terrain photography on the gemini iv mission - preliminary report
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N A S A T E C H N I C A L N O T E
TERRAIN PHOTOGRAPHY ONTHE GEMINI IV MISSION:
PRELIMINARY REPORT
by Pan2 4). Lowmun, Jr., Jumes A. McDiuitt, und Edward H . White I t Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, M d . ,*~.i . . *'
N A T I O N A L A E R O N A U T I C S A N D S PA CE A D M I N I S T R A T I O N W A S H I N G T O N , D . C . J U N E 1967
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TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NMI11111111ll1 lllll11111111lllll11111111111111OL3LOZ5
NASA TN D-3982
TERRAIN PHOTOGRAPHY ON THE GEMINI IV MISSION:
P R E LIMINARY RE PORT
By Pau l D. Lowman, Jr. , Ja me s A. McDivit t ,
and Edward H. White I1
Goddard Space Flight Ce nte r
Greenbelt , Md.
NATIO NAL AERONAUT IC s AND SPACE ADMlNISTRATION
For sa le b y the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information
Springfield, Virginia 22151 - CFSTl price $3.00
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ABSTRACT
During the 4-day Gemini IV flight in June 1965, about
100 color pic ture s of land a re as were taken with a 70"
hand-held camera for geologic and geographic study, as
part of the Synoptic Te rr ai n Photography Experiment. This
paper presents a brief sum mary of the objectives, methods
and results of the experiment. Representative pic ture s of
the southwestern United States, northern Mexico, and por
tion s of Africa and th e Arabian peninsu la a r e presen ted and
described. Prelimina ry study indicates that these pictures
will be useful in studying regional stru ctur e, revising s mall-
scale geologic maps and searching for and studying impact
structures.
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CONTENTS
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 SOUTH WEST ERN U.S. AND MEXI CO . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NORTH AFRICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 R e f e r e n c e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
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TERRAIN PHOTOGRAPHY ON THE GEMINI IV MISSION:PRELIMINARY REPORT
bY
Paul D. Lowman, Jr., James A. McDivitt*
and Edward H. White IIt
Goddard Space Flight Center
INTRODUCTION
During the Gemini IV flight in June 1965, color photographs of selected land a re as w ere taken
as part . of the Synoptic Ter ra in Photography (S-5) Experiment (Gill and Gerathewohl, 1965). Th is
paper presents a brief sum mary of the objectives, methods, and re su lt s of th is photography.
The purpose of the S-5 Experiment w a s to obtain smal l-scal e col or photographs of land are as
of geological and geographical inter est . Similar attem pts during Mercury flights MA-8 and MA-9
(Lowman, 1964), we re successful enough to warra nt fur the r efforts. The cam er a used in these and
in the Gemini IV flight was a hand-held modified Hasse lblad 500C with a Zeiss Planar f/2.8 lens
and haze filte r. On the Gemini IV mission, fiv e magazines , each loaded with approximately 60
frames of 70" EMachrome MS (SO-217) fi lm on a 2 mil Es ta r base , with an ASA 64 rating, were
car rie d. In addition to the S-5 Experiment, this film was used for gene ral purpose photography
and the Synoptic Weather Photography Experiment (S-6) (Nagler and Soules, 1965). Ca mera prep ara
tion, fi lm calibratio n, and film processing w ere done by the Photographic Technology La boratory of
the Manned Spacecraft Center.
Coverage was reques ted for thre e maj or ar ea s in the ter rai n photography experiment. First
priority w a s given to photography of the southwestern United St ate s because of the avai labi lity of
ground con tro l and geologic information. Second pr io ri ty w a s given to northeastern Africa and the
Arabian peninsula because of t he geologic importance of the G reat Rift Valley, a major study objec
tive of the Upper Mantle Project, Third priority w a s given to no rth ern Mexico. It was stressed in
pre-flight brief ings that good pictu res of any land area would be of value, i f the planned areas could
not be cove red.
Two techniques were used i n the te rr ai n photography. For systematic overlapping vertical
cove rage along the flight path, the command pilot (McDivitt) oriented the spacecra ft, using th e
*Lt. Col., U. S. A ir Force; Astronaut, Manned Spacecraft Center. tLt. Col., U. S. A ir Forc e; Astronaut, Manned Spacecraft Center; D e c e a s e d .
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pulse mode, while the pilot (White) took pic tur es at 5-second intervals. Because of fuel and power
restrictions, th i s technique was used only once, durin g the 32nd revolution. At other ti me s the
spac ecra ft was in drifting flight, and pictu res we re taken by eith er astronaut whenever opportuni
ties arose. As far as possible, pic tures were taken at high depression angles, with cockpit lights
out, camera axis norm al to th e window, and the window in shade. A resid ue on the windows,
probably caused by flashback during second stag e ignition, had little effect on picture quality.
The experimen t wa s highly successful. A continuous se ri es of 39 overlapping, high dep res sio n
angle pict ures was taken covering northern Mexico and the southwestern United State s from the
Pacific Ocean to central Texas. Over 60 high-quality pic tur es of the othe r desi red areas were
taken. The coverage is summarize d in Table 1 . Detailed study of the terrain photographs is
underway by sev era l organizations. A full discussion would be beyond the scope of this paper;
instead, a few representative pictures will be presented and briefly described.
Resolution of the photographs ha s been studied in two ways. Examination of enlarged print s
showing cultural feat ur es of known dimens ions pe rm it s esti mati on of ground resolution. Fo r
high-contrast, linea r objects in dry ar ea s, maximum ground resolution appea rs to be between 30
and 40 feet; fo r example, Rt. 5, a two-lane black-top roa d about 35 feet wide on the east coast of
Baja California (Figu re 2) is visible for most of its length in the photograph. A second technique
fo r estima tion of reso lution is edge analysis . The Data Corporat ion, Dayton, Ohio, performe d
such an edge analy sis by scanning a coastline (Figure 10) on the original flight film with a micro
densitom eter and then deriving the modulation trans fer function fo r the resulting output (Refer
ence 19). Theresolution thus derived, for what was considered a medium contrast target, was
30 lines per millimeter.
No. ofFilmTerrain
IdentificationPictures*
Magazine 8, 54
Roll 3
Magazine 9, 23
Roll 4
Magazine 16, 17
Roll 5
Magazine 7, 10
Roll 2
Magazine 6, 10
Roll 1
Table 1
Photographic Data.
Areas Covered
Northern Mexico, southwestern
United State s, (continuous cover
age), Florida and the Bahama
Islands (intermittent coverage)
North Africa (18 pictures) Persian
Gulf, southeastern United States
Mexico (2 pictures), Arabian
peninsula and adjacent are as ,
Mauritania (1 picture)
Bahama Islands (5 pict ures) ,
Arabia n peninsula
Northeastern Africa (7 pictures),
Iraq, India, Pakistan
Comments
Continuous sequence of exceptional
quality; intermittent pictu res show
considerable offshore detail.
North African pictures generally
good; United States pic tur es poor.
Arabian pictures very good;
Mauritania picture shows Richat
structures.
Bahama pictures show underwater
topography.
N i l e River and surroundings well
covered.
'All pictures showing recognizable land areas are included in these f igures without regard to picture quality .
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SOUTHWESTERN U.S. AND MEXICO
Figure 1, the first of the continuous series taken on Magazine 8, shows a portion of Baja
California. It dem ons trat es th e unique value of hyperaltitude photography by providing a synoptic
view of the Agua Blanca fault, the lineament at lower left. This strike-slip fault was first described
in 1960 by Allen, Silver, and Stehli (1960). Str eam alignme nts onthis and the succeeding photograph
suggest that it is one of a group of at least three northwes t-trending faults. Numero us additional
northeast-trending lineaments, possibly representing complementary shear faults, are visible
nor th of th e Agua Blan ca fault. Curiously, there is little photographic evidence of the major.fault
ea st of the Si er ra Jua rez shown by Bea l (1948) and Allen, et aL (1960), although its existence has
been confirmed by field mapping (C. R. Men, personal communication).
Figure 1--Northern Baja California, Mexico. Aqua Blanca fau lt is t h e lineament paralleli ng
the spa cecr aft window (dark) at lower left, North at top. East-West dis tance a t top of photo
graph about 80 miles.
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This and the two succeeding photographs have been used by the Courteil on Non-renewable
Natural Resourc es in Mexico to construct a photogeologic map at a scale of 1:25Q,QOO, showing a
number of structures and lithologic contacts not previously mapped.
Figure 2, the third picture in the continuous 32nd revolution sequence, s h ~ w sth e "cu i of
the Colorado River? the north end of the Gulf of California and adjacent A a j a California and Scnior9.
Considerable geologic detail is visible, such as the lineament sub-parallel to the edgc of the SorioraDesert; this is a major fault of the Saul h d r e a s system (Moody arid Hill, 1956). Of equal interest,
however, a r e the many tonal gradations (color in the original tr ans par enc ies ) %risiblein the Gulf
of Calif ornia Gettys (1965) has shown that they represen t var iation s in water depth; asgiiiiiietrie
sediment distribution is apparent i n the picture.
Figure 2-Mouth of Colorado River, emptying into the Gulf of California. Sinuous feature
at left i s an ephemera! stream. Great Sonora Desert at right; note sand dunes.
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Figure 3, the fifth picture in the sequence, shows S ie rr a de l Pinacate and adjacent Sonora and
Arizona. Most or allof the lar ge ma ar s and cinder cones are visible in th e Pinacate volcanic field,
and the extent of t he field as a whole is eas ily delineated. In addition, cons idera ble geologic de tai l
to the north can be identified with the aid of the Geologic Map of Yuma County, Arizona (Wilson,
1960). Contacts between Mesozoic gran ites and foliated metamorphic rocks are distinct, as are
the northward trending frac ture s just north of the Pinacate field. The fact that much of the detai lshown on the 1:375,000 Yuma County map c an be se en on this picture, whose original scale was
about 1:2,200,000, demo nstrat es the possibility of retaining useful resolution in extremely small-
sc ale photographs.
Figure 4 was taken in the 32nd revolution sequence, over southern New Mexico. It demon
st ra tes two potential geologic use s of hyperaltitude photography. The first use, revision or
Figure 3-Northern Sonora, Mexico; Pinacate volca nic f ie ld (Sierra del Pinacate) . Gu lf of
Caiifornia at lower Ieft. East-West dist an ce at top of photograph about 80 m i l e s .
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Figure 4-Northern Chihuahua, Mexico, and SGuthwe5ktti New Mexico. Cedar, Hatchet, a d
Florida Mountains. Sierra Carrizari!la (right center) i s large volcanic f i e ld .
A second potential application o f h37peraltitude ph~togr~ylhy,the study of regional tectonics,
is aiso demonstrztted by Figure 4. This picture and the tw o adsjoiningO I E B (nd hhicnvfl) make it
possible to see at a glance the transition zone betvieen the folded Mesozoic rocks of northeasternMexico (Raniirez and Acevedo, 19.57)a i d th e block-EmZted volcanics oE southwestern New kI&m
(Dane aid Bachnrm, 1364). The essential parallelism of �old Z Y ~ Bi n Chihkiaiiua afid fault-c:oritrolled
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ranges, such as the Cedar Mountains (Bromfield and Wrucke, 1961) and Dog Mountains (Zeller,
1958) in New Mexico, indica tes consid erable contro l of the faults by pre-e-sting folds, as proposed
by Jones (1961).
Other features of geologic interest in Figure 4 are the conspicuous pediments surrounding th e
Florida, Cedar and Hatchet Mountains, and others. Being covere d by Quaternary alluvium, the se
surfaces are not delineated at al l on geologic maps, and are delineated on topographic m aps onlyto the extent tha t they refl ect topography. Hyperaltitude photographs such as Figure 4, however,
provide col or cove rage of en tir e pediments without th e degradation inhere nt in mosaics, and should
be useful in studying rela tion s between pedimentation and str uctu re, lithology, and topography.
NORTH AFRICA AN D ARABIAN PENINSULA
Figure 5, taken ove r M auritania duri ng the 12th revolution, is a good example of opportunistic
photography car rie d out during the flight. The Richat structures wer e not specifically list ed as
. ~ .~ . . -. . . ..̂ - . . .. .. ..' I ..
. . ... .
Figure 5-Richat structures, Mauritania; north at lower left. Smaller structure is ivst above and
left of spac ecraft nose.
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subjects, although the crew had been asked to Iook fo r any large cii-eu1a.i-features which might !IC
the roots of impact structures. The Richat structures are of consfderat3le interest b e c : ~ ~ ~of the
reported discovery of coesite in breccia from the center of th e large feature by CailI~ux,et all.
(1964). This picture throws no obvious light on the pmblem of origin, but is of value in demonstrzt
ing the ability of hyperaltitude photography to show large strunturea in their entirety and in relatioli
to surrounding areas.
Figure 6 shows a portion of the Tibesti Mountains i n the Republic of Chad, hSc3ri.h Africa,;
the cra ter at left center is Emi Koussi, a recent volcai~o. Although not t;&en tinder optimurtl
conditions-note, fo r example, the sca tter ed light on the window and the extrem e foreshoriening
this picture is of considerable geologic int ere st. The concentric patte rn i n the fi?reg~otnnd,a
combination of fr act ur es and longitudinal sand dunes, is not shown in its entirety on cvrjn the
latest topographic maps of the area (the Largeau 1:1,000,000 sheet, lnstitut G6ographic National,
Paris, 1961), no r is there any kiiown mention of it in recent geologic refercnces (Gcrard, 1358).
This pictur e again demons trates the usefulness of hyperaltitude photography in studying regiomi.
fracture patterns, as suggested by Lrmman (1964) and Morrison and Chowivri (1964).
Another fe atu re not previo usly mentioned in the geological l i terature i s the circidlar structure
below and to the right of Erni Koussi (110 kilometers S, 42"W of Em i Koussi). It appr:trs to he 8
ser ies of concentric ridges, with a rnaximum d iamet er of 18 kilometers, in what Gc r ~ r d(1958)
shows as Upper Devonian sandstone. The nea rne ss of the ~ t r u c t ~ r eto the Quaternary vofcasiics of
the Tibesti Mountains suggests an igneous origin (e.g., 5 laccolith) for it . Ikwerer, its simllzritp
to probable fossil impact str uctures such as the Clearwater Lakes (Dence, 1965) and to the Richat
structu res suggests that this possibility be investigated.
Figures 7, 8, and 9 are an overlapping s er ie s taken i n drifting flight durin g the 24th rmolu
tion over Yemen and the Aden Prote ctorat e, in the southwest part of the Arabiari Peninsula. They
scale (see "Geologic Map of the Arabian Peninsula, 1:2,000,006; 1963; U.S. Geological Surwg).
The area shown i n Figure 7 is underlain chiefly by Pre camb rian gran ite gneiss (to the north)
and Upper Jurassic limestones, masls, aid shales, separated by a inajor norm al fault, accordjig
to the USGS 1:2,000,000 map The fault is eLupresscdby what may be a n erosional scarp, judging
from the presumed relative resistance of th e two major rock types. This pic ture would ap pear
be of great value i n studying the s tru ctur e of the are a: in addition to the fzult ahown on the map$
se ve ra l dir ecti ons of jointing and faulting riot shown are obvious. The a3luvium/bedrock contact
could also be delineated more preciaeiy.
Figures 8 and 9 are oblique views to th e sou theast. In addition to th e strueture of Pi-eearnbrfm
ar ea s in the foreground (also covered by Figure 7) ai d top center, they sfiow an extensive field of
longitudinal dunes i n the Empty Quarter. The dunes appear similar to those in the Sdiarn Desert
Eclassified as "complex longitudinal" dunes by Smith (1963). The se photographs prov ide ~ U excellent
ov er sli view of the dune field permitting, fo r example, study of changes in rnorphology as a funetlon
of distance from the crystallin e highlands. The availability of color photographs, whose potential.
value in dune studies is cited by Smith (19631,adds to the usefulness of hyperaltitude photography.
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_ -
Figure 6-Tibesti Mountains, Republic of Chad; view to northwest. Prominent cra ter in
mountains (left center) is Em i Koussi, highest poin t in Sah ara Desert.
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Figure 9-Southwestern part of Arabian Peninsula, just ea st of Figure 8; se i f dunes in
Empty Quarter. Northern ed ge of Hadramaut Plateau in background.
Figure 10 shows the east ern end of the Arabian peninsula. The shoreline at fa r right (arrow)
is that used in the edge analysis described previously. The land area shown is underlain by a
variet y of T ert ia ry and Cretaceous sedi mentary rock; the linear ridges at lower left are sand
dunes.
Figure 11w a s taken over th e south ern pa rt of th e Arabian Peninsula, looking over the Hadra
maut Plateau toward the Gulf of Aden. It provides an excellent example of stre am piracy (arrow),
in which one st re am (the Wadi Adim) ha s cut headward under stru ctu ral influence and intercepted
the headwaters of other streams (such as the Wadi a l Ayn); these wadis are now usually dry. It is
interesting to note that this feature is not apparent on the 1:2,000,000 scale Geologic Map of th e
Arabian Peninsula, although this scale is larg er than that of the origin al Gemini photograph. The
picture is als o of interes t as a striking example of a dendritic drainage pattern ina morphologi
cally youthful region.
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Figure TO-Eastern end of the Arabian Peninsu[a; Ras a1 Wadd at fu r right.
Linear features a i lower left ure the Wahibah Sands, a large dune f i e ld .Mountains underlain by Cretaceous and Tertiary igneous and sedimentary
rocks.
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NORTH
Figure 11-View to southeast over the Hadramauf Plateau, showing th e
Hadramaut Wadi,a dendri tic drainage pattern of canyons. Plateau is under
lain by near ly flat-lying or gentiy dipping Cenozoic sedimentary rocks.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This experiment and th e interpretat ion of th e photographs req uire d the help of many people.
We are especially grateful to the following: R. D. Me rce r, Manned Spac ecraft Center, mo nitor for
the S-5 and S-6 experiments; W. A Fischer, P. B. King, L. C. Conant and S. J. Gawarecki, U. S.
Geological Survey. Per son nel of th e U. S. Geological Survey Li bra ry were most helpful in litera
tur e search es. Ing. Guillermo P. Salas, D irec tor of th e Geological Insti tute of Mexico, provided
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much valuable information. K M. Na g l e r and S. D. Soules, National Weather Sa tell ite Center,
principal investigators for the S- 6 Synoptic Weather Photography experiment, worked close ly with
the authors in i nterpreting th e photographs.
Goddard Space Flight Center
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Greenbelt, Maryland, October 14, 1966
185-42-01-02-51
REFERENCES
1. Allen, C. R., Silver, L. T., and Stehli, F. G., "Agua Blanca Fault-A Major Transverse Structure
of Northern Baja California , Mexico," Geol. Soc. Amer ica Bull. 71: 457- 482, April, 1960,
2. Beal, C. H., "Reconnaissance of the Geology and Oil Possib ili tie s of Ba ja California, Mexico,"
Geol. Soc. Ame rica Memoir 31: 1948.
3. Bromfield, C. S., and Wrucke, C. T., Reconnaissance Geologic Map of the Cedar Mountains,
Grant and Lunar Counties, New Mexico (Scale 1:62,500): Mineral Investigations Field Studies
Map MF-159, 1961.
4. Cailleux, A ., Guillemaut, A., and Pomerol, C., "Presence de coesite, indice de haute pressions,
dans l'accident cir cul air e de Richat (Adrar mauritanien)," Compt. Rend. 258: 5488- 5490, June,
1964.
5. Dane, C. H . , and Bachman, G. O., Geologic Map of New Mexico (Scale 1:500,000): U. S. Geo
logical Survey, Washington, D. C., 1965.
6. Dence, M. R., "The Extraterrestrial Origin of CanadianCraters," 941-969, in Geological
Problems in Lunar Research, J. Green, editor, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,
123: art. 2, 367-1257, 1965.
7. Gerard, F., Carte geologique d e 1'Afrique Equatorial e Fra nca ise au 1/2,000,000: Governement
General de 1'Afrique Equatoriale Francaise, Direction des Mines et de la Geologie, Paris, 1958.
8. Gettys, R. F., "Evaluation of Color Photos Exposed fro m the Gemini (GT-4) Flight ov er the Gulf
of Californ ia," Unpublished manu script, Technical Prod uction Department, U. S. Naval Oceano
graphic Office, Washington, D. C., 1965.
9. Gill, J. R., and Gerathewohl, S. J., "The Gemini Science Prog ram ," Astronautics and Aero
nautics 2(11):58-65, 1965.
10 . Jones, R. W., "Structural Evol.ution of Part of So utheastern Arizona (Abstrac t)," Am. Assoc.
Petrol. Geol. Bull. 45(3):413, March, 1961.
11 . Lowman, P. D., Jr., "A Review of Photography of the Earth from Sounding Rocket s and Satel
lites," NASA Techn ica l Note D-1868, 1964.
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12 . Moody, J. D., and Hill, M. J. , "Wrench-Fault Tectonics," Geol. SOC.America Bull. 67:1207-1246,
September, 1956.
13 . Morrison, A , and Chown, M. C., "Photography of the Wester n Saha ra Dese rt fr om the Mercu ry
MA- 4 Spacecraft," NASA Contractor R eport CR- 126, 1964.
14 . Na g l e r , K. M., and Soules, S. D., "Cloud Photography from the Gemini 4 Spaceflight," Bull. Am.
Meteorological SOC.46(9):522-527, 1965.
15 . Ramirez, J. C., and Acevedo, F., "Notas sobre la Geologia de Chihuahua," Boletin de la Asocia
cion Mexicana De Geologos Petro leros IX(9,10):583-770, 1957.
16 . Smith, H. T. U., "EolianGeomorphology, Wind Direc tion , and Climat ic Change in North Africa,"
AFCRL - 63 - 443, Geophysics Rese arch Directora te, Air Forc e Cambridge Research Labora
tories, Bedford, Massachusetts, 1963.
17 . Wilson, E. D., Geologic Map of Yuma County, Arizona (Scale 1:375,000): Arizona Bureau of
Mines, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 1960.
18 . Zeller, R. A., Jr., ReconnaissanceGeologic Map of Dog Mountain Quadrangle (Scale 1:62,500):
Geologic Map 8, Sta te Bureau of Mines and Min eral Resou rce s, Socorro, New Mexico, 1948.
19. Data Corporation, Dayton, Ohio, "Edge Analysis of Gemini 4 Color Photography," unpublished
manuscript, 1965.
15 NASA-Langley, 1967-13
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existing knowledge.
TECHNICAL TRANSLATIONS: Information published in a foreign
language considered to merit NASA distribution in English.
SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS: Information derived from or of value to NASA
activities. Publications include conference proceedings, monographs, data
compilations, handbooks, sourcebooks, and special bibliographies.
TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION PUBLICATIONS: Information on tech
nology used by NASA that may be of particular interest in commercial and other
non-aerospace applications. Publications include Tech Briefs, Technology
Utilization Reports and Notes, and Technology Surveys.
Details on the avai lab i l i ty o f these publications m ay be obtained from:
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION DIVISION NATlON A L AERO NA UTIC S AND SPACE ADM INISTRAT1ON
Washington, D.C. PO546