Terms 4Terms 4

Definitions and QuestionsDefinitions and Questions

MotherboardMotherboard

The main board of a computer, usually The main board of a computer, usually containing the circuitry for the central processing containing the circuitry for the central processing unit, keyboard, and monitor and often having unit, keyboard, and monitor and often having slots for accepting additional circuitry.slots for accepting additional circuitry.Motherboard: abrev. mobo aka "system board or main board" Motherboard: abrev. mobo aka "system board or main board" The main circuit board in the computer.  This is the big green circuit The main circuit board in the computer.  This is the big green circuit board that contains the CPU, memory, mass storage and all the board that contains the CPU, memory, mass storage and all the controllers required to control standard peripheral devices.controllers required to control standard peripheral devices.The mother board consists of a flat board that fills one side of the The mother board consists of a flat board that fills one side of the case. It attaches through connections called ports located in the case. It attaches through connections called ports located in the back of the computer. The processor chip and memory chip are also back of the computer. The processor chip and memory chip are also installed on the mother board. It allows the expanding the PC's installed on the mother board. It allows the expanding the PC's capabilities through additional circuit boards such as; sound, video, capabilities through additional circuit boards such as; sound, video, and communications.and communications.

MotherboardMotherboard

JumpersJumpers

Jumpers allow the computer to close an electrical circuit Jumpers allow the computer to close an electrical circuit allowing the electricity to flow throughout certain sections allowing the electricity to flow throughout certain sections of the circuit board. Generally, the jumpers consist of a of the circuit board. Generally, the jumpers consist of a set small pins which can be covered with a small plastic set small pins which can be covered with a small plastic box. This box connects the two pins together allowing box. This box connects the two pins together allowing the electricity to flow freely between the two pins.the electricity to flow freely between the two pins.

Jumpers are used to configure computer peripherals Jumpers are used to configure computer peripherals such as Hard Drives, Modems, Sound Cards, and such as Hard Drives, Modems, Sound Cards, and various other components. For example, when installing various other components. For example, when installing a new hard drive, you may need to change the jumper a new hard drive, you may need to change the jumper settings depending if the hard drive is a master drive or a settings depending if the hard drive is a master drive or a slave drive.slave drive.

JumpersJumpers

Motherboard / Jumper Q/AMotherboard / Jumper Q/A

Q: Describe these two pictures.Q: Describe these two pictures.

A: In the first picture, we see a jumper. A: In the first picture, we see a jumper. In the second picture, a shunt has In the second picture, a shunt has been placed over the jumper, closing been placed over the jumper, closing the circuit.the circuit.

Motherboard / JumperMotherboard / Jumper

BIOSBIOS

BIOS – short for BIOS – short for bbasic asic iinput/nput/ooutput utput ssystemystem

The BIOS runs at the startup sequence The BIOS runs at the startup sequence where it configures devices and then boots where it configures devices and then boots the operating system. the operating system.

The function of the BIOS is so vital that the The function of the BIOS is so vital that the information on the BIOS is stored on a information on the BIOS is stored on a ROM chip separate from the hard drive to ROM chip separate from the hard drive to protect it from potential crashes.protect it from potential crashes.

BIOSBIOS

BIOS FlashingBIOS Flashing

BIOS software is in some regards like other software. BIOS software is in some regards like other software. There are newer versions available that contain updates, There are newer versions available that contain updates, enhanced, features, new features, and bug fixes. It is enhanced, features, new features, and bug fixes. It is possible to install newer BIOS versions and upgrade, but possible to install newer BIOS versions and upgrade, but the process is different from upgrading regular software the process is different from upgrading regular software that's installed on your computer. that's installed on your computer. The BIOS software is not stored on the hard drive, but in The BIOS software is not stored on the hard drive, but in a chip on the motherboard. To erase the software on the a chip on the motherboard. To erase the software on the chip and program it with a newer software version you chip and program it with a newer software version you need to use a special program called a flash utility, and need to use a special program called a flash utility, and the process of performing the upgrade is called flashing the process of performing the upgrade is called flashing the BIOS.the BIOS.You should only flash your BIOS if you’re SURE you You should only flash your BIOS if you’re SURE you know what you’re doing.know what you’re doing.

BIOS FlashingBIOS Flashing

BIOS / BIOS Flashing Q/ABIOS / BIOS Flashing Q/A

Q: Name some of the things you can Q: Name some of the things you can configure in your BIOS.configure in your BIOS.

A: The order in which your computer boots A: The order in which your computer boots (HDD, Floppy Drive, CD-ROM), basic (HDD, Floppy Drive, CD-ROM), basic hardware settings for expansion cards, hardware settings for expansion cards, memory, and your processor (bus memory, and your processor (bus speeds, multipliers), the date & time, speeds, multipliers), the date & time, automatic virus detection, which of your automatic virus detection, which of your drives is primary on a given channel, etc.drives is primary on a given channel, etc.

BIOSBIOS

OverclockingOverclocking

Overclocking is a process that users sometimes perform on Overclocking is a process that users sometimes perform on computer components to force upon the component an increased computer components to force upon the component an increased clock rate, or cycles per second (hertz) at which the component clock rate, or cycles per second (hertz) at which the component performs. performs. This is commonly done to processors, video cards, motherboard This is commonly done to processors, video cards, motherboard chips, and RAM. The process can be done to components that chips, and RAM. The process can be done to components that have lower capabilities to make them go at decent speeds or to have lower capabilities to make them go at decent speeds or to components that have high capabilities to go at speeds that surpass components that have high capabilities to go at speeds that surpass the fastest speeds on the market. Excess power must be supplied the fastest speeds on the market. Excess power must be supplied to the component to ensure that the increased speed has enough to the component to ensure that the increased speed has enough power to operate, but not so much as to overpower it. power to operate, but not so much as to overpower it. Overclocking requires a cooling process of some sort (heat sinks, Overclocking requires a cooling process of some sort (heat sinks, powerful fans, water cooling, etc.) to remove excess heat produced powerful fans, water cooling, etc.) to remove excess heat produced by overclocked components. by overclocked components.

Overclocking Q/AOverclocking Q/A•Q: What is going on here?

•A: System A is being air cooled, in order to overclock it. System B is being water cooled for the same reason. (NOT RECOMMENDED)

System A System B

Overclocking (Professional)Overclocking (Professional)

Dual-bootingDual-booting

A computer with two operating systems. At startup, a A computer with two operating systems. At startup, a boot manager program lets the user choose which one boot manager program lets the user choose which one to load. "Multiboot" may refer to a dual boot system or to to load. "Multiboot" may refer to a dual boot system or to one that hosts more than two operating systems. For one that hosts more than two operating systems. For example, V Communications' System Commander lets example, V Communications' System Commander lets you install all the operating systems you wish on one PC you install all the operating systems you wish on one PC and choose which one you want at startup.and choose which one you want at startup.Dual booting and multibooting are not the same as a Dual booting and multibooting are not the same as a "virtual machine," although sometimes the terms are "virtual machine," although sometimes the terms are used synonymously. Virtual machines host multiple used synonymously. Virtual machines host multiple operating systems, but can run them all at the same operating systems, but can run them all at the same time.time.

Dual-booting Q/ADual-booting Q/A

Q: Can you triple boot? Quadruple boot? Q: Can you triple boot? Quadruple boot? What’s the limit?What’s the limit?

A: Yes and yes. You are only limited by A: Yes and yes. You are only limited by the size of your hard drive and the number the size of your hard drive and the number of partitions (virtual drive separations that of partitions (virtual drive separations that make the computer treat 1 physical hard make the computer treat 1 physical hard drive as being composed of several parts).drive as being composed of several parts).

Dual-booting (LILO)Dual-booting (LILO)

Cache memory, L1 cache, L2 cacheCache memory, L1 cache, L2 cache

Cache memory is random access memory (Cache memory is random access memory (RAMRAM) that a ) that a computer microprocessor can access more quickly than computer microprocessor can access more quickly than it can access regular RAM. As the microprocessor it can access regular RAM. As the microprocessor processes data, it looks first in the cache memory and if processes data, it looks first in the cache memory and if it finds the data there (from a previous reading of data), it it finds the data there (from a previous reading of data), it does not have to do the more time-consuming reading of does not have to do the more time-consuming reading of data from larger memorydata from larger memoryL1 cache - Level 1 cache. A small cache integrated in a L1 cache - Level 1 cache. A small cache integrated in a processor that provides quick access to the most processor that provides quick access to the most recently used data.recently used data.L2 cache - Level 2 cache. L2 cache has the same L2 cache - Level 2 cache. L2 cache has the same purpose as L1 cache, but is usually not integrated into purpose as L1 cache, but is usually not integrated into the processor. L2 cache is traditionally made of SRAM the processor. L2 cache is traditionally made of SRAM and in socket 7 and older motherboards was in some and in socket 7 and older motherboards was in some cases upgradeable cases upgradeable

Cache memory, L1 cache, L2 cache Q/ACache memory, L1 cache, L2 cache Q/A

Why don’t you just add more cache?Why don’t you just add more cache?

http://www.firingsquad.com/guides/futurememory/page3.asphttp://www.firingsquad.com/guides/futurememory/page3.asp

AMD Opteron coreAMD Opteron core

AMD Opteron – caches, etcAMD Opteron – caches, etc

Cache memory, L1 cache, L2 cacheCache memory, L1 cache, L2 cache

This is a Pentium from 1993!

Now processor cores are even smaller.

Cache memory, L1 cache, L2 cacheCache memory, L1 cache, L2 cache