TerrorismTerrorism

1945-Present1945-Present

Several factors led to terrorism Several factors led to terrorism growing in the Middle Eastgrowing in the Middle East

►1.)Establishing Israel as a nation1.)Establishing Israel as a nation►2.)US involvement in Iran2.)US involvement in Iran►3.)The various wars between Israel 3.)The various wars between Israel

and Egyptand Egypt

Israel was established as a Israel was established as a nation in 1948nation in 1948

►The UN agreed on establishing Israel The UN agreed on establishing Israel as a “Jewish homeland”as a “Jewish homeland”

► In establishing Israel, it displaced In establishing Israel, it displaced hundreds of thousands of Palestinians hundreds of thousands of Palestinians who lived on the landwho lived on the land

►Those Palestinians moved into other Those Palestinians moved into other Arab countriesArab countries

Many of the Arab countries did Many of the Arab countries did not like the Palestinians not like the Palestinians

►They blamed the Palestinians for an They blamed the Palestinians for an increase in unemployment and crime increase in unemployment and crime raterate

Many Arab nations blamed the Many Arab nations blamed the UN, the US, and Israel for their UN, the US, and Israel for their

problemsproblems►The US supported Israel because it The US supported Israel because it

was a Democracywas a Democracy►Also, there was some guilt from the Also, there was some guilt from the

Holocaust Holocaust

The bitterness toward Israel led The bitterness toward Israel led to a brief war in 1948to a brief war in 1948

►The Arab nations (Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, The Arab nations (Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria) united to fight Lebanon, and Syria) united to fight IsraelIsrael

► Israel won easily, but this conflict Israel won easily, but this conflict caused the Israelis to heavily arm caused the Israelis to heavily arm themselves themselves

The leader of Israel was David The leader of Israel was David Ben-Gurion Ben-Gurion

►Ben-Gurion invited all Holocaust Ben-Gurion invited all Holocaust survivors to move to Israelsurvivors to move to Israel

►As these “new Israelis” moved to As these “new Israelis” moved to Israel, Ben-Gurion worked to improve Israel, Ben-Gurion worked to improve their housing situationtheir housing situation

► In doing so, this meant taking more In doing so, this meant taking more land from the Palestinians land from the Palestinians

Israel fought another war Israel fought another war against their neighbors in 1967against their neighbors in 1967►This was the Six Day WarThis was the Six Day War► It was primarily Israel vs. EgyptIt was primarily Israel vs. Egypt►The war was a disaster for Egypt as The war was a disaster for Egypt as

Israel gained the Sinai Peninsula Israel gained the Sinai Peninsula

Many people believed that Israel Many people believed that Israel fought to gain land for the fought to gain land for the

purpose of using that land to purpose of using that land to achieve peaceachieve peace

►Peace was not possible because the Peace was not possible because the Arab nations did not recognize Israel’s Arab nations did not recognize Israel’s right to exist right to exist

The 1972 Summer Olympics The 1972 Summer Olympics was a very big deal….was a very big deal….

► It allowed West Germany a chance to It allowed West Germany a chance to showcase itself to the world and put showcase itself to the world and put the bad memories from WW2 to bed the bad memories from WW2 to bed (games were in Munich, West (games were in Munich, West Germany)Germany)

►There was focus on the Israeli athletes There was focus on the Israeli athletes because of the Holocaust because of the Holocaust

A terrorist group called “Black A terrorist group called “Black September” stormed the September” stormed the

Olympic villageOlympic village►Black September took the Israeli Black September took the Israeli

athletes hostageathletes hostage►Black September is a terrorist group Black September is a terrorist group

connected to Palestinian political connected to Palestinian political group Fatahgroup Fatah

►Fatah was controlled by Yasser ArafatFatah was controlled by Yasser Arafat

Palestinian leader Yasser Palestinian leader Yasser ArafatArafat

Black September negotiated Black September negotiated with the West German with the West German

governmentgovernment►They were given a helicopter to They were given a helicopter to

transport the Israelis to another transport the Israelis to another locationlocation

►Black September wanted the release of Black September wanted the release of certain Palestinian prisoners and free certain Palestinian prisoners and free passage to Egyptpassage to Egypt

►When the West Germans tried a rescue When the West Germans tried a rescue attempt, Black September blew up the attempt, Black September blew up the helicopterhelicopter

11 Israeli athletes died11 Israeli athletes died

►Three Black September members were Three Black September members were arrested, but were later released when arrested, but were later released when Black September hijacked a Lufthansa Black September hijacked a Lufthansa airlinerairliner

The lasting image of the The lasting image of the terrorist attackterrorist attack

Israel responded by attacking Israel responded by attacking Lebanon Lebanon

► Israeli leader Golda Meir killed all Black Israeli leader Golda Meir killed all Black September and Fatah members September and Fatah members suspected of being involved in the suspected of being involved in the Munich Massacre Munich Massacre

Middle EastMiddle East

When US President Jimmy Carter When US President Jimmy Carter took office in 1977, peace in the took office in 1977, peace in the

Middle East was a priorityMiddle East was a priority►President Carter was encouraged President Carter was encouraged

when Israel and Egypt began when Israel and Egypt began discussing peacediscussing peace

►Carter invited the leaders of Israel and Carter invited the leaders of Israel and Egypt to the US when their peace talks Egypt to the US when their peace talks broke downbroke down

Leaders:Leaders:

► Israel: Menachem BeginIsrael: Menachem Begin►Egypt: Anwar el-Sadat Egypt: Anwar el-Sadat

Camp David AccordsCamp David Accords

► Israel gave back the Sinai Peninsula to Israel gave back the Sinai Peninsula to the Egyptiansthe Egyptians

►Egypt became the first Arab nation to Egypt became the first Arab nation to recognize Israelrecognize Israel

Because of his peace treaty with Because of his peace treaty with the Israelis…the Israelis…

►Anwar Sadat was assassinated in 1981 Anwar Sadat was assassinated in 1981

Also, because of the Camp Also, because of the Camp David Accords…David Accords…

►Egypt lost their place as the top Arab Egypt lost their place as the top Arab nationnation

►Who would fill that void? IRAQ and Who would fill that void? IRAQ and Saddam Hussein now wanted to be the Saddam Hussein now wanted to be the top Arab nationtop Arab nation

Since the 1950’s, the US Since the 1950’s, the US government supported the Shah government supported the Shah

in Iranin Iran►The Shah modernized IranThe Shah modernized Iran►Many Western nations had good oil Many Western nations had good oil

trading status with the Iranianstrading status with the Iranians►The US government usually The US government usually

overlooked the Shah’s harsh treatment overlooked the Shah’s harsh treatment of his political enemiesof his political enemies

Some Muslim extremists wanted Some Muslim extremists wanted Iran to return to more traditional Iran to return to more traditional

waysways►As the Iranian Revolution picked up As the Iranian Revolution picked up

steam, the Shah left Iransteam, the Shah left Iran►The new leader of Iran was Ayatollah The new leader of Iran was Ayatollah

Ruholla Khomeini Ruholla Khomeini

In October 1979, the Shah In October 1979, the Shah developed cancerdeveloped cancer

►Many Iranians wanted the Shah to Many Iranians wanted the Shah to return to Iran and face a trial for return to Iran and face a trial for treating his enemies harshlytreating his enemies harshly

► Instead, President Carter allowed the Instead, President Carter allowed the Shah to come to the US to receive Shah to come to the US to receive cancer treatmentcancer treatment

►Many Iranians were outragedMany Iranians were outraged

November 4, 1979:November 4, 1979:

►Followers of Ayatollah Khomeini Followers of Ayatollah Khomeini stormed the US Embassy and took the stormed the US Embassy and took the Americans working in the Embassy Americans working in the Embassy hostagehostage

►

The Iranians kept the Americans The Iranians kept the Americans hostage for 444 dayshostage for 444 days

►The Iranians humiliated the American The Iranians humiliated the American hostages on TVhostages on TV

►The Iranians even staged mock The Iranians even staged mock executionsexecutions

The American public was The American public was furiousfurious

►President Carter froze all Iranian President Carter froze all Iranian assets in the USassets in the US

►Ayatollah Khomeini refused to give Ayatollah Khomeini refused to give and demanded that the Shah return to and demanded that the Shah return to IranIran

President Carter authorized a President Carter authorized a military rescue attempt of the military rescue attempt of the

hostageshostages►Two American helicopters collided in Two American helicopters collided in

mid-air and 8 soldiers diedmid-air and 8 soldiers died►The mission failedThe mission failed►The Shah died in July, but the hostages The Shah died in July, but the hostages

remained in Iranremained in Iran

President Carter’s popularity President Carter’s popularity seriously declined because of seriously declined because of

IranIran►Ronald Reagan defeated President Ronald Reagan defeated President

Carter in the 1980 Presidential election Carter in the 1980 Presidential election ►The hostages were eventually released The hostages were eventually released

during President Reagan’s during President Reagan’s inaugurationinauguration

The 1980’s had only isolated The 1980’s had only isolated incidents of terrorismincidents of terrorism

►Terrorist group called the Islamic Jihad Terrorist group called the Islamic Jihad bombed a US Marine barrack in bombed a US Marine barrack in LebanonLebanon

►241 Americans died241 Americans died►The US Marines had been there on a The US Marines had been there on a

peacekeeping mission because of the peacekeeping mission because of the Lebanese Civil War Lebanese Civil War

►President Reagan removed all President Reagan removed all remaining Marines remaining Marines

Kidnappings of Westerners Kidnappings of Westerners became common in Lebanon became common in Lebanon

►Terrorist groups associated with Terrorist groups associated with Hezbollah kidnapped over 96 people Hezbollah kidnapped over 96 people from 1985 to 1991from 1985 to 1991

►11 people died11 people died►Hezbollah is funded by the Iranian Hezbollah is funded by the Iranian

government and operates out of government and operates out of LebanonLebanon

The most well known terrorist The most well known terrorist attack of the 1980’s was the attack of the 1980’s was the

Lockerbie BombingLockerbie Bombing►On December 21, 1988, a plane carrying On December 21, 1988, a plane carrying

243 people from London to New York 243 people from London to New York blew up over Lockerbie, Scotlandblew up over Lockerbie, Scotland

►Terrorists, connected with Libyan leader Terrorists, connected with Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi admitted to the Muammar Gaddafi admitted to the terrorist actterrorist act

► In 2002, the Libyan government offered In 2002, the Libyan government offered $2.7 billion to the families of the victims $2.7 billion to the families of the victims (although they never paid the bill) (although they never paid the bill)

The next major terrorist attack The next major terrorist attack was the first attack of the World was the first attack of the World

Trade Center in NYCTrade Center in NYC►February 26, 1993, a car bomb February 26, 1993, a car bomb

detonated in the parking garagedetonated in the parking garage►6 people died6 people died►The main planner was Ramzi YousefThe main planner was Ramzi Yousef► It was financed by Khalid Shaikh It was financed by Khalid Shaikh

Mohammad (he planned 9/11)Mohammad (he planned 9/11)►Many people associated with this attack Many people associated with this attack

later became Al-Qaeda memberslater became Al-Qaeda members

The US military was involved in The US military was involved in a battle in Somalia in 1993-1994a battle in Somalia in 1993-1994►Somalia is a country in East AfricaSomalia is a country in East Africa►The US military went to Somalia when The US military went to Somalia when

asked by the UNasked by the UN►The US was trying to remove warlord The US was trying to remove warlord

Muhammad Farrah Aidid from powerMuhammad Farrah Aidid from power►Aidid and his men were stealing food Aidid and his men were stealing food

and money sent to Somalia from the and money sent to Somalia from the UNUN

The battle in Somalia was made The battle in Somalia was made famous by famous by Blackhawk DownBlackhawk Down

►19 Americans died19 Americans died►Two US Blackhawk helicopters were Two US Blackhawk helicopters were

shot downshot down►Aidid stayed in powerAidid stayed in power►Aidid was helped by Osama Bin LadenAidid was helped by Osama Bin Laden►President Clinton decided to never use President Clinton decided to never use

military power again in a “third world military power again in a “third world country” unless American security was country” unless American security was threatened threatened

In 1996, the Khobar Towers In 1996, the Khobar Towers were blown up in Saudi Arabiawere blown up in Saudi Arabia

►Khobar Towers housed foreign military Khobar Towers housed foreign military personnel in Saudi Arabiapersonnel in Saudi Arabia

►There were many warnings about a There were many warnings about a potential attackpotential attack

►21 Americans died21 Americans died►Osama Bin Laden did not order the Osama Bin Laden did not order the

attack, however it is believed the attack, however it is believed the attackers asked him for some adviceattackers asked him for some advice

August 1996: Osama Bin Laden August 1996: Osama Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda declares war on and Al-Qaeda declares war on

the USthe US►Among Bin Laden’s reasonsAmong Bin Laden’s reasons

US support of IsraelUS support of Israel The US arresting of suspected terrorists The US arresting of suspected terrorists

worldwideworldwide Stealing of Muslim resources around the Stealing of Muslim resources around the

worldworld America’s connection to the Middle East America’s connection to the Middle East

because of oilbecause of oil The attack in Somalia The attack in Somalia

Bin Laden also demanded:Bin Laden also demanded:

►That the US abandon civil law and That the US abandon civil law and follow Muslim Shari'a Law follow Muslim Shari'a Law

Other Bin Laden quotes from his Other Bin Laden quotes from his declaration: declaration:

►““Our youth believe in paradise after Our youth believe in paradise after death…Those youths know that their death…Those youths know that their reward in fighting you, the USA, is double reward in fighting you, the USA, is double than their rewards in fighting someone than their rewards in fighting someone else.”else.”

►““These youths love death as you love life.”These youths love death as you love life.”►““Terrorizing you, while you are carrying Terrorizing you, while you are carrying

arms on our land is a legitimate and arms on our land is a legitimate and morally demanded duty”morally demanded duty”

Bin Laden’s declaration of war Bin Laden’s declaration of war was a fatwa was a fatwa

►Fatwa: a religious opinion concerning Fatwa: a religious opinion concerning Muslim lawMuslim law

►Osama Bin Laden tried to equate Osama Bin Laden tried to equate terrorism to a religious dutyterrorism to a religious duty

►Most Americans (including the media) Most Americans (including the media) totally ignored Bin Laden’s fatwa totally ignored Bin Laden’s fatwa

August 7, 1998August 7, 1998

►The US Embassies in Tanzania and The US Embassies in Tanzania and Kenya were attacked at the same Kenya were attacked at the same exact timeexact time

►The truck bombs killed 212 people and The truck bombs killed 212 people and wounded about 4,000 peoplewounded about 4,000 people

Officially, the terrorist group Officially, the terrorist group Islamic Jihad claimed Islamic Jihad claimed

responsibility for the attackresponsibility for the attack►Osama Bin Laden and Ayman al-Osama Bin Laden and Ayman al-

Zawahiri helped in the planning and Zawahiri helped in the planning and financing financing

The US response:The US response:

►August 20, 1998: the US bombed August 20, 1998: the US bombed terrorist targets in the Sudan and terrorist targets in the Sudan and Afghanistan Afghanistan

►When the US missiles hit a When the US missiles hit a pharmaceutical factory in the Sudan, pharmaceutical factory in the Sudan, which produced 50% of all medications which produced 50% of all medications to the people of Sudanto the people of Sudan

►President Clinton said that terrorists President Clinton said that terrorists were using the factory as a base were using the factory as a base

Wag the Dog theoryWag the Dog theory

►Some people criticized the retaliation Some people criticized the retaliation against the terrorists as being too muchagainst the terrorists as being too much

►Some people claimed that President Some people claimed that President Clinton made this terrorist attack bigger Clinton made this terrorist attack bigger than it actually was because it was in than it actually was because it was in the midst of the Monica Lewinsky the midst of the Monica Lewinsky scandal scandal

►Wag the DogWag the Dog was a movie where the US was a movie where the US President stages a fake war to get the President stages a fake war to get the attention off of a personal sex scandal attention off of a personal sex scandal

The most famous terrorist The most famous terrorist attack in history was 9/11attack in history was 9/11

►19 hijackers took over four commercial 19 hijackers took over four commercial airlinersairliners

►Two planes hit the World Trade Center Two planes hit the World Trade Center in NYCin NYC

►One plane hit the Pentagon in One plane hit the Pentagon in Washington, DCWashington, DC

►One plane was taken over by the One plane was taken over by the passengers and crashed landed on a passengers and crashed landed on a farm in Pennsylvania farm in Pennsylvania

American Airlines Flight 11American Airlines Flight 11

►Boston to Los AngelesBoston to Los Angeles►Main hijacker was Muhammad AttaMain hijacker was Muhammad Atta►This was the first plane to hit the This was the first plane to hit the

World Trade CenterWorld Trade Center

United Airlines Flight 175United Airlines Flight 175

►Boston to Los AngelesBoston to Los Angeles►Main hijacker Marwan al-Shehhi Main hijacker Marwan al-Shehhi

overpowered the pilot and co-pilotoverpowered the pilot and co-pilot►This was the second plane to hit the This was the second plane to hit the

World Trade CenterWorld Trade Center

American Airlines Flight 77American Airlines Flight 77

►Washington to Los AngelesWashington to Los Angeles►The main hijacker and pilot was Hani The main hijacker and pilot was Hani

HanjourHanjour►The passengers were able to use their The passengers were able to use their

phone and call people to let them phone and call people to let them know what was going onknow what was going on

►The plane crashed into the PentagonThe plane crashed into the Pentagon

United Airlines Flight 93 United Airlines Flight 93

►Newark to San Francisco Newark to San Francisco ►When the plane was hijacked, many of When the plane was hijacked, many of

the passengers knew of the World the passengers knew of the World Trade Center attackTrade Center attack

►The passengers rushed the cockpit The passengers rushed the cockpit and overpowered the hijackersand overpowered the hijackers

► It is believed that the hijackers It is believed that the hijackers crashed the plane to stop the revoltcrashed the plane to stop the revolt

►The plane crashed in Stoneybrook, PAThe plane crashed in Stoneybrook, PA

United 93United 93

►Khalid Sheikh Muhammad later said Khalid Sheikh Muhammad later said that the hijackers were supposed to that the hijackers were supposed to crash the plane in to the US Capitol crash the plane in to the US Capitol building building

Al-Qaeda claimed responsibility Al-Qaeda claimed responsibility for 9/11for 9/11

►Osama Bin Laden and Khalid Sheikh Osama Bin Laden and Khalid Sheikh Muhammad planned the 9/11 attackMuhammad planned the 9/11 attack

►2,973 people died2,973 people died

9/11 Commission9/11 Commission

►A government issued investigative A government issued investigative commission that looked into the events commission that looked into the events of 9/11of 9/11

►The 9/11 commission issued The 9/11 commission issued suggestions on how the US can prevent suggestions on how the US can prevent future terrorist attacksfuture terrorist attacks

► The Commission was led by Thomas The Commission was led by Thomas Kean, the former governor of New Kean, the former governor of New JerseyJersey

9/11 Commission found that:9/11 Commission found that:

►The FBI and CIA were to blame for The FBI and CIA were to blame for 9/11 because they did not speak to 9/11 because they did not speak to each other about potential terroristseach other about potential terrorists

►The 9/11 Commission stated that most The 9/11 Commission stated that most people in the government deceived people in the government deceived them in their testimony (CIA, FBI, etc.)them in their testimony (CIA, FBI, etc.)

9/11 Commission 9/11 Commission suggestions:suggestions:

►1.)the US government should identify 1.)the US government should identify and prioritize places where terrorists and prioritize places where terrorists may live. As a result, the US should may live. As a result, the US should make those terrorists uncomfortable make those terrorists uncomfortable and keep them on the runand keep them on the run

►2.)The US should support the Pakistani 2.)The US should support the Pakistani government against terrorists in their government against terrorists in their countrycountry

More suggestions….More suggestions….

►3.)the US and international community 3.)the US and international community should make a long term commitment should make a long term commitment to establish a stable Afghanistan to establish a stable Afghanistan

►4.)Keep other countries from 4.)Keep other countries from developing weapons of mass developing weapons of mass destructiondestruction

►5.)US government must keep and 5.)US government must keep and maintain an accurate “no fly list”maintain an accurate “no fly list”

““The Shoe Bomber” The Shoe Bomber”

►December 22, 2001, Richard Reid was December 22, 2001, Richard Reid was on a flight from Paris to Miamion a flight from Paris to Miami

►During the flight, a flight attendant During the flight, a flight attendant noticed a burning smell. People on the noticed a burning smell. People on the flight thought that Reid was smokingflight thought that Reid was smoking

►Later, Reid was caught taking off his Later, Reid was caught taking off his shoe and lighting it shoe and lighting it

The shoe was a working The shoe was a working bombbomb

►The other passengers near Reid The other passengers near Reid overpowered him and the flight overpowered him and the flight attendants tied him to his seatattendants tied him to his seat

►Reid was sentenced to life in prison with Reid was sentenced to life in prison with no paroleno parole

►Reid is a significant terrorist because he Reid is a significant terrorist because he was English and not from the Middle was English and not from the Middle EastEast

►Reid had converted to Islam while a Reid had converted to Islam while a teenagerteenager

Richard Reid: “Shoe Bomber”Richard Reid: “Shoe Bomber”

Other terrorist attacks after Other terrorist attacks after 9/119/11

►Bali Bombings (March 2002): a terrorist Bali Bombings (March 2002): a terrorist group with sympathizes to al-Qaeda group with sympathizes to al-Qaeda bombed a nightclub in Bali, Indonesia. bombed a nightclub in Bali, Indonesia. 202 people (mostly Australians died)202 people (mostly Australians died)

►Madrid Bombing (March 2004): al-Madrid Bombing (March 2004): al-Qaeda blew up four trains Qaeda blew up four trains simultaneously leaving the main train simultaneously leaving the main train station in Madrid. 191 people died. station in Madrid. 191 people died. The terrorists used backpack bombsThe terrorists used backpack bombs

More terrorist attacksMore terrorist attacks

►London Bombings (July 2005): four London Bombings (July 2005): four suicide bombers attacked three suicide bombers attacked three London Underground trains and one London Underground trains and one double-decker bus. 56 people died. double-decker bus. 56 people died. The terrorists were all born and raised The terrorists were all born and raised in England.in England.

Baby Bottle Plot: August Baby Bottle Plot: August 20062006

►Ten flights between London and the Ten flights between London and the US were to be bombed by using baby US were to be bombed by using baby bottles and other small liquidsbottles and other small liquids

► It is believed that the plot was stopped It is believed that the plot was stopped on the day that it was supposed to on the day that it was supposed to happenhappen

December 25, 2009December 25, 2009

►Umar Farouk Abdulmutalleb attempted Umar Farouk Abdulmutalleb attempted to bomb a plane from Amsterdam as it to bomb a plane from Amsterdam as it landed in Detroitlanded in Detroit

►Abdulmutalleb hid the bomb under his Abdulmutalleb hid the bomb under his clothesclothes

►Abdulmutalleb was from Nigeria and Abdulmutalleb was from Nigeria and claimed to be working for al-Qaeda claimed to be working for al-Qaeda

Today, domestic terrorism is Today, domestic terrorism is common in Spain and Russiacommon in Spain and Russia

► In Spain, a terrorist group (ETA), uses In Spain, a terrorist group (ETA), uses terrorism to try and gain independence terrorism to try and gain independence for the Basque region in Spainfor the Basque region in Spain

► In Russia, the Muslim minority uses In Russia, the Muslim minority uses terrorism to gain independence in terrorism to gain independence in places, such as Chechnya places, such as Chechnya

►The terrorist attacks in Russia have The terrorist attacks in Russia have been particularly brutalbeen particularly brutal