A&P 1

Terminology, Orientation, Surface Landmarks & Body Cavities

Pre-Lab Exercises

In this "Pre-lab Guide", we will be going over some of the content seen in the videos. However, this content is for lecture & lab, and you are responsible for it in both places. NOTE: This guide does NOT go over all the material you are responsible for. You are responsible for the first TWO labs in your lab book.

Instead, we will be looking at some of the concepts that students often struggle with. The first lab IS NOT typical. We will be doing many things within the lab that will NOT be on the lab practical. I have included on the webpage a “Study Guide” that will help you prepare for the first quiz, as well as the practical. Also, recall that you are responsible for the Microscope Lab on your own time! NOTE: The Microscopy Lab is lab #3 in your lab book!

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Step 1. Review Key Concepts: Body Surface Regions

Discussion of the Body Surface Regions: Use your Wordlist to know which you are responsible for! Some notes before you begin: In Latin, “-al” is an adjective, while “-um” or “-on” is a noun. In Latin, you are allowed to turn a noun into an adjective (this is not allowed in English!) Therefore, many of these terms are commonly interchanged between these two forms. Examples:

Brachial region or Brachium Olecranal region or Olecranon Antebrachial region or Antebrachium

And so on. Don’t worry; you’ll get the hang of it by the end of A&P1! Some regions are combined into larger regions. These include the trunk, which is a combination of the thoracic, mammary, abdominal, naval, and coxal regions. The cephalic region is a combination of all of the head regions. The upper limb region is a combination of all of the arm regions. The lower limb region is a combination of all of the leg regions. You will be using these terms daily, and although this seems like a huge list, by the end of A&P2, you won’t remember a time when you did not know them.

These regions are often named after bones, muscles and other structures you can feel (palpate) from the outside. So it is the “Vertebral region”, not “spinal region”, because you can feel the vertebrae, not the spinal cord. At the end of this document, there is an appendix with a verbal description of these regions. Use that if you are having a hard time understanding boundaries.

Verbal description in

appendix at end of this

document

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Step2. Review Key Concepts: Organ Systems and Key Definitions

Functions of each organ system:

Organ System Some Functions

Integumentary Protect

Skeletal Support, attach muscles, store Ca++

Muscular Movement through space, maintain position

Nervous Signal other organs, control other organs via electrical current

Endocrine Signal other organs, control other organs via hormones in bloodstream

Cardiovascular Move nutrients to cells & wastes to disposal sites using blood.

Immune Protect against damage, fight infections. Uses antibodies.

Lymphatic Return fluids lost back to cardiovascular.

Respiratory Gas exchange: bring O2 in, get rid of CO2

Digestive Bring in nutrients

Urinary Excrete water-soluble wastes

Reproductive Produce offspring

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Gross Organs to know from each organ system:

Define these terms: Organ: Any structure of biological importance. Most are microscopic. Gross organ: Can see with your eye. Visceral Organ: Within the thoracic or abdominopelvic cavities, dealing with digestion, cardiovascular, urinary, etc. Does not include brain, muscles, etc. Body plane (define the term): The 3 axes (see next page) Body Section (definition): A cut or slice through body or an organ. Deep (as in, “the wound was very deep”): Away from a surface. Superficial (as in, “the wound was superficial”): On a surface.

Organ System Organs to Identify on Illustrations and Models

Integumentary Skin, hair, nails

Skeletal Skull, vertebral column, rib cage, bones (general), cartilage (general), joint or articulation (general)

Muscular Skeletal muscles (general)

Nervous Brain, spinal cord, nerves (general)

Endocrine Thyroid gland, ovaries, testes

Cardiovascular Heart, blood vessels (in general), aorta, vena cava

Immune None yet. We’ll see bone marrow in the skeleton lab.

Lymphatic Spleen

Respiratory Nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Digestive Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, rectum

Urinary Kidneys, ureters, bladder

Reproductive Penis, testes, ovary, vagina, uterus

Step3. Review Key Concepts: Correct Anatomical Position (CAP) , Position and Direction Terms Remember:

In CAP, patient is facing you, palms are turned anterior, arms and legs are outstretched, all joints are fully extended (“open”). In CAP, always use patient’s right & left

Not all sagittal planes are “midsagittal”. Our bodies are symmetrical on the outside only. Our internal organs usually are not!

Internal organs are more likely to have a “midfrontal plane”. We also use the directional terms on individual organs, but you must first put them in CAP:

By Connexions [CC BY 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0) or CC BY 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

Step4. Review Key Concepts: Abdominopelvic regions & Body Cavities

Remember:

Body cavities are open areas. They will be filled with organs.

Many are subdivided. We will begin with the basic ones, and add to the list.

A main function of cavities is “compartmentalization”. Protecting organs from each other. Cavities are sometimes separated from each

other by thick, durable structures that are obvious on diagrams and models, such as the diaphragm separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

Sometimes they are separated by membranes,

which are not always obvious on models and diagrams.

- Inflammation of these membranes is

common, such as in the case of meningitis, pericarditis, pleurisy and peritonitis.

Sometimes there is nothing separating them,

such as the division between the cranial and spinal cavities.

We use the abdominopelvic regions to determine which internal organs might be exhibiting pathology or pain.

Appendix 1

Description of the body regions: This is to help you understand the boundaries of each surface region. The head and neck regions:

The cranial region encompasses the upper part of the head, where there are no facial bones.

The forehead is referred to as the frontal region.

Facial region encompasses the lower half of the head beginning below the ears, and includes the

eyes, nose and mouth and is subdivided.

The eyes are referred to as the orbital or ocular region.

The cheeks are referred to as the buccal region.

The ears are referred to as the otic region.

The nose is referred to as the nasal region.

The mouth is referred to as the oral region.

The chin is referred to as the mental region.

The neck is referred to as the cervical region. Refers to the cervical vertebrae.

The trunk of the body contains:

The venter is the front of the torso.

The thoracic region encompassing the chest (not labeled on diagram). It is surrounded by ribs, and

ends at the lowest rib. It is subdivided.

The pectoral or mammary region encompassing each breast.

Pectoral refers to the pectoral muscle.

The sternal region encompassing the sternum, and refers to the sternal bone.

The abdominal region encompassing the stomach area.

The umbilicus, is located at the center of the abdomen.

The pelvic region is surrounded by your hip bone. It is subdivided.

The coxal region encompassing the belt line. This refers to the hip bone, the os coxae.

The pubic region encompassing the area above the genitals. This refers to the pubic bone.

The inguinal or groin region between the legs and the genitals.

The dorsal region encompassing the upper back, and is subdivided.

The scapular region encompassing the scapulae and the area around, and refers to the scapula bone.

The vertebral region runs down the middle, and refers to the vertebrae. It is subdivided.

The lumbar region encompassing the lower back.

The sacral region occurring at the end of the spine, directly above the buttocks, and refers to the

sacrum bone.

The lower limbs contain:

The gluteal region encompassing the buttocks

The femoral region encompassing the thighs, and refers to the femur bone.

The patellar region encompassing the knee, and refers to the knee cap (patella).

The popliteal region encompassing the back of the knee.

The sural region encompassing the back of the lower leg.

The crural region encompassing the shin area of the leg.

The fibular region, also known as the peroneal region, encompassing the outside of the lower leg,

and refers to the fibula bone found there. “Perone” is the Greek word for fibula.

The tarsal region encompassing the ankle, and refers to the ankle (tarsal) bones.

The pedal region encompassing the foot.

The calcaneal region encompassing the heel, and refers to the tendon that attaches calf muscle

(calcaneus).

The plantar region encompassing the sole of the foot.

The digital/phalangeal region encompassing the toes.

The great toe is referred to as the hallux.

The regions of the upper limbs, are: The axillary region encompassing the armpit. The brachial region encompassing the upper arm. The acromial region encompassing the shoulder, and refers to a bony object found there, the

acromion process. The antecubital region encompassing the front of the elbow. The olecranal region encompassing the back of the elbow, and refers to a bony object found

there, the olecranon process. The antebrachial region encompassing the forearm. The carpal region encompassing the wrist, and refers to the wrist (carpal) bones. And the manual or manus region encompassing the back of the hand. The palmar region encompassing the palm. The digital/phalangeal region encompassing the fingers. The thumb is referred to as the pollux.