terrestrial n budget “natural” biological n fixation 90 - 125 lightning 5 95 - 130 inorganic n...
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Terrestrial N Budget
“Natural” Biological N Fixation 90 - 125Lightning 5 95 - 130Inorganic N Fertilizer 90Crop N Fixation 32Fossil Fuel Fixation 25Industrial Uses 15 162
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1860
1990s
Galloway et al. 2004
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Terrestrial P Budget
Weathering of P from Minerals 10 – 20
Phosphorus in Fertilizer 19
Industrial Uses of P 0.8
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Bennett et al. 2001
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Urea
SoilOrganic Matter
NH4+ NO3
- N2O N2Nitrification Denitrification
N2O N2NONH3
Fertilizer Use and Loss
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Nitrate change in the Mississippi River
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Agricultural sustainability in the Yaqui Valley
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Beman, Arrigo and Matson 2005
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Beman, Arrigo and Matson 2005
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Urea
SoilOrganic Matter
NH4+ NO3
- N2O N2Nitrification Denitrification
N2O N2NONH3
NH4+
NO3-
Fertilizer Use and Loss
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Gas Source RoleAnthropogenic
Ammonia
Nitrogen Oxides
Nitrous Oxides
VegetationSoilsAgricultureAnimalsBiomass Burning
SoilsLightningAgricultureFossil Fuel CombustionBiomass BurningAircraft
OceansSoilsAgricultureFossil Fuel CombustionIndustrial Processes
83 %
42 %
Neutralizes precipitationTransports available N
Regulates tropospheric ozonePrecursor to nitric acidTransports available N
Greenhouse gasRegulates stratospheric ozone
69 %
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Source: IPCC Third Assessment Report, 2001
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000Year
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NO3- Input
to Marine
Marine and CoastalEcosystems
CroppingSystems
Urban
NO
NOX
N Deposition
DownwindDownstream
N2O
UplandEcosystems
NO3- in
Surface andGround water
Saving “land for nature”?
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Yaqui Valley Human-Environment System
Water Agriculture
Industry
Wetlands
Aquaculture
Urban
Fisheries + Marine
Estuaries +Fisheries
Climate Markets
Policies Technology & Resources CO2
Note: institutions for each , but no institutions for integrated system
Bio Invasions
“natural”lands
Conservation NGOs
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Agriculture and Ecosystem Services: Options for Maximizing Biodiversity Conservation and other Services on
Working Landscapes
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Water Resource
Urban Environmental
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
AgricultureWetlands
Wild + Scenic Rivers
Endangered Species
In-stream Flows
Balancing Agriculture and Other Demands for Water
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Patronato (Farmer
Research)
CIMMYT & CGIAR centers
Universities
INIFAP / CIANO
Secretary of Natural Resources
Secretary of Health
NGO’s (e.g., CI, WWF, Red Fronteriza)
Financiera Rural
FIRA
AOASS
Agro-industry
(Markets)
Agro-industry (inputs)
Practice
Regulation/ Policy
Research
Private Banks
Phytosanitary Committee& Irrigation
District
Secretary of Agriculture
(State / Federal)
Producers
Innovative
Credit Unions
Agriculture Knowledge System,Yaqui Valley050610
CONACYT
NGO’s (e.g.,
Foundations)
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