I, section 8, powers

implementation

iron triangles

An Iron Triangle (Figure 9.4)

policy-making

administrative discretion

rule-making

regulations

presidents delegation of control of power to bureaucracy

executive orders

Federal Register

role of Congress in checking the power of the bureaucracy

investigatory powers

Congress and the funding process of the bureaucracy

General Accounting Office, now the Government Accounting

Office

OMB


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CRS and CBO

CHAPTER 17

DOMESTIC POLICY

public policy

policy making as a process of sequential steps: problemrecognition, agenda setting, formation, adoption, budgeting,

implementation, and evaluation

early governmental activity in health care policy

Medicare

Medicaid

dramatic expanse of national governments role in health care

national health insurance proposed in 1930s

national health care plans proposals in 1960s and 1990s


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Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010

public health programs and the federal government

NIH

early governmental involvement in education policy

National Defense Education Act of 1957

Brown v.Board of Education (1954)

Civil Rights Act of 1964 and education

establishment of U.S. Department of Education

No Child Left Behind Act

national energy policy and the 1973 oil embargo

OPEC

establishment of Department of Energy

National Environmental Policy Act of 1970

EPA established by President Nixon

Clean Air Act of 1970--

global warming


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CHAPTER 18

ECONOMIC POLICY

laissez-faire

problems caused by growing industrialization of post-Civil War

economy

Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

trusts

Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890

Progressive movement

Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act in 1906

Sixteenth Amendment and expansion of federal revenue

conservative administration of Pres. Herbert Hoover and


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economy

Great Depression, Franklin D. Roosevelt and New Deal

interventionist state

financial reforms of the New Deal

Roosevelts banking holiday

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (Wagner Act)

unfair labor practices

industry regulations of the New Deal

Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB)

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

supporters' and critics' arguments regarding government regulation

of industry

economic regulation

social regulation


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deregulation

perceived defects in economic regulatory programs in 1950s and

60s

claims of advocates of deregulation

example of airline industry

fiscal policy

Keynesian economics

the Kennedy Administration and Keynesian economics

conservative critics of budget deficits

dangers of increased globalization for fiscal policy, according to

some critics

gross domestic product (GDP)

purpose of national budge and its use as a fiscal tool

how federal government raises money (Fig. 18.3)

how federal government spends money (Fig. 18.3)

Budget and Accounting Act of 1921

Office of Management and Budget (OMB)

Congressional Budget Act of 1974

Congressional Budget Office (CBO)


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budget deficit

inflation

monetary policy

Federal Reserve System Board of Governors

Benjamin Bernanke

election of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 and the Great

Depression

WPA

Social Security Act of 1935

income security programs

entitlement programs

non-means-based programs

means-tested programs

how Social Security began

Social Security is not a pension plan

Social Security Trust Fund

how Social Security unemployment insurance works

Supplemental Security Income (SSI)


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Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act

of 1996 (PRWORA)

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)

Earned Income Tax Credit

initial purpose of food stamp program (1939-1943)

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program

economic stability

recession

CHAPTER 19

FOREIGN AND DEFENSE POLICY


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foreign policy

defense policy

isolationism

warning in George Washingtons farewell address to the nation

Monroe Doctrine

manifest destiny

Roosevelt Corollary

dollar diplomacy

Spanish-American War

World War I [called, after the war before World War II, the war

to end all wars] and Woodrow Wilson

Wilsons role in the League of Nations

Senate rejects ratification of Treaty of Versailles

[United States along with other World War I allies, unsuccessfully

invaded Russia toward end of World War I, in part to crush the

nascent Communist revolution]

disarmament efforts after World War I

isolationist sentiment hardens in U.S. after World War I


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neutrality acts of the 1930s

lend-lease program

Germany invades Poland, September 1, 1939, initiating war withEngland and France (the start of the second world war)

December 7, 1941 and Pearl Harbor (the U.S. enters the war)

U.S. declaration of war against Japan [December 8, 1941]

victory in Europe against Germany

victory in the Pacific against Japan

Hiroshima, Nagasaki and birth of nuclear age

FDRs activist role in World War II

Winston Churchill

United Nations

the Cold War

containment

deterrent

MAD

Truman Doctrine

Marshall Plan


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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Bay of Pigs invasion

John F. Kennedy

Nikita Khrushchev

hot line

Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

Americas involvement in Vietnam

Lyndon Johnson and Vietnam War

Richard Nixon and the Vietnam War

South Vietnam falls to Communism

Richard Nixon's approach to the Soviet Union and China

dtente

normalization of relations with Communist China

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

human rights and Jimmy Carter

Iranian hostage crisis

Reagan Doctrine


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Iran-Contra Affair

American involvement in Afghanistan following invasion by

Soviet Union

U.S. support of mujahedeen [including a guerrilla named Osama

bin Laden]

end of Cold War

[Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev]

1990 Iraq invasion of Kuwait and response by George Bush

Operation Desert Storm

Bill Clinton and policy of expanding democracy and free markets

in the world

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

World Trade Organization (WTO)

George W. Bush rejects intervention policies of former President

Clinton

G.W. Bush rejects Kyoto Protocol on global warming

G.W. Bush withdraws U.S. from Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

G.W. Bush refused to participate in International Criminal Court

September 11, 2001


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[bombing of World Trade Center by Muslim terrorists in 1993]

war on terrorism

war in Afghanistan

G.W. Bushs war in Iraq

foreign and military powers under the Constitution

Congresss constitutional foreign and military powers (see Art. I,

sec. 8)

power to declare war

Congress has declared war officially only five times; what wars?

how many times has the U.S. engaged in war making outside of

declared wars?

foreign and defense powers of executive branch

[president has power as commander-in-chief to make war]

Department of State

Department of Defense

Joint Chiefs of Staff

Department of Homeland Security

Director of National Security

Central Intelligence Agency


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congressional oversight of foreign and defense actions in executive

branch

Senate approval of treaties [advise and consent power of Senate]

executive agreements

Senate review and approval of presidents appointment of

ambassadors, as well as secretaries of state and defense [advise and

consent power of Senate]

Congress controls appropriations for foreign and defense activitiesin executive branch

War Powers Act

military-industrial complex

protectionism

free trade system

NAFTA

WTO

what countries are the U.S.s major trading partners (Fig. 19.2)

open borders immigration policy

restrictive quotas immigration policy

[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (I.C.E.), formerly

known as Immigration and Naturalization Service (I.N.S.); now


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part of Homeland Security Department]

terrorism

Palestine Liberation Organization (P.L.O.)

Irish Republican Army (I.R.A.)

features of current wave of terrorism

counterterrorism policy of U.S.

Al-Qaeda

jihad

Osama bin Laden

nuclear weaponry and North Korea

guns and butter theory

test 1 govt review

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