term5 fin an markets instruments
TRANSCRIPT
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FINANCIAL MARKETS AND INSTRUMENTS
CONTENTS..
CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL
SYSTEM
2 RESERVE BANK OF INDIA
3.MONEY MARKET,STRUCTURE,
OPERATIONS
4.S. E .B. I. GUIDELINES
5.CAPITAL MARKET ..OPERATIONS
6.MERCHANT BANKING ..ACTIVITY..7 .. NBFCSTRUCTURE AND SERVICES
8 .LEASING
9 HIRE PURCHASE
10 CREDIT RATING
11.... MUTUAL FUNDS.
12.... FACTORING
13. FORFAITING
14 VENTURE CAPITAL
15. PRIVATE EQUITY16. WEALTH MANAGEMENT
17. . OTHER FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
18.. PENSION FUND.
19. SECURITISATION
20..TERMINOLOGIES.
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OBJECTIVE.
To understand our Financial system, acquire knowledge of various
financial products, services , Institutions and use it for Corporate /
Individual requirements .
WHY TO STUDY
This subject covers the entire domestic financial system ,functions.
Various financial services provided in the system . A finance
professional should have basic knowledge of day to day happenings in
the financial system to take decision whether it is investment ,
borrowings or fund raising.
HOW TO STUDY.
1. Read Financial papers.articles by eminent finance
Professionals.
2. Understand the terminologies used in the process and their
meaning .
3. There is no comprehensive text book covering the syllabus.
4. Notes given has covered all as per syllabus.
5. Read the notes and come to the class so that the doubts can be
minimized.
WHAT ARE WE DISCUSSING
Financial markets..
Financial institutions..
Structure..operations.Regulatory authority.products
procedureshow to use the services
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CHAPTER..1INTRODUCTION..
FINANCIAL SYSTEM COMPRISES OF ..
FINANCIAL.
a. MARKETS
b. PRODUCTS.INSTRUMENTS
c. INTERMEDIARIES.
d. INVESTORS.
e. INSTITUTIONS.
f. BENEFICIARIES.
REGULATORY AUTHORITIES.
1. RESERVE BANK OF INDIA.1934
2. S E B I 1992
3. I R D A.1999
4. PENSION FUND REGULATORYAND DEVELOPMENT
AUTHORITY 2008
SAVE..INVESTRAISE FUNDS..BORROW
CREATE ASSETS PERFORM..PROFITGROWTH..
INCREASE WEALTH..
PAY BACK THE LOANS..TAKE MORE.PERFORM
BETTER..GROWTH.
BOTH THESE OPPORTUNITIES ARE AVAILABLE IN THE
MARKETS AND ALSO WITH THE INSTITUTIONS.
INVESTORS SHOULD PUT THE SURPLUS MONEY
AVAILABLE ..TO PROPER USE.
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BENEFICIARIES WOULD CREATE ASSETS WHICH WILL
GROW GENERATE SURPLUS.
System will have required Financial product for both with different
qualities.
MAIN OBJECTIVE IN THE SYSTEM WILL BE ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
REGULATORY AUTHORITIES ..FORMULATES THE
GUIDELINES FOR THE ACTIVITIES TO BE TAKEN UP BY
ALL THE PLAYERS IN THIS INVESTMENT OR FUND
RAISING GAME.
INVESTOR ALWAYS LOOKS AT..
SAFETY
LIQUIDITY
RETURN
BENEFICIARY ALWAYS LOOKS AT..
CHEAP SOURCE..
COST OF FUNDS.
SIMPLE FORMALITIES..
THE SYSTEM SHOULD ENSURE CREATION OF
INFRASTRUCTURE FOR INVESTMENT ACTIVITY andFUND RASING ACTIVITY.
FINANCE FIELD IS EVER GREEN.
CHANGES HAPPENS ..
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DUE TO EXTERNAL FACTORS..
INTERNAL FACTORS..
TO UNDERSTAND THE SUBJECT OF FINANCE AND THE
OPERATIONS
KEEP UPDATED WITH THE MARKET KNOWLEDGE ..
CONTINUOUS FOLLOW UP.
MANY FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHANGE.
( READ FINANCIAL PAPERS DAILY )
R B I ..REGULATESMONEY MARKET.BANKING
SYSTEM..GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS
SEBI.REGULATES .CAPITAL MARKET
OPERATIONS.RELATED INSTITUTIONS
IRDA.REGULATES.INSURANCE SECTOR.
PFRDA..PESNION FUND MANAGEMENT
IMPORTANT ACTIVITIES HAPPENS IN THE SYSTEM FOR THE
OPERATIONS.
1. ECONOMIC SURVEY
2. UNION BUDGET
3. RBI`SMONETARY AND CREDIT POLICY
4. FOREIGN TRADE POLICY.
THESE ARE THE TOOLS FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND
FUNCTIONING OF VARIOUS PLAYERS IN THE SYSTEM.
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CHAPTER2...
RESERVE BANK OF INDIA.
AS A REGULATORY AUTHORITY
Has 26 departmentsonly four departments have been discussed.
Established under RBI act 1934 and commenced functioning from
1.4.1935.
Central bank of country
MAKES POLICIES .
CREATES GUIDELINES.. BRINGS REGULATIONS .
MONITORS THE IMPLEMENTATION.
SUPERVISES THE OPERATIONS
PROMOTES THE SYSTEM
BRINGS IN REFORMS .
PREAMBLE OF THE ACT..
Where as it is expedient to constitute a Reserve Bank for India to
regulate the issue of bank notes and keeping the reserves operate the
currency and credit system with a view of securing monetary stability in
India and generally to of the country to its advantage .
FUNCTIONS OF CENTRAL BANK
The structure of Central bank may vary from country to country
the basic functions are..
Issuance of notes and regulation of volume of currency.
Act as a Banker to the Government.
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Acts as a Banker to Banks.
Custodian of Country`s reserves.
Lender of last resort.
Controller of credit.
Supervises Bank`s and Money market activities. Ensure economic development of the country.
FUNCTIONS CAN BE CLASSIFIED..
Traditional.
Promotional.
Supervisory.
RESPONSIBILITY
Ensure Monetary stability.
Ensure stable payment system
Ensure development of Financial infrastructure of markets and
systems.
Ensure Credit allocation according to national economic priorities
and social concerns.
IMPORTANT DEPARTMENTS..
MONETARY POLICY DEPARTMENT.
RBI Governor announces the Monetary and credit policy every yearafter the Union budget is presented.
The policy outlines the plan of action for the markets, institutions and
guidelines for functioning of our financial system for economic
development.
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The guidelines covers the Economic scenario, domestic scenario,
international economic situation and guides the market and institutions
with new policy , product, reforms to be implemented during the
financial year.
From 2005 RBI will review the policy guidelines quarterly .
BANKERS TO THE GOVERNMENT..
On behalf of Central government , State government and State
PSU`s assists in mobilizing funds from market.
Manages the Government accounts.
Manages the Public debt.
ROLE OF R.B.I. IN FINANCIAL SYSTEM..
Development of financial sector.
Strengthen the financial system. Achieve the objective of economic development.
Creation of institutions in respective field.
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CHAPTER..3.. MONEY MARKET.
It is a market for short term Money and Financial assets that are close
substitute for Money.
Assets that are converted to Money with minimum cost.
Also known as debt market.
Debt securities are tradable loans.
FEATURES..
Not a visible market.
Transactions with Oral contract
Large volume.
Quick transactions.
Structured Primary and Secondary market.
OBJECTIVES
Market enables to meet the short term deficit with short term
surpluses.
Short term users to have access to funds at a realistic price.
INSTRUMENTS.PRODUCTS..SERVICES.
1. CALL AND NOTICE MONEY
2. COMMERCIAL BILLS
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INSTRUMENTS AND PRODUCTS.
3. TREASURY BILLS
4. COMMERCIAL PAPER
5. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS
6. GOVERNMENT SECURITIES
7. REPOS.
CHARACTERISTICS.
INSTRUMENTS ISSUED AT A DISCOUNT TRADED AT ADISCOUNT AND REEDEEMED AT PAR
Assured Safety..
Highly liquid.
Reasonable return.
Short duration.
Reasonable cost of transactions.
Normally Large volumes of transactions.
ISSUERS OF SECURITIESBENEFICIARIES..
Central Government
State Government.
Government organizationsStatutory bodies.
Commercial banks.
Corporates.
INTERMEDIARIES
Registered Primary dealersmay be IndividualCommercial
banksCorporates.
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Should have a minimum net worth of Rs 50.00 crs. Most of the
Commercial banks have established P.D.
To be licensed from RBI.
INVESTORS.
Those who have surplus funds to invest for a short term duration
Commercial banks,
Financial institutions.
Other Major institutions.
Trusts
Corporates.
Individuals.
1. CALL AND NOTICE MONEY
BORROWING AND LENDING ACTIVITY BETWEEN
BANKS.
CALL MONEY MARKET DEALS WITH OVERNIGHT
FUNDS.
MORE THAN ONE DAY UPTO 14 DAYS IT IS NOTICE
MONEY.
IT IS A INTERBANK MARKET.
CALL RATE IS THE INTEREST PAID ON CALL LOANS.
FROM 6.8.2005 ALL NON BANK PARTICIPANTS EXCEPT
PD`S WOULD BE PHASED OUT .
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PRUDENTIAL LIMITS ON EXPOSURE IN THIS MARKET
LINKED TO CAPITAL FUNDS.
SCREEN BASED QUOTE BASED APPROACH IS PROPOSED.
NEED FOR USE OF SUCH PRODUCT.
TO MEET C R R REQUIREMENTS.
ILLIQUIDITY IN THE MARKET.
SUDDEN WITHDRAWALS OF FUNDS.
2. COMMERCIAL BILLS..
REPRESENTS GENUINE TRADE TRANSACTIONS.
BILLS ROUTED THROUGH COMMERCIAL BANKS.
BANKS DISCOUNT THESE BILLS.
BILLS.MAY BEDEMANDUSANCE.
BANKS CREATS ASSETS IN THE FORM BILLS
DISCOUNTING .APPROACHES R B I FOR
REDISCOUNTING TO MEET ITS LIQUIDITY.
IT IS AN ON GOING FACILITY FOR THE BANKS WITH
R B I .
THIS ALSO HAPPENS ONLY BETWEEN BANKS AND R B I .
R B I charges certain interest for this lending which is known as Bank
rate .
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3GOVERNMENT SECURITIES
G .O. I SECURITIES ARE SOVEREIGN DEBT OBLIGATIONS
INSTRUMENTS.
TO FINANCE DEFICIT AND ASSIST PUBLIC SECTOR
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES.
TENOR.2 YRS TO 30 YEARS.
COUPON EITHER PRE DETERMINED OR BIDDING
PROCESS.
GOI SECURITIES ARE APPROVED SECURITIES FOR S. L. R
REQUIREMENTS OF BANKS.
STATE GOVERNMENT SECURITIES.
AGENCY BONDS ARE ISSUED BY PSU`S GUARANTEED BY
GOVERNMENT.
CG..RS10.000/-
SG.RS.1,000/-
AGENCYRS 5,000/-
PUBLIC DEBT OFFICE A DEPARTMENT OF
R B I MANAGES THIS FUNCTION.
4TREASURY BI LLS.
KNOWN AS T-BILLS
ISSUED BY CENTRAL GOVERNMENT.
R .B. I ISSUES ON BEHALF OF GOVERNMENT FOR A
TENOR OF 91 DAYS AND 364 DAYS.
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ROUTE FOR BORROWING PROGRAMME OF THE
GOVERNMENT .
ISSUED A T A DISCOUNT AND REDEEMED AT PAR.,
ISSUED THROUGH AUCTION PROCESS.
DENOMINATION.91 DAYSRS.25000/- 364 DAYS FORRS.1,00,000/
UNIFORM PRICE AUCTION FOR 91 DAYS PAPER
CUT OFF PRICE METHOD.
MULTIPLE PRICE AUCTION FOR 364 DAYS PAPER.
RETAIL INVESTORS .THROUGH NON COMPETITIVE
BIDDING .
T-BILLS ARE FREELY TRANSFERABLE AND TRADED.OVER THE COUNTER OR THROUGH N .S.E.
SECONDARY MARKET IS VERY ACTIVE..QUOTES ARE
READILY AVAILABLE
5REPOS.
REPO MEANS AN INSTRUMENT FOR BORROWING FUNDS BYSELLING SECURITIES WITH AN AGREEMENT TO
REPURCHASE THE SAME SECURITIES ON AMUTUALLY
AGREE FUTURE DATE AT AN AGREED PRICE WHICH
INCLUDES INTEREST FOR THE FUNDS BORROWED.
SALE AND REPURC HASE OF SAME SECURITY ..BETWEEN
TWO PARTIES..
SELLER SELLS SPECIFIC SECURITY WITH AN AGREEMENTTO REPURCHASE. THE SAME AT A DECIDED FUTURE
DATE AND PRICE
( REPO)
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R B I ------ RELEASES SECURITIES TO BANKS UNDER THIS
SCHEMEMOBILISES THE FUNDS FOR THE GOVERNMENT
( REVERSE REPO)
REVERSE REPO IS AN INSTRUMENT FOR LENDING FUNDS BY
PURCHASING SECURITIES WITH ANAGREEMENT TO RESELL
THE SAME SECURITIES ON A MUTUALLY AGREED FUTURE
DATE AT AN AGREED PRICE WHICH INCLUDES INTEREST
FOR THE FUNDS LENT .
R B I ..LENDS AGAINST THE SECURITIES SOLD BYTHE
BANK WITH A REPURCHASE AGREEMENT.
SOURCE OF FUNDS FOR BANK.THIS THE RATE AT WHICH
BANKS BORROW . REPO RATE
DEPENDS UPON THE PARTY INITIATED THE TRANSACTION.
MAJOR PLAYERS ARE BANKS.
REPO RATES ARE IN LINE WITH ONGOING MARKET RATES.
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6.CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS..
CD`S ARE NEGOTIABLE MONEY MARKET INSTRUMENT.
INTRODUCED IN JUNE 1989.
ISSUED BY COMMERCIAL BANKS AND F.I.`S..not by RRB`s
SECURED SHORT TERM INSTRUMENT.
Banks can issue for any amount.FI`s have limit fixed by RBI.
ISSUED AT A DISCOUNTDISOCUNT RATE IS MARKET
DETERMINED.
FREELY TRANSFERABLE.
ISSUED IN DEMAT FORMAT.
SUBSCRIBERIndividulas, Corporates, Trusts, >.NRI on non
repatriation basisNRI should hold it till maturity.
TENOR.15 DAYS TO ONE YEAR.
FI`s can issue from 1 yr to 3 years.
CD`s issued attracts CRR and SLR as per issue price.
MIN F.V.RS.1 LAKH AND MULTIPLES.
Banks and FI`s cannot give loan against the CD`s
7. .COMMERCIAL PAPER
AN UNSECURED MONEY MARKET INSTRUMENT. ISSUED IN THE FORM OF PROMISSORY NOTE.
INTRODUCED IN 1990.
ALTERNATIVE SOURCE FOR HIGHLY RATED
CORPORATES TO RAISE FUNDS FOR SHORT TERM
REQUIREMENTS.
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ISSUERS..
CORPORATES.
PRIMARY DEALERS
FI`S AS PER R B I GUIDELINES.
ELIGIBILITY.. CORPORATES..
T .N .W AS PER LAST AUDITED BALANCE SHEET NOT
LESS THAN RS.4 CRS.
SHOULD HAVE SACTIONED WORKING CAPITAL LIMIT.
ASSET SHOULD BE CLASSIFIED AS STANDARD ASSET.
FEATURES OF THE INSTRUMENT.
TO BE RATEDBY CRA`S
.MUST HAVE MINIMUM P2 OF CRISIL OR
EQUIVALENT . SHOULD BE CURRENT NOT DUE FOR
REVIEW.
ISSUED FOR A PERIOD OF MIN..7 DAYS TO
MAXIMUM 365 DAYS.
ISSUED IN THE DENOMINATIONS OF
RS.5.LAKHS
CAN BE ISSUED AS A STAND ALONE
PRODUCT.
AMOUNT OF FUNDS TO BE RAISED LIMITSTO BOARD OF DIRECTOR APPROVALOR AS
INDICATED BY C R A AS PER RATING
MUST BE COMPLETED WITH IN TWO WEEKS
FROM ISSUE OPENING .
CAN BE ISSUED EITHER IN PHYSICAL OR
DEMAT FORMAT.
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APPOINT A INTERMEDIARYMAY BE MERCHANT
BANKER.FOR MARKETING.
GET THE INSTRUMENT RATED.
GET THE FUNDS BY SALE OF C.P.
ON DUE DATE WHO EVER IS THE HOLDER OF C.P. WILL
GET THE REPAYMENT .
I P A SHOULD REPORT TO R B I THE C.P. ISSUE.
ISSUER SHOULD DISCLOSE IN THEIR ANNUAL REPORT
THE FUNDS RAISED THORUGH THIS ROUTE.
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OPERATIONAL ASPECTS OF MONEY MARKET..
REGULATORY AUTHORITYRESERVE BANK OF
INDIA..
PUBLIC DEBT ACT 1944.FIXED INCOME MONEY MARKET AND DERIVATIVES
ASSOCIATION OF INDIA (FIMMDA)..S.R.O.
RECOMMENDS
HEALTHY BUSINESS PRACTICES..
EHTICAL CODE OF CONDUCT
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES
In the year 2000Government clearly delineated the areas of
responsibility
R B I .CONTROLS..G sec tradesGold related securities
Money market securities
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SEBI controls the MF, and other operations on Stock exchange.. trading
mechanism..etc.
LIQUIDITY ADJUSTMENT FACILITY
Introduced in 1999. as a Banking sector reforms.
Management of short term liquidity .
RBI infuses funds..takes away the funds depends upon the situation..operates through Repos and
reverse repo operations..rate for the transactions represents the
interest rate at which RBI does the transactions.
French auction..
Multiple price allotment.all bids below cut off price will be rejected.
Allotment will be made to the highest bidder balance with any givento next highest bidder..
MULTIPLE PRICE AUCTION.FRENCH AUCTION
Cut off yield 6.20%
BANK YIELD
A 5.80%.......rs.400.00 crs
B 6.25%.......rs.300.00C 6.35%.......rs1000.00
D 6.50%.......rs2000.00
E 5.95%......rs. 800.00
F 6.00%......rs1200.00
Higher than 6.20% is rejected.
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Lowest yield first priority
Second lowest second.
A will get first priority
E will get second
F gets last priority
In this auction the government will be benefited by issuing at different
yield as per bid.
The cost of funds will be better.
RBI IS LOOKING AT COST OF FUNDS.
INVESTOR IS LOOKING AT THE RETURNS/YIELD
Dutch auction
Uniform price allotment.
The bidders at lower than cut off price are rejected.
Allotment will be made at a uniform price to all those who have bid
above cut off price at the same price.
Those bids at higher than cut off will be given priority.
UNIFROM PRICE AUCTION..DUTCH AUCTION
BANK YIELD
A 5.80%
B 6.25%
C 6.35%
D 6.50%
E 5.95%
F 6.00%
The cut off yield is set at 6.10%.
All banks which have yields not exceeding 6.10% namely A, E, and F
will get the securities with 6.10% yield .
From April 2009 RBI will auction the Govt securities under Uniform
price auction.
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EXAMPLE
1)
X purchased a T bill of Rs1000/- for Rs 987, 90 days before maturity
What is the yield on this T bill ?
Yield(Face value-Price) X365 x100
-----------------------------------------
Price x no of days of maturity
5.342%
2)
A is offered a T bill of Rs 1000/- for rs 968, 182 days before the date ofmaturity,
A expects an yield of 6.25%.Would A buy the T bill offered?
6.629%
.
RECENT CHANGES..
R B I has phased out non banking entities from call money market.
Introduction of R T G S..Real time gross settlement ( faster settlement
in case of banks) has been introduced.
COLLATERISED BORROWING AND LENDING
OBLIGATIONCBLO..
CBLOis a negotiable instrument developed by CCILplatform
for borrowing /lending.no credit risk associated.CCILProvides
guarantee against default.to be trade on CCIL Platform..(clearing
corporation of India ltd).
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BENCHMARK RATES..
Are prices of instruments that are traded in the market. which are used
for pricing other instruments.
Internationally accepted benchmark is LIBOR ( London inter bank
offer rate)
National stock exchange developed Bench mark rate for Indian
markets
MIBID..MUMBAI INTER BANK BID RATE
MIBOR.MUMBAI INTER BANK OFFER RATE
Both these are used for short term and medium term in Money market.
FIMMDAFIXED INCOME MONEY MARKET AND DERAVITIVE
ASSOCIATION
CREATES BENCHMARK RATES WHICH CAN BE USED BY THE
MARKET PLAYERS.
Computation is based on the data collected. Computation should be
done on a day to day basis on a time bound schedule. .
GOVERNMENT SECURITIES INDICES..
Index provides a benchmark for a portfolio management .
FOUR INDICES ARE THERE FOR GOVERNMENT SECURITIES
MARKET.
IBEX PUBLISHED BY ICICI SECURITIES.GOVERNMENT SECURITIES INDEX BYN S E
JP MORGAN`S INDIA GOVENRMENT BOND INDEX.
SBI-GILT INDEX..
SECONDARY MARKET..
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FIXED INCOME DERIVATIVES
An investor in the Fixed income market is exposed to various risks
including Interest risk.
Income may be from.Interest payments..capital gains/loss
reinvestment income.
Inverse relation to the price of Bond and interest rates.
These are hedged by Interest rate derivatives
Interest rate swaps
Forward rate agreements are popular ..
INTEREST RATE SWAPS
Two parties agreed to exchange a stream of interest payments for a
notional principal amount.
The transactionsmay be between
Fixed to floating rate.
Floating rate to fixed rate.
One floating rate to other floating rate
Outflow will be only Interest payment
DISOCUNT AND FINANCE HOUSE OF INDIA LTD..
SET UP IN 1988 AS PER THE VAGHUL COMMITTEE
RECOMMENDATIONS.
PROMOTED BY R B I AND CB`S AND FI`S .
A LEADING PRIMARY DEALER.
TO MANAGE THE LIQUIDITY IMBALANCE IN MONEYMARKET.
TO BE AN ACTIVE TRADER IN THE SECONDARY MARKET OF
MONEY MARKET.
PROVIDE SAFE AND RISK FREE INVESTMENT AVENUES.
GREATER LIQUIDITY.
IN JUNE 2004 SBI GILTS LTD MERGED WITH DFHI .
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
CHAPTER4
SEBI GUIDELINES..
S E B ISECURITY EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA .
Concept of SEBI is based on SEC of US.
1990 ..started functioningunderstudy to C C I .
1991..CCI abolished ..
1992SEBI act was passed.it became the regulatory authority
for capital market operations.
Objectives..
1. To protect the interest of the investors.
2. Bring in Disclosure norms
3. To promote, regulate and develop the securities market and its
operations.
REFORMS (CHANGES) IN CAPITAL MARKET
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SEBIAS A REGULATORY AUTHORITY.
Identification of Intermediaries.
Registration of intermediaries.( Mandatory) Capital adequacy./Code of conduct
Norms for all intermediaries.
Eligibility criteria for issuers.
Free pricingjustification of pricing
Disclosure norms.( Various changes brought in )
High lights
Risk factors/management perception.
Due diligence certificate
M.O.U. Inter se allocation of responsibilities.
Under writing (optional.)
Lock in period
Share holding pattern
Rating of debt instruments.
Book building process.
Reduction of time in post issue activities.
Refund of subscription in case of no underwriting.
Guidelines for Debt issue. Penalty points for MB`s
Guidelines to Bonus issue.
Acquisition ./ Take over guidelines.
Buy back of shares.
Guidelines on Insider trading .
Creation of MF as a separate entity
Creation of AMC for MF
Concept of Promoters contribution In Equity issue, Debt issue,
Rights issues
Indian company to access International capital market.( ADR
GDR)
ESOP
Introduction of new investors
Guidelines for private placement.
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Stock exchange under SEBI guidelines.
Setting up of OTCEI
Setting up of NSE
SETTING UP OF I.C.S.E.
Setting up of Inter connected stock exchange. Introduction of Demat system
Introduction 1% deposit with Stock exchanges by issuer.
Release of 90 % of the amount subscribed in Rights issue to
Issuer.
No need to approach ROC for Public issue clearances.
All activities have reporting system.
Removal of Badla.
Derivatives trading.( futures and options)
Introduction INDO NEXT platform for MID CAP stocks trading.( YET TO FINALISE)
Demutualisation Of stock exchanges
Guidelines for IPO through Debt instruments..
Introduction ASBA FACILITY.
SEBI will change the guidelines as per the changes required in
the financial system by amending the existing guidelines which
will be circulated to the respective intermediaries and also any
one have access through website of SEBI.
ACTIVITIES OF CAPITAL MARKET GOVERNED BY SEBI
GUIDELINES.
ISSUER OF SECURITIES.
PUBLIC ISSUE
RIGHTS ISSUE
BONUS ISSUE.
BOOK BUILDING PROCESS.
DRAFTING OF OFFER DOCUMENTS.MERCHANT BANKER.
REGISTRAR TO ISSUE/SHARE TRANSFER AGENCY
BANKER TO ISSUE
BROKERS TO ISSUE
UNDERWRITERS TO ISSUE
DEBENTURE TRUSTEE
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CREDIT RATING
DEPOSITORIES.
CUSTODIAL SERVICES.
OPERATIONS OF STOCK EXCHANGE.
PORTFOLIO MANAGERS
FOREIGN INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS.
VENTURE CAPITAL.
MUTUAL FUNDS
ADR/GDR ISSUES
SUBSTANTIAL ACQUISITION /TAKE OVERS
BUY BACK OF SECURITIES.
ISSUE OF SWEAT EQUITY.
COLLECTIVE INVESTMENT SCHEME.
PRICING OF AN ISSUE.
DISCLOSURE AND INVESTOR PROTECTION.
OFFER DOCUMENTS.PROSPECTUS.SEBI
GUIDELINES
DISCLOSURES TO BE MADE..
STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS DEFINED..
HIGHLIGHTS
RISKFACTORSMANAGEMENT PERCEPTION..
GOVERNMENT APPROVALS
SEBI DISCLAIMER CLAUSE
STOCK EXCHANGE DISCLAIMER CLAUSE..LISTING.
MINIMUM SUBSCRIPTION
RATING AND DEBENTURE TRUSTEE (IN CASE OF DEBT ISSUE)
ISSUE MANAGEMENT TEAM
CAPITAL STRUCTURE LOCK IN PERIODBUILD UP OF
CAPITAL
SHAREHOLDING PATTERN.TERMS OF THE ISSUE.
INSTRUCTIONS TO APPLICANTS.
INFORMATION ABOUT DEPOSITORY.
STOCK INVEST PROCEDURE.
TAX BENEFITS.
OBJECTS OF THE ISSUE.
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KNG/MERU
COMPANY PROFILE.
PROMOTERS BACK GROUND.
GROUP COMPANIES.
BOARD OF DIRECTORSOTHER DIRECTORSHIP
PROJECT DETAILS.
INDUSTRY PROFILE.
BUSINESS PROFILE.
OUTSTANDING LITIGATIONS.
JUSTIFICATION PRICINGQUALITATIVEQUANTITATIVE.
( ISSUE WITH PREMIUM)
FINANCIALSAUDIT REPORT.
MAIN PROVISIONS OF ARTICLES.
MATERIAL CONTRACTS ..DOCUMENTS
PROJECTIONS ..VS..PERFORMANCE. ( INCASE OF COMPANY
GOING FOR 2nd TIME THROUGH PUBLIC ISSUE).
For Offer document of Rights issue.Letter Of offerinformation
is kept at minimum as the existing share holders knows more about the
company..normally statutory clauses will be furnished.
SCHEDULE I(Clause 5.3.1.2)
MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN THE LEAD
MERCHANT
BANKER TO THE ISSUE AND THE ISSUER COMPANY
THIS MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING MADE
BETWEEN....... (name of the
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issuing company), A COMPANY WITHIN THE MEANING OF THE
COMPANIES ACT,
1956 AND HAVING ITS REGISTERED OFFICE AT ......... (registered
office address of
the issuing company) (HEREINAFTER REFERRED TO AS the
Company) AND........
a Company registered under the Companies Act 1956, and having its
registered office
at...................... with the branch office at (hereinafter referred to as the
Lead Merchant
Banker).
WHEREAS:
1. The Company is taking steps for issue of...................... (particulars of
the issue)
to the public / existing shareholders of the Company; the said issue ofshares/debentures is hereinafter referred to as the issue; AND
2. The company has approached the Lead Merchant Banker to manage
the issue
and the Lead Merchant Banker has accepted the engagement inter-alia
subject
to the company entering into memorandum of understanding for the
purpose
being these presents;
NOW, THEREFORE, the Company and the Lead Merchant Banker do
hereby agree
as follows:
1. Besides the Lead Merchant Banker, .........., ............, and .................,
would be
acting as the co-managers to the issue.
2. The Company hereby declares that it has complied with or agrees to
comply
with all the statutory formalities under the Companies Act, Guidelines
for
Disclosure and Investor Protection issued by the Securities andExchange
Board of India (hereinafter referred to as the Board) and other
relevant statutes
to enable it to make the issue and in particular in respect of the
following
matters:
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(Give details and particulars of statutory compliances which the
company has to
fulfil before making the issue)
Consent of the general body has been obtained vide........... (details of the
resolution) and in accordance to the terms of the Resolution passed by
the
General Meeting held on .............. (date of the meeting).
3. The company undertakes and declares that any information made
available to
the Lead Merchant Banker or any statement made in the Offer
Documents shall
(Updated till June 10, 2007)
Page 247 of 348
be complete in all respects and shall be true and correct and that under
nocircumstances it shall give or withhold any information or statement
which is
likely to mislead the investors.
4. The Company also undertakes to furnish complete audited annual
report(s),
other relevant documents, papers, information relating to pending
litigations, etc.
to enable the Lead Merchant Banker to corroborate the information
and
statements given in the Offer Documents.
5. The Company shall, if so required, extend such facilities as may be
called for by
the Lead Merchant Banker/(s) to enable him to visit the plant site, office
of the
Company or such other place/(s) to ascertain for himself the true state
of affairs
of the company including the progress made in respect of the project
implementation, status and other facts relevant to the issue.
6. The Company shall extend all necessary facilities to the LeadMerchant Banker
to interact on any matter relevant to the Issue with the solicitors / legal
advisors,
auditors, co-managers, consultants, advisors to the Issue, the financial
institutions, banks, or any other organisation, and also with any other
intermediaries who may be associated with the issue in any capacity
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whatsoever.
7. The Company shall ensure that all advertisements prepared and
released by the
Advertising Agency or otherwise in connection with the Issue conform
to
regulations, guidelines etc. issued by the Board and instructions given
by the
Lead Merchant Banker/(s) from time to time and that it shall not make
any
misleading, incorrect statement in the advertisements, press releases, or
in any
material relating to the Issue or at any Press / Brokers / Investors
Conferences.
8. The Company shall not, without prior approval of the Lead
Merchant Banker,appoint other intermediaries or other persons such as Registrars to the
Issue,
Bankers to the Issue, Refund Bankers, Advertising Agencies, Printers
for
printing application forms, allotment advices / allotment letters, share
certificates/
debenture certificates, refund orders or any other instruments,
circulars, or
advices.
9. In consultation with the Lead Merchant Banker, the company shall,
whenever
required, enter into a Memorandum of Understanding with the
concerned
intermediary associated with the issue, clearly setting forth their mutual
rights,
responsibilities and obligations. A certified true copy of such
Memorandum shall
be furnished to the Lead Merchant Banker.
10. The Company shall take such steps as are necessary to ensure thecompletion
of allotment and despatch of letters of allotment and refund orders to
the
applicants including NRIs soon after the basis of allotment has been
approved
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by the stock exchanges and in any case not later than the statutory time
limit
and in the event of failure to do so pay interest to the applicants as
provided
under the Companies Act, 1956.
(Updated till June 10, 2007)
Page 248 of 348
11. The Company shall take steps to pay the underwriting commission
and
brokerage to the underwriters and stock brokers, etc. within the time
specified in
any agreement with such underwriters or within a reasonable time.
12. The Company undertakes to furnish such information and
particulars regarding
the issue as may be required by the Lead Merchant Banker to enablehim to file
a report with the Board in respect of the issue.
13. The company shall keep the Lead Merchant Banker informed if it
encounters
any problems due to dislocation of communication system or any other
material
adverse circumstance which is likely to prevent or which has prevented
the
Company from complying with its obligations, whether statutory or
contractual, in
respect of the matters pertaining to allotment, despatch of refund orders
/ share
certificates / debenture certificates etc.
14. The company shall not resort to any legal proceedings in respect of
any matter
having a bearing on the issue except in consultation with and after
receipt of the
advice from the Lead Merchant Banker.
15. The company shall not access the money raised in the issue tillfinalisation of
basis of allotment or completion of offer formalities.
16. The company shall refund the money raised in the issue to the
applicants if
required to do so for any reason such as failing to get listing permission
or under
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any direction or order of SEBI. The company shall pay requisite
interest amount
if so required under the laws or direction or order of SEBI.
17. Clauses relating to rights of Lead Merchant Banker vis--vis the
issuer shall be
inserted.
18. Consequences of breach.
In Witness whereof the parties hereto have set their hands on the day
and the year
hereinabove written.
(Updated till June 10, 2007)
Page 249 of 348
SCHEDULE II
(Clause 5.3.2.1)
INTERSE ALLOCATION OF RESPONSIBILITIES
I. The Lead Merchant Bankers shall make interse allocation of the
activities / sub
activities.
II. The lead merchant banker shall ensure that activity wise allocation is
properly
delineated and that the Board is advised the name of the Lead Merchant
Banker
responsible for each set of activities / sub-activities, well before opening
of issue.
This advice must be signed by all Lead Merchant Bankers to issue.
III. Where the circumstances warrant joint and several responsibility of
Lead
Merchant Bankers for a particular activity, a co-ordinator designated
from
among the Lead Merchant Bankers shall furnish to the Board, whencalled for,
with information, report, comments etc. on matters relating to the
activity (of joint
and several responsibility).
IV. The activities / sub-activities may be grouped on the following lines:
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(a) Capital structuring with the relative components and formalities
such as
composition of debt and equity, type of instruments.
(b) Drafting and Design of the offer document and of advertisement /
publicity
material including newspaper advertisements and brochure /
memorandum
containing salient features of the offer document.
The designated Lead Merchant Banker shall ensure compliance with
the
Guidelines for Disclosure and Investor Protection and other stipulated
requirements and completion of prescribed formalities with Stock
Exchange,
Registrar of Companies and SEBI.
(d) Marketing of the issue, which will cover, inter alia, formulatingmarketing
strategies, preparation of publicity budget, arrangements for selection
of (i)
ad-media, (ii) centres of holding conferences of brokers, investors etc.
(iii)
bankers to issue, (iv) collection centres (v) brokers to issue and (vi)
underwriters and the underwriting arrangement, distribution of
publicity and
issue material including application form, prospectus and brochure, and
deciding on the quantum of issue material.
(e) Selection of various agencies connected with issue, namely Registrars
to
Issue, printers and advertising agencies.
(f) Follow-up with bankers to the issue to get quick estimates of
collection and
advising the issuer about closure of the issue, based on the correct
figures.
(Updated till June 10, 2007)
Page 250 of 348(g) The post-issue activities will involve essential follow-up steps, which
must
include finalisation of basis of allotment / weeding out of multiple
applications, listing of instruments and despatch of certificates and
refunds,
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with the various agencies connected with the work such as registrars to
the
issue, bankers to the issue, and the bank handling refund business.
(h) Even if many of these post-issue activities would be handled by other
intermediaries, the designated Lead Merchant Banker shall be
responsible
for ensuring that these agencies fulfil their functions and enable him to
discharge this responsibility through suitable agreements with the issuer
company.
(i) Ordinarily, one Lead Merchant Banker shall be responsible for post
issue
activities.
(Updated till June 10, 2007)
Page 251 of 348
354(SCHEDULE III)354
Substituted vide SEBI/CFD/DIL/DIP/Circular No. 11 dated August 14,
2003 for the following:
SCHEDULE III
(Clause 5.3.3.1)
FORMAT OF DUE DILIGENCE CERTIFICATE TO BE GIVEN BY
LEADMERCHANT BANKER(S) ALONGWITH DRAFT OFFER
DOCUMENT
To,SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA
Dear Sirs,
SUB.: ISSUE OF ____________________ BY _______________LTD.
We, the under noted Lead Merchant Banker (s) to the above mentioned
forthcoming issue state as follows :
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1. We have examined various documents including those relating to
litigation like commercial disputes, patent
disputes, disputes with collaborators etc. and other materials more
particularly referred to in the Annexure
hereto in connection with the finalisation of the draft prospectus/letter
of offer pertaining to the said issue;
(2) On the basis of such examination and the discussions with the
company, its directors and other officers,
other agencies, independent verification of the statements concerning
the objects of the issue, projected
profitability, price justification and the contents of the documents
mentioned in the Annexure and other
papers furnished by the company, WE CONFIRM that:
(a) the draft prospectus/letter of offer forwarded to the Board is in
conformity with the documents, materialsand papers relevant to the issue;
(b) all the legal requirements connected with the said issue as also the
guidelines, instructions, etc. issued by
the Board, the Government and any other competent authority in this
behalf have been duly complied
with; and
the disclosures made in the draft prospectus / letter of offer are true,
fair and adequate to enable the
investors to make a well informed decision as to the investment in the
proposed issue.
(3) We confirm that besides ourselves, all the intermediaries named in
the prospectus/letter of offer are
registered with the Board and that till date such registration is valid.
(4) We have satisfied ourselves about the worth of the underwriters to
fulfil their underwriting commitments.
(5) We certify that written consent from shareholders has been obtained
for inclusion of their securities as
part of promoters contribution subject to lock-in and the securities
proposed to form part of promoterscontribution subject to lock-in, will not be disposed / sold / transferred
by the promoters during the period
starting from the date of filing the draft prospectus with the Board till
the date of commencement of lock-in
period as stated in the draft prospectus.
PLACE: LEAD MERCHANT BANKER(S) TO THE ISSUE
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DATE: WITH HIS/ THEIR SEAL (S)
ANNEXURE TO THE DUE DILIGENCE CERTIFICATE FOR THE
ISSUE OF _______________________
BY ______________________________LIMITED
1. Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Company.
2. Letter of Intent/SIA Registration/Foreign Collaboration
Approval/Approval for import of plant and
machinery, if applicable.
3. Necessary clearance from governmental, statutory, municipal
authorities etc. for implementation of the
project, wherever applicable.
4. Documents in support of the track record and experience of the
promoters and their professional
competence.
5. Listing agreement of the Company for existing securities on the StockExchanges.
6. Consent letters from Companys auditors, Bankers to issue, Bankers
to the Company, Lead Merchant
Bankers, Brokers and where applicable, Proposed Trustees.
7. Applications made by the company to the financial institutions/banks
for financial assistance as per object
of the Issue and copies of relative sanction letters.
8. Underwriting letters from the proposed underwriters to the issue.
9. Audited Balance Sheets of the Company/Promoter companies for
relevant periods.
10. Auditors certificate regarding tax-benefits available to the
Company, Shareholders and Debenture
holders.
(Updated till June 10, 2007)
Page 252 of 348
(Clause 5.3.3.1)
FORMAT OF DUE DILIGENCE CERTIFICATE TO BE GIVEN BY
LEAD MERCHANTBANKER(S) ALONGWITH DRAFT OFFERDOCUMENT
To,
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA
Dear Sirs,
SUB.: ISSUE OF ____________________ BY _______________LTD.
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We, the under noted Lead Merchant Banker (s) to the above mentioned
forthcoming
issue state as follows:
1. We have examined various documents including those relating to
litigation like
commercial disputes, patent disputes, disputes with collaborators etc.
and other
materials more particularly referred to in the Annexure hereto in
connection with
the finalisation of the draft prospectus/letter of offer pertaining to the
said issue;
2. On the basis of such examination and the discussions with the
company, its
directors and other officers, other agencies, independent verification of
thestatements concerning the objects of the issue, projected profitability,
price
justification and the contents of the documents mentioned in the
Annexure and
other papers furnished by the company, WE CONFIRM that:
11. Certificate from Architects or any other competent authority on
project implementation schedule furnished
by the company, if applicable.
12. Reports from Government agencies / expert agencies / consultants /
company regarding market demand
and supply for the product, industry scenario, standing of the foreign
collaborators, etc.
13. Documents in support of the infrastructural facilities, raw material
availability, etc.
14. Auditors Report indicating summary of audited accounts for the
period including that of subsidiaries of the
company.
15. Stock Exchange quotations of the last 3 years duly certified by
regional stock exchange in case of anexisting company.
16. Applications to RBI and approval thereof for allotment of shares to
non-residents, if any, as also for
collaboration terms and conditions.
17. Minutes of Board and General Body meetings of the company for
matters which are in the prospectus.
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18. Declaration in Form 32 from Directors (for particulars of
Directorship) or the Company Secretarys
certificate in this regard.
19. Revaluation certificate of companys assets given by Government
Valuer or any other approved Valuer.
20. Environmental clearance as given by Pollution Control Board of the
State Government or the Central
Government as applicable.
21. Certificate from companys solicitors in regard to compliance of
legal provisions of the Prospectus as also
applicability of FERA/MRTP provisions to the company.
22. Other documents, reports etc. as are relevant / necessary for true,
fair and adequate disclosures in the
draft prospectus / letter of offer (to give details).
23. True copy of the Board resolution passed by the issuer authorising arepresentative of the Registrar to act
on its behalf in relation to handling of stockinvests.
PLACE: LEAD MERCHANT BANKER (S) TO THE ISSUE
DATE: WITH HIS / THEIR SEAL (S)
(Updated till June 10, 2007)
Page 253 of 348
(a) the draft prospectus/letter of offer forwarded to the Board is in
conformity
with the documents, materials and papers relevant to the issue;
(b) all the legal requirements connected with the said issue as also the
guidelines, instructions, etc. issued by the Board, the Government and
any
other competent authority in this behalf have been duly complied with;
and
the disclosures made in the draft prospectus / letter of offer are true,
fair and
adequate to enable the investors to make a well informed decision as to
the
investment in the proposed issue.3. We confirm that besides ourselves, all the intermediaries named in
the
prospectus/letter of offer are registered with the Board and that till date
such
registration is valid.
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4. We have satisfied ourselves about the worth of the underwriters to
fulfil their
underwriting commitments.
5. We certify that written consent from shareholders has been obtained
for
inclusion of their securities as part of promoters contribution subject to
lock-in
and the securities proposed to form part of promoters contribution
subject to
lock-in, will not be disposed / sold / transferred by the promoters during
the
period starting from the date of filing the draft prospectus with the
Board till the
date of commencement of lock-in period as stated in the draft
prospectus.PLACE: LEAD MERCHANT BANKER(S) TO THE ISSUE
DATE: WITH HIS/ THEIR SEAL (S)
(Updated till June 10, 2007)
Page 254 of 348
ANNEXURE TO THE DUE DILIGENCE CERTIFICATE FOR THE
ISSUE OF
_______________________ BY
______________________________LIMITED
1. Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Company.
2. Letter of Intent/SIA Registration/Foreign Collaboration
Approval/Approval for
import of plant and machinery, if applicable.
3. Necessary clearance from governmental, statutory, municipal
authorities etc. for
implementation of the project, wherever applicable.
4. Documents in support of the track record and experience of the
promoters and
their professional competence.5. Listing agreement of the Company for existing securities on the Stock
Exchanges.
6. Consent letters from Companys auditors, Bankers to issue, Bankers
to the
Company, Lead Merchant Bankers, Brokers and where applicable,
Proposed
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Trustees.
7. Applications made by the company to the financial institutions/banks
for financial
assistance as per object of the Issue and copies of relative sanction
letters.
8. Underwriting letters from the proposed underwriters to the issue.
9. Audited Balance Sheets of the Company/Promoter companies for
relevant
periods.
10. Auditors certificate regarding tax-benefits available to the
Company,
Shareholders and Debenture holders.
11. Certificate from Architects or any other competent authority on
project
implementation schedule furnished by the company, if applicable.12. Reports from Government agencies / expert agencies / consultants /
company
regarding market demand and supply for the product, industry
scenario,
standing of the foreign collaborators, etc.
13. Documents in support of the infrastructural facilities, raw material
availability,
etc.
14. Auditors Report indicating summary of audited accounts for the
period including
that of subsidiaries of the company.
15. Stock Exchange quotations of the last 3 years duly certified by
designated stock
exchange in case of an existing company.
(Updated till June 10, 2007)
Page 255 of 348
16. Applications to RBI and approval thereof for allotment of shares to
nonresidents,
if any, as also for collaboration terms and conditions.17. Minutes of Board and General Body meetings of the company for
matters which
are in the prospectus.
18. Declaration in Form 32 from Directors (for particulars of
Directorship) or the
Company Secretarys certificate in this regard.
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19. Revaluation certificate of companys assets given by Government
Valuer or any
other approved Valuer.
20. Environmental clearance as given by Pollution Control Board of the
State
Government or the Central Government as applicable.
21. Certificate from companys solicitors in regard to compliance of
legal provisions
of the Prospectus as also applicability of FERA/MRTP provisions to the
company.
22. Other documents, reports etc. as are relevant / necessary for true,
fair and
adequate disclosures in the draft prospectus / letter of offer (to give
details).
23. 355(Deleted)PLACE: LEAD MERCHANT BANKER (S) TO THE
DATE: ISSUE WITH HIS / THEIR SEAL (S)
355 Omitted the following clause vide SEBI Circular No.
SEBI/CFD/DIL/DIP/14/2005/25/1 dated January 25,
2005:
True copy of the Board resolution passed by the issuer authorising a
representative of the Registrar to act on its
behalf in relation to handling of stockinvests.
(Updated till June 10, 2007)
Page 256 of 348
CHAPTER5
CAPITAL MARKET
Market for Long term funding
Market more for retail investors .
Also called as speculative market.
Volatile market.
Capital market comprises of .
I..1..ISSUERS
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CORPORATES.
COMMERCIAL BANKS,FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS.
I..2. INSTRUMENTS..( PRODUCTS)
EQUITY SHARES..
PREFERENCE SHARES.
DEBT FAMILY.
DEBENTURES
.FULLY CONVERTIBLE ,
PARTLY CONVERTIBLE ,
NON CONVERTIBLE,
BONDS..CONVERTIBLE, REDEEMABLE
I3.. INTERMEDIARIES..
MERCHANT BANKER.
REGISTRAR TO ISSUE.
BANKERS TO ISSUE.
UNDERWRITERS
BROKERS.
DEBENTURE TRUSTEE.
I..4.. INSTITUTIONS..
STOCK EXCHANGES.
DEPOSITORIES.
CUSTODIANS.
CREDIT RATING AGENCY.
I..5.. INVESTORS.
INDIVIDUALS.
HUF
TRUSTS.
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CORPORATES.
COMMERCIAL BANKS.
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS.
FOREIGN INSTITUIONAL INVESTORS.
NRI..
NRI (NR)
FUND RAISING ROUTES.
INITIAL PUBLIC OFFER.( I P O )
FURTHER PUBLIC OFFER.
BOTH THE ABOVE CAN BE ..FIXED PRICE ROUTE
PREMIUM WITH A FIXED PRICE OR BOOK BUILDING
ROUTE
RIGHTS ISSUE.
PRIVATE PLACEMENT
OFFER DOCUMENTS..
FOR A PUBLIC ISSUE..PROSPECTUS.
FOR A BOOK BUILDING ISSUE..RED HERRING RPOSPECTUS.
FOR A RIGHTS ISSUE.LETTER OF OFFER
FOR PRIVATE PLACEMENT.INFORMATION MEMORANDUM.
FUND RAISING EXERCISE
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ISSUER SELECTS AN INSTRUMENT
AND
TAKES THE ASSISTANCE OF THE INTERMEDIARIES
AND
AVAIL THE SERVICES OF THE INSTITUTIONS
AND
OFFER THE SAME TO THE INVESTORS
FOR MOBILISING FUNDS FROM THE INVSTORS.
SEBI GUIDELINES WILL BE FOLLOWED .
MERCHANT BANKER IS THE IMPORTANT
INTERMEDIARY IN CARRYING OUT THIS
EXERCISE WITH A PROPER PLANNING AND
COORDINATION.
INVESTORS CAN SUBSCRIBE TO THE ISSUE OR
MAKEA BID FOR THE ISSUE DEPENDING UPON
THE NATURE OF ROUTE TAKEN BY THE
ISSUER.
SEBI HAS GIVEN GUIDELINES FOR THE
PLAYERS IN THE CAPITAL MARKET
CHAPTER..6
MERCHANT BANKING
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NECESSITY OF SUCH SERVICES..
CHANGE IN INDUSTRIAL SCENARIO..
GROWTH IN CORPORATE SECTOR
NEW SOURCES OF FUNDS. LACK OF PROFESSIONAL SERVICES
PROPER CAPITAL STRUCTURING.
COMPLEXITY IN CAPITAL /MONEY MARKET
PRODUCTS.
IDENTIFYING APPROPRIATE SOURCE.
ACTIVITIES
PROJECT COUNSELLING
PROJECT APPRAISAL SERVICES
LOAN SYNDICATION
ISSUE MANAGEMENT.
TREASURY MANAGEMENT SERVICES.
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE.
ADVISORY SERVICES..
ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF MERCHANT BANKER.
MERCHANT BANKERSELF
A PROFESSIONAL IN THE FINANCE FIELD.
A WELL ORGANISED FINANCE PROFESSIONAL.
IDENTIFIED AS A CORPORATE FRIEND.
A WELL INFORMED INTERMEDIARY.
QUALITIES
GOOD LISTENER.
PLANNER.
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ORGANISER.
COORDINATOR.
RELATIONSHIP MANAGER.
INDUSTRY/MARKET KNOWLEDGE.
ANALYTICAL SKILLS.
ISSUE ASSIGNMENT...MERCHANT BANKER
LEAD THE TEAM
CORRECT GUIDANCE PROPER PRICING
PROFESSIONAL WORK.
SUCCESS.
MERCHANT BANKER
Should ..
Be good at Due diligence work.
Understand the Disclosure concept.
Do Proper pricing of the securities.
Market the securities effectively.
ISSUE MANAGEMENT From ..Merchant Bankers view
ONLY ACTIVITY ..VISIBILITY OF M. B.
PLAN THE ACTIVITY.
ACTIVITY CHART AND RESPONSIBILITY.
GOOD RELATION WITH OTHER INTERMEDIARIES .
UNDERSTAND THE MARKET
PRICE THE ISSUE PROPERLY.
EACH ASSIGNMENT IS DIFFERENT.
DRAFTING OF THE OFFER DOCUMENT AND CAPITAL
STRUCTURE IS VERY IMPORTANT.
MARKETING .MERCHANT BANKER
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PROPER PRESENTATION TO INVESTORS.
IDENTIFY PROPER SOURCES.
NOT A SECONDARY MARKET MAN
RESPONSIBILITIES.
COMMITTMENT TO ISSUER.
COMMITTMENT TO INVESTORS. ( DISCLOSURE )
FOLLOW THE ETHICS.
NO COMPROMISES.
GOALSUCCESS
FOLLOW UP. RELATION BASED.
CONTINUITY IN SERVICES.
BUILDING UP SELF IMAGE
MORE PROFESSIONAL APPROACH.
kng
CASE STUDY FOR A MERCHANT BANKING ACTIVITY..
COST OF THE PROJECT HAS BEEN GIVEN FOR TWO
DIFFERENT SITUATIONS.
HOW A MERCHANT BANKER ADVISES HIS CLIENT ABOUT
THE FURTHER PLAN OF ACTION FOR FUNDING .
RS IN LAKHS
I II
NEW UNIT 6 YEARS OLD
LAND 20.00 50.00
LAND DEVELOPMENT 5.00 10.00
BUILDING
FACTORY 75.00 250.00OFFICE 20.00 100.00
QUARTERS 50.00 150.00
PLANT AND
MACHINERY . 300.00 900.00
MISC
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FIXED ASSETS 75.00 200.00
PRELIM AND
PREOP EXP 50.00 150.00
CONTINGENCIES.. 35.00 140.00
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER.. 00.00 300.00
WORKING CAPITAL
MARGIN. 20.00 150.00
TOTAL 650.00 2400.00
SOURCES OF FUNDS..
GROUP1
TERM LOAN ..FROM BANKS, FIS, SFCS
AND NBFCS
FOREIGN CURRENCY LOAN ..FROM CBS AND FIS
D.P.G ...FROM CBS
LEASING FINANCE FROM .NBFCELCO..
HIREPURCHASE..FROM ..NBFC.HP CO.
GROUP2.
PUBLIC ISSUE. EQUITY AT PAR
PUBLIC ISSUEDEBT
PUBLIC ISSUE OF DEBT AND EQUITY
PUBLIC ISSUE OF EQUITY AT PREMIUM.
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RIGHTS ISSUE AT PAR AND PUBLIC ISSUE AT PREMIUM
RIGHTS ISSUE AT LOWER PREMIUM AND PUBLIC ISSUE AT
HIGHER PREMIUM.
PRIVATE PLACEMENT .
INVESTMENT FROM VCS
PRIVATE EQUITY
INVESTMENT FROM MFS.
INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKET..ADRS AND GDRS.
GROUP.3
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE FROM COMMERCIAL BANKS.
BILLS DISCOUNTING
FACTORING.
COMMERCIAL PAPER.
GROUP.4
PROMOTERS CONTRIBUTION
INTERNAL ACCRUALS.
FIXED DEPOSITS.
UNSECURED LONG TERM LOANS.
JOINT VENTURE. (Financial)
F.D.I..FC.C.B.
E.C.B..FOREIGN CURRENCY BORROWINGS
ANY OTHER SOURCES OF FUNDS AVAILABLE.ADD TO THE
LIST.
EXTERNAL COMMERCIAL BORROWINGS
ECB`s includes..
Commercial bank loans
Buyer`s credit Supplier`s credit
From Foreign Financial Institutions.
Securitised instruments
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Credit from official export credit agencies.
Borrowings from Multilateral FI`sADB,CDC,IFC.
Indian borrowers have routes to avail , then maturity period according
to the amount.The interest rates are fixed interms of basic rate of LIBOR plus other
charges.
FEMA guidelines are to be followed .
Merchant banking
REFER TO THE PROJECT GIVEN.
Project1.
Rs..650.00 Lakhs
Funded.
Rs 325.00 .Promoters contributionwill be equity.
Rs 325.00.term loan
AS A NEW PROJECT THE CHANCE OF RAISING FUNDS IS
RESTRICITED TO FEW SOURES IN THE SYSTEM
AFTER SIX YEARS..
THE UNIT WILL BE ELIGIBLE TO TRY ANY OR ALL THE FOUR
GROUPS OF FUNDING .
Main objective is to help the promoters to bring in lower amount for the
project and still holds the management position with out any difficulty.
Merchant banker should structure the Capital funding appropriately.
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CAPITAL MARKET II..
RIGHTS ISSUE..
Fresh securities offered to the existing share holders.
Ratio to be offered and the price to be finalised.
This is a source of funds .
Record date to be fixed.Book closure to be announced.
Trading will go on either in Cum rights or Ex rights.
An existing share holders may or maynot exercise option of subscribing,
He can ask for split forms to be given to more members ( Max 3)
He can renounce his rights .
Original holder can apply for more than his entitlement.
Rights kept open for min 30 daysmax 60 days.
Offer document is Letter of offer.
Composite application form.The issue can be at par or premium.
The fresh securities will be listed on exchanges .
Merchant banker services are a must along with RTI and BTI.
BONUS ISSUE..
Existing shareholders will get the fresh securities free of cost.
This is known as Capitalisation of reserves.
1994SEBI has given clear instruction regarding capitalization ofreserves
Certain eligibility criteria has to be followed.
Ratio in which it has to be given has to be finalized.
Once company decided this has to be completed before six months.
Record date has to be fixedBook closure to be announced.
Trading continues either Cum bonus or ex bonus.
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The new securities has to be listed .
( to know more about the activities ..READ THE ADVERTISEMNT
OF AN ISSUE.RECOMMENDATIONS ..VISIT SEBI WEBSITE
AND READ THE OFFER DOCUMENTS UNDERSTAND THE
CAPITAL STRUCTURE.LOCK IN PERIOD..DUE DILIGENCE
DONE BY THE MB`S..READ THE ALLOTMENT ADVT TO
UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF BASIS OF ALLOTMENT .)
DEBT SECURITIES LISTING
SEBI HAS COME OUT WITH THE GUIDELINES REGARDING
PUBLIC OFFER AND LISTING OF DEBT SECURITIES DURING
May 2008..
The guidelines are clear onpromoters contribution, disclosures
,Debenture trustee etc
TRADING..SECONDARY MARKET OPERATIONS.
Trading means buying and selling of securities that are listed onthe stock exchanges.
The trading has to be done through an authorised broker who is
a member of stock exchange and registered with SEBI..
The client should have a contract signed with a specified broker to
do the transactions.
To day because of online trading the settlement and transparency
of the transactions can nbe understood by the client.
There are basically three types of Investors
..speculative.short term long term ..
`Secondary market facilitates but does not ensure liquidity.
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Prices of the quoted securities changes depending upon the
various factors.
An investor should have a proper knowledge of the marketoperations.
BSE and NSE are the major exchanges in the Indian capital
market facilitates trading.
Companies are grouped according to the size , performance and
other factors.
SEBI keeps a watch on the movement of price and volatility of
the market.
Sensitivity index of the capital market in India are BSE sensex
(30) and NIFTY.(50).
To understand the performance of companies in the industry
there are certain index related to industry.
For secondary market operations one has to use the services of
Depository and custodians.and stock exchange.
Settlement happens now with in two days of the transactions.
Stock exchange follows the listing guidelines vis a vis companies
listed for following the guidelines.
Volume is one which is important. With out adequate volume the
liquidity will be affected.
Various factors affect the markets regularly.
Since past two years Capital market has introduced Derivative
trading, in the form of Options and futures.
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51 Companies have been identified which can be considered
under this scheme.
This market is yet to develop.
All the operations are technology driven.
The secondary market transactions (trading)in demat format
only,.
*********************
STOCK EXCHANGEstatutorily defined as any body of individuals
whether incorporated or not constituted for the purpose of assisting or
controlling the business of selling or dealing in securities,.
Securities contract( Regulations ) act 1956
IMPORTANCE..
SUPPORT FOR JOINT STOCK ENTERPRISES.
FACILITY TO DEAL IN SECURITIES.
LIQUIFY THE CAPITAL IN AN ENTERPRISES BY AN
INVESTOR.
WITHOUT STOCK EXCHANGE THE CAPITAL WOULDHAVE BECOME IMMOBILISED.
Stock exchanges are subject to primary regulations..
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The Securities and contract regulation act 1956..to regulate
undesirable transactions in securities
21 regional stock exchanges ..
CLOSURE OF SOME EXCHANGES
OTCEI.OVER THE COUNTER EXCHANGE OF INDIA.
( can be considered as 22 nd exchange)
Commenced operations in 1991.
Modelled on the NASDAQ ( National association of Securities dealers
and automated quotations) of USA.
OBJECTIVETO PROVIDE SMALL AND MEDIUM
COMPANIES EASY ACCESS TO CAPITAL MARKET TO RAISECAPITAL IN COST EFFECTIVE MANNER.
Commenced operations in 1992.
A ringless scripless.exchangemechanized trading national net
work.
NATIONAL STOCK EXCHANGE.
A fully automated screen based trading system. Commenced operations
in 1994.
( CAN BE CONSIDERED AS 23 rd EXCHANGE)
Transparency of operations.enjoy quick and efficient settlements
system..
Operated on satellite based communication net work.
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Has two segments..
WDMWHOLE SALE DEBT MARKET SEGMENT..
To enable Institutions and Corporates to deal in Govt securities,
treasury bills, PSU bonds, CP`s, CD`setc..
CAPITAL MARKET SEGMENT..
COVERS TRADING IN EQUITIES,NCD`sretail trade..
INTERCONNECTED STOCK EXCHANGE OF INDIA
15 participating exchanges promoted thisCommenced due to the fact
that the business of
regional exchanges reduced due to expansion of BSE and NSE.
ISE provides a national forum for trading in respect of all the regionally
listed securities.
Ensures liquidity of sparsely traded securities.
Commenced operations in Feb.1999.
DEMUTUALISATION IS THE NEW CONCEPT BEING BROUGHT
IN BY SEBI TO CORPORATISE THE STOCK EXCHANGE BY
REVAMPING THE BOARD WITH PROFESSIONALS
INDONEXT IS THE NEW CONCEPT INTRODUCED BY SEBI FORTRADING IN MID CAP SECURITIES LISTED ON STOCK
EXCHANGES.
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DEPOSITORY SYSTEM
The system commenced operations by virtue of Depositories act 1996.
HOLDING THE SECURITIES IN ELECTRONIC FORM.
FOUR PARTIES..
THE INVESTOR
THE ISSUER OF SECURITIES
PARTICIPANTS OR AGENTS.
DEPOSITORY OF SECURITIES.
NSDL AND CSD(I)L ARE THE TWO APEX LEVEL
INSTITUTIONS.
COMMERCIAL BANKS, FINANCIAL SERVICE INSTITUTIONS
ARE THE DEPOSITORY PARTICIPANTS .
SEBI.THE REGULATORY AUTHORITY HAS MADE
SECONDARY MARKET OPERATIONS MANDATORY THROUGH
DEMAT OPERATIONS.
FOR BOOK BUILDING PROCESS THE SUBSCRIPTION HAS TO
BE MADE ONLY BY THE DEMAT ACCOUNT HOLDERS.
CUSTODIAL SERVICES.
Relating to securities means ..safe keeping of securities of a client and
providing incidental services..
Maintaining of accounts.
Collection of benefits.
Reconciling the records.
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DERIVATIVES
Are instruments whose value is derived from the value of one or more
underlying exposures.
Commonly known derivativesare.FORWARDS..FUTURES..
OPTIONS.SWAPS.
FUTURES.BASED ON INDICESARE .INDEX FUTURES.
BASED ON STOCKS..ARE..STOCK FUTURES.
ON THE SAME LINES THE OPTIONS ARE DEFINED..
FORWARDS..
A FORWARD CONTRACT IS A CONTRACT TO BUY/SELL THE
UNDERLYING ON A FUTURE DATE AT A PRICE THAT IS
DETERMINED TODAY.
NEGOTIATED BETWEEN TWO PARTIES
OUTSIDE THE FRAME WORK OF STOCK EXCHANGE
THE CONTRCTS ARE ILLIQUID.
RE NEGOTIATE WITH MUTUAL CONSENT..
FUTURES
ARE LIKE FORWARDS , EXCEPT THAT THEY ARE TRADE INSTOCK EXCHANGE. ON THE BASIS OF STANDARD
CONTRACTS
The trades guaranteed by Stock exchanges.
Negotiation is on the price.
Positions are liquid.
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Regulations permits futures upto 12 months.
Launched upto 3 months.
Future pricing depend upon the current demand and supply
OPTIONS.
One party ( Option buyer)..has the right , but not the obligation to the
terms of the contract.
Other party( Option writer) is obliged to the terms of the contract.
Contract lapse on expiration date.
Option premium has to be paid by the option buyer.
An option to buy is called Call option..
An option to sell Put option
An American option can be exercised anytime before maturity. Stock
option
An European option can be exercised only on
maturity.Index options.
SWAP..
A swap is an arrangement between two parties to exchange streams of
payments calculated on different bases.
*****************
MARGINS..
In the Capital market secondary market operations ..there is concept of
having adequate capital for the proposed transactions in the form of
Margins.
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Stock exchange insists that Brokers should built up margins in
different forms. This is a precaution to avoid payment crisis.
GROSS EXPOSURE MARGIN..
SECURITY IN THE FORM OF CASH, BANK GUARANTEE,
SHARES ON DAILY OUTSTANDINGS.
DAILY /INITIAL MARGIN
BROKERS HAVE TOCOLLECT MARGIN FROM HIS TWO WAY
CLIENTS ON THE OPEN POSITION
SPECIAL MARGIN..
BASED ON THE ABNORMAL MOVEMENT OF THE PRICES OFSCRIPS THE EXCHANGE INSISTS FOR THIS.
MARK TO MARK MARGIN..HAPPENS IN F & O SEGMENT
IN CASE OF FALL OR RISE OF TRANSSACTION PRICES.
VOLATALITY MARGINTO CHECK ABNORMAL
FLUCTUATIONS IN THE INTRADAY DEALINGS.
ADHOC MARGINS.ARE IMPOSED ON THE BROKERS
CARRYING OVER ALL POSTION OF ILLIQUID STOCKS WHICH
ARE LOW PRICED.
ASBAapplication supported by blocked amount.In an IPO the applicant`s
money remains in the account till the allotment is made.
SEBI introduced for retail investors in 2008 and for HNI and Corporate investors
in 2010.
EQUITY ANALYST RECOMMENDATIONS
BUY
ACCUMALATE
SELL
BOOK PROFITS
HOLD . EARLIER BUY RECOMMENDATIONS..SAYS HOLD MEANS IT
HAS BEEN DOWN GRADED.
OVERWEIGHT
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OUTPERFORMER
UNDERWEIGHT
UNDERPERFORMER
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS..
Accounting standards developed by the International accounting standards boards
which is global standards for preparation of financial statements .
In India from April 2011..to be followed by companies listed on BSE and NSE ,
other than net worth of rs 500 crs.
Banks and insurance companies will converge from April 2013.
In India it needs training , implementing IT support,internal infrastructure
India needs to amend SEBI< Insurance and RBI regulations.
STOCK MARKET INDEX..
It is a number measuring the relative value of a group of stocks.
Value of the group changes while they are traded.
It is the historical comparison of of returns on money invested in stock market.
It reality reflects the mood of the market.
For a layman it is the pulse of the economy.
Market Index are constructed by way of value weighted method.
Worked based on base index rate.
VARIOUS ANALYTICAL APPROACH FOR VALUATION OF STOCKS..
Fundamental analysis.
Process of looking at a company`s business from investment point of
view.
Analysis of Company`s management capabilities,competitive
advantage , key ratios of business,
Technical Analysis
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Future value of share, volume traded, does not look at financial or
fundamentals Shar price movement technical indicators, chart
patterns.
Quantitative analysis.
Process of determining quantitative analysis by using complex
mathematical and statistical modelling , value of the securitybuy and
sell decisions .
All these different analytical tools have different uses.
I PO GRADING..
IPO grading is a service aimed at facilitating the assessment of equityshares offered to public. It is a relative assessment of fundamentals .
Grading assigned on five point scale.
IPO grading do not take cognisense of the price of the security. It is not
an investment recommendations. Grading becomes one of the inputs
for the decision to be made by the investors.
Credit rating agencies have to do it. The grade will not have any
ongoing validity.
Grade1.Poor fundamentals.
Grade2.Below average
Grade..3..AVERAGE
Grade..4..Above average
Grade..5..Strong
WEF from May2007, all issuer has to get grading done fro the proposed
issue.
INDIAN DEPOSITORY RECEIPTS..
Any instrument in the form of depository receipt created by Domestic
depository in India against the underlying equity shares of issuing
company.
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Depository receipt is a document indicating ownership of a commodity
stored in a bank or other depository
Companies wants to issue will have to follow the eligibility norms.
QIB` s are the only investors.
SHORT SELLING..
Is defined as selling a stock which the seller does not own at the time of
trade.
All classes of investors are permitted to short sell.
No naked short selling ie at the time of settlement the securities must be
delivered.No intraday trading by Institutions.
F &O segment can also be traded under this .
QIB`S..QUALIFIED INSTITUTIONAL BUYERS.
Public financial institutions as per sec 4A of companies act.
Scheduled Commercial banks. Mutual funds
FII `s registered with SEBI
Multilateral.bilateral DFI`s
VC registered with SEBI
INSTITUTIONS EXTEND VARIOUS FINANCIAL SERVICES
IDENTIFIED AS LENDING ACTIVITY.
Major institutions..
D F I
SFC
Commercial banks
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Cap on interest to offered.
Cap on brokerage to be given.
Reporting system.
Only difference between a commercial bank and NBFC`S
is PAYMENT MECHANISM..
CHAPTER9
LEASING..
An activity to acquire fixed assets. This has become popular in
equipment financing.
The activity is confined to EQUIPMENT LEASING COMPANY
LICENSED AS N.B.F.C.
Big ticket leasing pertaining to Infrastructure financing is normally
done by Banks also.
However Industrial leasing activity is confined to N B F C .
This is one of the sources of funding in the industrial activity.
CHARACTERISTICS
Contract between two parties not governed by any act..
Based on certain assumptions.
Terms defined in the contract.
One who offers the service is .LESSOR.
One who takes the benefit is LESSEE
Lessor owns the Asset.
Lessee uses the asset and pays rentals.
Lessor recovers the cost of the assets and charges during the
Lease period.
Maximum period of leasing .eight years.
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First five years ..Primary periodagreed rentals.
Next three yearsSecondary periodnominal rentals.
Rentals are quoted asRs..per thousand per month/quarter. In
adv /in arrears.( Rs/1000/ permonth/perquarter in advance or
arrears As Lessor owns the Assets .. Books depreciation .
Lesse charges the Lease rentals to Profit and Loss account and
reduces the profit and the Tax incidence.
LEASE FINANCE
100% FINANCE FOR LESSEE UNLESS HE GIVES
LEASE DEPOSIT.
AN OFF BALANCE SHEET FINANCE.
QUICK SANCTION AND DISBURSAL.
RENTAL CAN BE FLEXIBLE.
LOWER COST FOR CASH RICH COMPANIES.
LESSOR CONSIDERS
RATE OF DEPRECIATION ON EACH TRANSACTION,
EFFECTIVE TAX RATE .
TAX SHELTER.
COST OF CAPITAL I.R.R. ON EACH TRANSACTION
TRACK RECORD OF LESSEE.
FUTURE CASH FLOW.
SERVICING CAPAPCITY OF THE LESSEE.
AVOIDS SMALLSICK AND TURN AROUND CASES.
LEASES IDENTIFIABLEMOVABLE, RETRIEVABLE
ASSETS. PREFERS MIX OF DEPRECIATION ASSETS.
QUOTES THE RENTALS BASED ON I.R.R.
FOR LESSEE
A SOURCE FOR ACQUIRING ASSETS.
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FLEXIBILITY OF RENTALS.
LOW COST FUNDING.
OFF BALANCE SHEET ITEM.
SHOULD MAINTAIN THE ASSETS AS THEY HE OWNS IT.
OTHER SIMILAR PRODUCTS..
TERM LOAN FROM CB`S ,,FI`S ----SFC`S
D.P.G. FROM CB`S
HIRE PURCHASE.
( PREPARE A MATRIX ON DEIFFERENT PARAMETERS TO
UNDER SATND MORE ON LEASE FINANC E.HIRE
PURCHASETERM LOAND.P.G.)
(KNOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FINANCIAL LEASE
AND OPERATING LEASE).
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
CHAPTER.10
HIRE PURCHASE
MODE OF FUNDING THE GOODS TO BE PURCHASED AT A
FUTURE DATE.
INITIALLY LET ON HIRE..HIRER HAS AN OPTION TO
PURCHASEPAYMENT OF INSTALMENTS FOR A
SPECIFIC PERIOD .
TRANSACTIONS THROUGH A CONTRACT.
PROPERTY PASSES TO HIRER ON PAYMENT OF LAST
INSTALMENT.
EACH INSTALMENT IS TREATED AS HIRE CHARGES.
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HIRER CHARGES THE DEPRECIATION TILL HE USES
THE ASSETS.
IT IS A BALANCE SHEET ITEM.
HIREE HAS A RIGHT TO TAKE BACK THE ASSET IN CASE
THE INSTALMENT IS NOT PAID. SIMILAR TO BANK TERM LOAN.
MARGIN IS STIPULATED.
RATES WILL BE QUOTED AS FLAT RATE.
THE EMI PAID WILL BE BIFURCATED AS PRINCIPAL
AND INTEREST FOR ACCOUNTING PURPOSE.
NORMALLY THIS WILL BE USED TO ACQUIRE
MOVABLE OR SMALL EQUIPMENTS.
MORE POPULAR IN VEHICLE FINANCING.
BOTH HIRER AND HIREE HAVE DUTIES,RESPONSIBILITIES AS DEFINED IN THE AGREEMENT.
THE APPRAISAL IS SAME AS BANK TERM LOAN.
CREDIT RATING
S E B I IS THE REGULATORY AUTHORITY.
MEANS ESTIMATING WORTH OR VALUE OF OR ASSIGN
VALUE TO..
THIS IS ONLY FOR INDUSTRIAL SECURITIES
RATING EXPRESSES THE CREDIT QUALITY OF THE
SECURITY USING SYMBOLS. RATES THE SECURITY NOT THE ISSUER.
NOT A RECOMMENDATION BY THE RATING AGENCY.
PROCESS EVALUATES THE RISK ASOCIATED WITH THE
INSTRUMENT.
DONE FOR DEBT INSTRUMENTSFIXED DEPOSITS.
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RATING INSTITUTIONS
1. CRISIL.1988PROMOTED BY I C I C I .
2. ICRA1990..PROMOTED BY I F C I
3. CARE1993..PROMTED BY I D B I
4. FITCHPRIVATE SECTOR.
NEED..
GROWING CASES OF DEFAULT BY COMPANIES.
JUDGING THE DEBT OBLIGATION.
INVESTOR SHOULD UNDERSTAND THE RISK.
BENEFITS
INVESTORS.
RECOGNITION OF RISKS CREDIBILITY OF THE ISSUER.
SYMBOLS EASY TO UNDERSTAND.
INVESTMENT DECISION.INDEPENDENTLY DONE.
SELECTION INSTRUMENTS FOR INVESTMENTS.
ISSUER..
RATING AS A MARKETING TOOL.
LOWER COST OF FUNDS. REACH MORE INVESTORS.
SELF DISCIPLINE BY ISSUERS.
GOOD RATED INSTURMENTSIMPROVES ..GOOD WILL.
REPUTATION.
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ADVANTAGES IN GENERAL.
SOURCE OF RELIABLE INFORMATION.
STRENGTHS AND WEAK NESSES IDENTIFIED.
INVESTMENT MARKET ..WILL BE STRONGER.
SYMBOLS
HIGHEST SAFETY.. +AAA
HIGH SAFETY. AAA
ADEQUATE SAFETY ..AA
MODERATE SAFETYA
INADEQUATE SAFETYBBB
HIGHRISKBBSUBSTANTIAL RISK..B
DEFAULT.C
RATING PROCESS.
MANUFACTURING COMPANY..
1. BUSINESS ANALYSIS.
2. INDUSTRY RISK.MARKET.3. OPERATING EFFICIENCY.
4. MANAGEMENT ANALYSISPOLICIES
STRATEGIES.SWOT..PHILOSOPHY
DISCUSSION WITH KEY PERSONNEL.
5. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS..ACCOUNTING QUALITY
EARNINGSCASH
FLOWS
FINANCIAL SERVICES COMPANY.
1. CAPITAL ADEQAUCY.
2. ASSET`S QUALITY
3. LIQUIDITY
4. PROFITABILITY
5. FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS
6. REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT.
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LOT OF REFORMS HAS BEEN DONE IN THE SYSTEM. TWO
AGENCIES RATING IS A MUST.
THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE RATING AGENCIES IS YET TO
BE LOOKED INTO.
*********************
MUTUAL FUNDS..
A type of Financial intermediary that pools the funds of investors who
seek the same general investment objective and invests in different
financial products.
The investors are the Unit holders.
STRUCTURE OF MUTUAL FUNDS IN INDIA..
1. SPONSOROR
2. TRUSTEES.
3. A.M.C.
4. CUSTODIANS
5. AGENTS.
6. R T I
7. BANKS
SPONSOROR ESTABLISHES FUND.
REGISTRATION WITH S E B I .
APPOINTS BOARD OF TRUSTEES.
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TRUST DEED DEFINES THE OBJECTIVE EACH
SCHEMES.
TRUSTEES HOLD ASSETS ON BEHALF OFUNITHOLDERS.
APPOINTS ASSET MANAGEMENT COMPANY.
APPOINTS CUSTODIAN OF THE FUND.
A M C`S FLOATS THE SCHEMES AND MANAGES
THEM ACCORDING TO THE SEBI REGULATIONS.
CUSTODIAN HOLDS THE SECURITIES IN SAFE
KEEPING.
REGISTRAR MAINTAINS THE UNIT HOLDER`S
ACCOUNTS.
SCHEMES DRAWN UP WITH A PURPOSE .THE NAME
INDICATES THE CATEGORY
GROWTH FUNDS.
BOND FUNDS.
MONEY MARKET FUNDS.
EQUITY INCOME FUNDS.
SECTOR FUNDS.
TWO TYPES OF FUNDS ARE THERE..
1. OPEN ENDED FUNDS..
These types of schemes are open for a specific period in the initial
offer .
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Any investor can enter or exit in this scheme as the Secondary
market is open .
The secondary market operates on NAV concept.
2. CLOSE ENDED FUNDS.
These are funds open for a specific purpose .mainly tax benefit
schemes where the funds invested by the unit holder is locked in for
three years or more . Some schemes are listed on stock exchange for
secondary operations .
N A V .NET ASSET VALUE
Market value of investments + Receivables + Other accrued income
+other assets_ Accrued expenses- other payables-other liabilities
_____________________________________________________________
_________
No of units out standings as on NAV date.
Calculation of NAV is an intensive process that takes place in a short
time frame at the end of each business day.
The sale or re
purchase of units are based on NAV price.
EXIT LOAD.
Some schemes with an intention of making the investors not to redeem
quickly to ensure the scheme to perform.
Choosing a MF..
Risk appetite
Investment tenure..risky investments must not be held for long. It will
take time to recover.
Investment goals
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Performance.
CRISIL HAS composite performance ranking methodology..ranking
of mutual fund schemestwo year NAV history 100% portfolo
disclosure on ranking date.
AMFI. Apex body of all registered AMC`s objective of the
AMFI is to promote investor`s interest by defining and maintaining
high ethical and professional standards.
S E B I is the regulatory authority ..
MUTUAL FUNDS INVESTMENT..
The following are the area of investment
ADR`S/GDR`S issued by Indian or foreign companies.
Equity of overseas companies listed on recognized Stock
exchanges.
Foreign debt instruments fully convertible ..with investment
grading.
Derivatives traded on stock exchanges.
**********************
FACTORING
Sri C.S. Kalyana Sundaram committee studied the scope of such
services and recommended to RBI .
Introduced in the system in 1989.
To be done by a subsidiary.
Still a popular services
Supports working capital. Facilities.
DEFINITION..
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Factoring is a continuous arrangement between a financial
institution ( FACTORS)
And a business concern ( THE CLIENT ) selling goods or services to
trade customers(THE CUSTOMERS) where by the factors
purchases the client`s account receivables /book debts either with or
without recourse to the client and in relation thereto controls the
credit extended to the customers and administers the sales ledger.
Small and medium scale units needs such services.
Collection of receivables on time.
Delay leads more complication.
FACTORS DOES..
Arrangement of collection debts.
Administration of sales ledger.
Covering credit risk involved.
Advisory services by the market information.
FACTORS.does with recourse factoringin India.
FOR A CLIENT
OFF BALANCE SHEET ITEM.
INSTITUIONS FOLLOWS UP.
MORE TIME FOR BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT
IMPROVE RETURN.
CAN AVOPID RISKY CUSTOMER.
COMFORTABLE CASH FLOW.
GOOD REPUTATION IN MARKET.
COMPARED TO BILLS DISOCUNTING(BANKS).
Package of services.
No upfront fee.
-
8/8/2019 Term5 Fin an Markets Instruments
79/95
KNG/MERU
Easy procedures.
Maximum fund available.
Lessor cost of funds.
Structure for each customer.
Off balance sheet item. Identification of good customers.
As of now Factors have also introduced purchase bills factoring where
in purchases made on credits will be financed.
88888888888888888888888888888888888888
FORFAITING
Financing receivables ..international trade.
Pure financing arrangement.
Wi