terminal report shredder

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Romblon State University COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Odiongan, Romblon Tel. No. (042) 567-5588 --- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- RESEARCH TERMINAL REPORT PROJECT TITLE : Design, Development and Performance Evaluation of Fruits and Vegetable Scrap Shredder PROPONENTS : Engr. Alfredo F. Fortu Jr. Engr. Mark Anthony Castillano IMPLEMENTING COLLEGE : College of Engineering and Technology DURATION : 4 months I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Waste generation and subsequent accumulation generated by unabated increase in human populations is one of the major problems confronting future generations. This is aggravated by improper waste disposal that often causes greater problems in terms of environmental pollution and disease occurrence not only to human beings but also to animals. Converting solid waste into

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Romblon State University

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Odiongan, Romblon

Tel. No. (042) 567-5588

---

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

RESEARCH TERMINAL REPORT

PROJECT TITLE: Design, Development and Performance Evaluation of Fruits and Vegetable Scrap Shredder

PROPONENTS: Engr. Alfredo F. Fortu Jr.

Engr. Mark Anthony Castillano

IMPLEMENTING COLLEGE: College of Engineering and Technology

DURATION: 4 months

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Waste generation and subsequent accumulation generated by unabated increase in human populations is one of the major problems confronting future generations. This is aggravated by improper waste disposal that often causes greater problems in terms of environmental pollution and disease occurrence not only to human beings but also to animals. Converting solid waste into organic fertilizer will not only increase farm household income but also become a stable source of organic fertilizer for rehabilitating highly nutrient depleted agricultural soils and reduce environmental pollution generated by improper waste disposal. This study was conducted to design, develop and evaluate the performance of a shredder. Specifically, it sought to design and develop fruits and vegetable scrap shredder and determine the input capacity, shredding efficiency and power consumption rate of the shredder.

The design principle of the shredder is based on the Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standard (PAES 244) but the design specification is modified to meet the requirements for shredding fruit and vegetable scrap. Results showed that among the three commodities, fruit scrap has the highest moisture content (71 %) and input capacity (333.33 kghr-1). The shredding efficiency of vegetable, fruits and root crops is 100 percent because there was no unshredded scrap material and partially shredded material. During shredding operation, the voltage and current was recorded and results showed that the root crops has the highest power consumption rate (P 0.45/hr). This means that the maximum power consumption rate if we used the machine for eight hours is P3.6.

The developed shredder is a cost-effective machine based on the power consumption rate. Shredded scrap materials are ready to be used as organic fertilizer. The shredder can help in waste management of the local government unit and can produce organic fertilizer at minimum processing cost.

II.INTRODUCTION

Waste generation and subsequent accumulation generated by unabating increase in human populations is one of the major problems confronting future generations. This is aggravated by improper waste disposal that often causes greater problems in terms of environmental pollution and disease occurrence not only to human beings but also to animals.

In Romblon especially in the municipality of Odiongan, substantial amount of agricultural waste are generated daily especially during market days. The practice is they just collect the biodegradables and place it in a Materials Recovery Facility. This causes further deterioration of waste and emission of bad odor.

Fruits and Vegetables Scrap are rich in nutrients and can be used as organic fertilizer for vegetable production. To hasten the decomposition of the agricultural waste, they need to be reduced into smaller particles. This reason prompted the researchers to design and develop the fruits and vegetable shredder to facilitate the decomposition of agricultural waste and eventually help in the production of organic fertilizer.

Fruits and vegetables compromise a large and dynamic sub-sector within Philippine agriculture. It accounts for 31% of agricultural output (by value); in the past three decades it has been growing at a rate of 2.8% per year, compared to just 1.8% for agriculture as whole. Many of the vaunted high value crops, such as those identified in the governments official programs, are fruits and vegetables. In common with rest of agriculture, development of fruits and vegetables sub-sector is highly dependent on technological change (Weinberger and Lumpkin, 2007).

Waste generation and subsequent accumulation generated by unabated increase in human populations is one of the major problems confronting future generations. This is aggravated by improper waste disposal that often causes greater problems in terms of environmental pollution and disease occurrence not only to human beings but also to animals. Converting solid waste into organic fertilizer will not only increase farm household income but also become a stable source of organic fertilizer for rehabilitating highly nutrient depleted agricultural soils and reduce environmental pollution generated by improper waste disposal (Dela Cruz, Aganon, Patricio, Romero, Lindain and Galindez, 2004).

CTI is developing a package of tool to process perishable fruits and vegetables into shreds that can be dried and ground into shelf-stable flour, prioritizing cassava, sweet potatoes and bread fruit as staple foods that have the potential to greatly improve food security in the regions where they are born. CTIs manually operated shredder produce small shreds that are optimally shape for quick drying. The shredder was developed after a decade of research and development by engineers at the University of Saint Thomas (UST). The shredder can be operated by hand, but is also capable of being motorized.

Biomass shredder reduce biomass into small pieces for handling purpose, enhancing size reduction, and subsequently create a suitable feed for the production of fuel from the biomass. Biomass waste shredding not only aids in the transformation of waste into valuable renewable energy, but improves recycling efficiency and lowers landfill volumes. Biomass shredding equipment especially facilitates the processing of untreated biomass, a critical step in the production of renewable energy from waste.

To hasten the decomposition of organic materials for organic fertilizer purposes, plants substrates have to be shredded into smaller sizes. Hence, a plant shredded is necessary ( Sinon, Martinez jr and Abadiano,2013).

This study was conducted to design, develop and evaluate the performance of a shredder at Romblon State University, Odiongan, Romblon during the school year 2015 2016.

Specifically, it sought to:

1. Design and develop fruits and vegetable scrap shredder

2. Determine the input capacity, shredding efficiency and power consumption rate of the shredder.

III. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fabrication

Fabrication of fruits and vegetable scrap shredder was conducted at Brgy. Amatong, Odiongan, Romblon under the Pakyaw Labor and Materials Scheme.

Raw Materials Preparation

Agricultural waste materials (e.g. fruits and vegetable scrap) were collected from Odiongan Public Market and underwent shredding process until the desired size of organic waste is reached.

Moisture Content Determination

The moisture content of the shredded materials was determined by calculating the loss in weight of the material using oven drying method at 105oC overnight (AOAC, 1993)

Percent moisture content of each sample was calculated on a wet basis using the equation below.

Where:

%MCdb = Moisture content dry basis, %

Wi = initial weight of sample, g

Wf = final weight of sample, g

Input Capacity

Where:

Ci = input capacity, kg/h

Wi = weight of input biomass material, kg

To = operating time, h

Unshredded Biomass Material

a.) Amount =

b.) Percent (Ubm)=

where:

Ubm = percent unshredded biomass materials, %

Wus = weight of the unshredded biomass materials, kg

Wps = weight of the partially shredded biomass materials, kg

Tc = duration of sample collecting in output chute, h

Wi = weight of total input biomass material, kg

Shredding efficiency

Effs = 100 - Ubm

where:

Effs = shredding efficiency, %

Ubm = percent unshredded biomass materials, %

Power Consumption Rate

This was done by getting the current and voltage during shredding operation.

IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The design principle of the shredder is based on the Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standard (PAES 244) but the design specification is modified to meet the requirements for shredding fruit and vegetable scrap (Figure 1 and 2). The power requirement of the fruit and vegetable scrap shredder is much lesser compared to biomass shredder because of the soft physiological structure and high moisture content of fruits and vegetables. Fabrication was done based on the design specification and locally available materials. The shredder is developed to hasten the decomposition of fruits and vegetables through size reduction process.

Hopper

part of the biomass shredder where the biomass materials to be cut are loaded. The total length of the hopper is 23 inches with an opening at one end of 3x6 in.

Prime mover

electric motor or internal combustion engine used to drive the biomass shredder. In this study, we used 1 hp electric motor.

Orientation of blade assembly

The blades and shaft assembly rotates with respect to the horizontal axis.

Blade action

Machine that is composed of shredding chamber only.

Main shaft

Blades are connected and arranged to an open cylinder main shaft

Shredding chamber

Outlet chute

Prime mover

Hopper

Figure 1. Exploded View of the Shredder

Prime mover

Rotating blades

Counter blades

Shredding guide

guide

Figure 1. Internal Parts of the Shredder

Table 1 presents the summary of experimental data. Methods of Test specified in the Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES 245:2010) was used throughout the study. Ten kilograms per trial of each commodity was used in the performance evaluation of the shredder. Results showed that among the three commodities, fruit scrap has the highest moisture content (71 %) and input capacity (333.33 kghr-1). Oven drying method was used to get the moisture content of the scrap. The high moisture content of fruits (e.g. melon, mango) affects its input capacity because of its soft physical structure. The shredding efficiency of vegetable, fruits and root crops is 100 percent because there was no unshredded scrap material and partially shredded material. Partially shredded materials are those scrap whose size is more than one fourth (1/4) of its original size after one shredding process. After one shredding process the particle size of the scrap is ready to be mixed as organic fertilizer (see appendices:figure 7 and 8). During shredding operation, the voltage and current was recorded and results showed that the root crops has the highest power consumption rate (P 0.45/hr). This means that the maximum power consumption rate if we used the machine for eight hours is P3.6. In eight hours of operation we can shred more than hundred kilogram of fruits and vegetable scrap.

Table 1. Summary of Experimental Data

Commodity (Scrap)

Moisture Content (%wet basis)

Input Capacity (kghr-1)

Shredding Efficiency (%)

Power Consumption Rate (/hr)

Vegetables 1

50

125

100

0.36

2

60

131.58

100

0.32

3

52

129.87

100

0.34

Fruits 1

70

333.33

100

0.23

2

71

250

100

0.28

3

69.5

303.03

100

0.27

Root crops 1

51.5

232.56

100

0.45

2

50.5

322.58

100

0.41

3

53

200

100

0.42

Based on the multiple comparisons, there is no significant difference on the power consumption rate of three commodities (vegetable, fruit, root crops) using tukey analysis at 5% level of significance. In input capacity, fruit and root crops are not significantly different with vegetable scrap while fruit and root crops is significantly different with each other. The moisture content of vegetable and root crops has significant difference while fruit has no significant difference with vegetable and root crops at 5% significance level.

V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions

1. The developed shredder is a cost-effective machine based on the power consumption rate.

2. Shredded scrap materials are ready to be used as organic fertilizer.

3. The shredder can help in waste management of the local government unit and can produce organic fertilizer at minimum processing cost.

Recommendations

1. Modify the blades of the shredder from horizontally assembled to vertically assembled. It will facilitate easy discharge of the shredded scrap due to additional gravitational force.

2. Shredded fruit and vegetable scrap should be used as organic fertilizer.

3. Conduct laboratory analysis of the nutrient content of the shredded scrap

VII. PERCEIVED IMPACT OF THE RESULTS

1. Better Waste Management

2. Production of Organic Fertilizer

VII. REFERENCES

AGANON C.P.et.al. Unpublished Study. 2004

DELA CRUZ E. N., et.al. Production of Organic Fertilizer from Solid Waste and its Utilization in Intensive Organic Based Vegetable Production and for Sustaining Soil Health and Productivity. 2006

Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standard 245:2010 (PAES published 2010) ICS65.060.01

The CLSU Ecological Solid Waste Management Project. Unpublished Terminal Report 2004. RM-CARES,CLSU.

http://www.pids.gov.ph

www.vecoplan.de/en_01 shredders.htm

VIII. APPENDICES

Table 2. Moisture Content Determination

Commodity

Initial Weight (g)

Final Weight (g)

Moisture Content (%wet basis)

Vegetables 1

20

10

50

2

20

8

60

3

20

9.6

52

Fruits 1

20

6

70

2

20

5.8

71

3

20

6.1

69.5

Rootcrops 1

20

9.7

51.5

2

20

9.9

50.5

3

20

9.4

53

Table 3. Determination of Input Capacity

Commodity

Weight of input biomass material (kg)

Operating time (hr)

Input Capacity (kg/hr)

Vegetables 1

10

0.08

125

2

10

0.076

131.5789474

3

10

0.077

129.8701299

Fruits 1

10

0.03

333.3333333

2

10

0.04

250

3

10

0.033

303.030303

Rootcrops 1

10

0.043

232.5581395

2

10

0.031

322.5806452

3

10

0.05

200

Table 4. Determination of Shredding Efficiency

Commodity

total input biomass (kg)

unshredded biomass (kg)

partially shredded biomass (kg)

unshredded biomass (%)

Shredding Eff. (%)

Vegetables1

10

0

0

0

100

2

10

0

0

0

100

3

10

0

0

0

100

Fruits 1

10

0

0

0

100

2

10

0

0

0

100

3

10

0

0

0

100

Rootcrops 1

10

0

0

0

100

2

10

0

0

0

100

3

10

0

0

0

100

Table 5. Determination of Power Consumption Rate

Commodity

Voltage

Current

Operating time (hr)

Power (kW)

Existing rate (P)

(Pesos/hr)

Power consumption rate

(Pesos/hr)

Vegetables 1

190

8.4

0.038

1.596

6

0.363888

2

191

8.45

0.033

1.61395

6

0.3195621

3

191.5

8.5

0.035

1.62775

6

0.3418275

Fruits 1

187.8

8.34

0.025

1.566252

6

0.2349378

2

188

8.38

0.03

1.57544

6

0.2835792

3

188.2

8.4

0.029

1.58088

6

0.27507312

Rootcrops 1

195.5

8.9

0.043

1.73995

6

0.4489071

2

194.1

8.7

0.04

1.68867

6

0.4052808

3

195

8.86

0.041

1.7277

6

0.4250142

Figure 3. Weighing of fruit scrap

Figure 4. Weighing of Vegetable Scrap

Figure 5. Weighing of Root crops

Figure 6. Shredding of fruit scrap

Figure 7. Shredding of vegetable scrap

Figure 8. Shredding of root crop scrap

Figure 9. Shredded Fruit Scrap

Figure 10. Shredded Vegetable Scrap

Figure 11. Data Gathering on Power Consumption Rate

Figure 12. Internal parts of fruit and vegetable scrap shredder

Figure 13. External parts of fruit and vegetable scrap shredder

SUMMARIZE

/TABLES=ShreddingEfficiency powerconsumtionrate inputcapacity

moisturecontent BY Commodity

/FORMAT=VALIDLIST NOCASENUM TOTAL LIMIT=100

/TITLE='Case Summaries'

/MISSING=VARIABLE

/CELLS=COUNT .

Summarize

[DataSet0]

ONEWAY

ShreddingEfficiency powerconsumtionrate inputcapacity moisturecontent BY

Item

/MISSING ANALYSIS

/POSTHOC = TUKEY ALPHA(.05).

Oneway

[DataSet0]

Post Hoc Tests

Homogeneous Subsets

Figure 14. Analysis of Variance

5

(

)

100

%

-

=

Wi

W

W

MC

f

i

db

Multiple Comparisons

Tukey HSD

.07723

*

.01911

.016

.0186

.1359

-.08464

*

.01911

.011

-.1433

-.0260

-.07723

*

.01911

.016

-.1359

-.0186

-.16187

*

.01911

.000

-.2205

-.1032

.08464

*

.01911

.011

.0260

.1433

.16187

*

.01911

.000

.1032

.2205

-166.63819

*

35.97064

.009

-277.0060

-56.2704

-122.89657

*

35.97064

.033

-233.2644

-12.5288

166.63819

*

35.97064

.009

56.2704

277.0060

43.74162

35.97064

.487

-66.6262

154.1094

122.89657

*

35.97064

.033

12.5288

233.2644

-43.74162

35.97064

.487

-154.1094

66.6262

-16.16667

*

2.58915

.002

-24.1109

-8.2224

2.33333

2.58915

.659

-5.6109

10.2776

16.16667

*

2.58915

.002

8.2224

24.1109

18.50000

*

2.58915

.001

10.5558

26.4442

-2.33333

2.58915

.659

-10.2776

5.6109

-18.50000

*

2.58915

.001

-26.4442

-10.5558

(J) Item

2.00

3.00

1.00

3.00

1.00

2.00

2.00

3.00

1.00

3.00

1.00

2.00

2.00

3.00

1.00

3.00

1.00

2.00

(I) Item

1.00

2.00

3.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

Dependent Variable

powerconsumtionrate

inputcapacity

moisturecontent

Mean

Difference

(I-J)

Std. Error

Sig.

Lower Bound

Upper Bound

95% Confidence Interval

The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.

*.

Case Processing Summary

a

9

100.0%

0

.0%

9

100.0%

9

100.0%

0

.0%

9

100.0%

9

100.0%

0

.0%

9

100.0%

9

100.0%

0

.0%

9

100.0%

ShreddingEfficiency *

Commodity

powerconsumtionrate

* Commodity

inputcapacity *

Commodity

moisturecontent *

Commodity

N

Percent

N

Percent

N

Percent

Included

Excluded

Total

Cases

Limited to first 100 cases.

a.

Case Summaries

a

100.00

.23

333.33

70.00

100.00

.28

250.00

71.00

100.00

.28

303.03

69.50

3

3

3

3

100.00

.45

232.56

51.50

100.00

.41

322.58

50.50

100.00

.43

200.00

53.00

3

3

3

3

100.00

.36

125.00

50.00

100.00

.32

131.58

60.00

100.00

.34

129.87

52.00

3

3

3

3

9

9

9

9

1

2

3

N

Total

fruit

1

2

3

N

Total

rootcrop

1

2

3

N

Total

vegetable

N

Total

Commodity

Shredding

Efficiency

powercons

umtionrate

inputcapacity

moisturec

ontent

Limited to first 100 cases.

a.

ANOVA

.000

2

.000

.

.

.000

6

.000

.000

8

.039

2

.020

35.900

.000

.003

6

.001

.043

8

44785.181

2

22392.590

11.538

.009

11644.983

6

1940.831

56430.164

8

609.056

2

304.528

30.285

.001

60.333

6

10.056

669.389

8

Between Groups

Within Groups

Total

Between Groups

Within Groups

Total

Between Groups

Within Groups

Total

Between Groups

Within Groups

Total

ShreddingEfficiency

powerconsumtionrate

inputcapacity

moisturecontent

Sum of

Squares

df

Mean Square

F

Sig.

powerconsumtionrate

Tukey HSD

a

3

.2645

3

.3418

3

.4264

1.000

1.000

1.000

Item

2.00

1.00

3.00

Sig.

N

1

2

3

Subset for alpha = .05

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.

Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000.

a.

inputcapacity

Tukey HSD

a

3

128.8164

3

251.7129

3

295.4545

1.000

.487

Item

1.00

3.00

2.00

Sig.

N

1

2

Subset for alpha = .05

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.

Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000.

a.

moisturecontent

Tukey HSD

a

3

51.6667

3

54.0000

3

70.1667

.659

1.000

Item

3.00

1.00

2.00

Sig.

N

1

2

Subset for alpha = .05

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.

Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000.

a.